2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Caspase

Caspase

Caspase

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Caspase is a family of cysteine proteases that play essential roles in apoptosis (programmed cell death), necrosis, and inflammation. There are two types of apoptotic caspases: initiator (apical) caspases and effector (executioner) caspases. Initiator caspases (e.g., CASP2, CASP8, CASP9, and CASP10) cleave inactive pro-forms of effector caspases, thereby activating them. Effector caspases (e.g., CASP3, CASP6, CASP7) in turn cleave other protein substrates within the cell, to trigger the apoptotic process. The initiation of this cascade reaction is regulated by caspase inhibitors. CASP4 and CASP5, which are overexpressed in some cases of vitiligo and associated autoimmune diseases caused by NALP1 variants, are not currently classified as initiator or effector in MeSH, because they are inflammatory enzymes that, in concert with CASP1, are involved in T-cell maturation.

Caspase Isoform Specific Products:

Caspase Isoform Comparison
Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-183327
    PI3K/mTOR-IN-22
    PI3K/mTOR-IN-22 is an orally active PI3K/mTOR kinase dual inhibitor with IC50 values of 400.5 nM and 8.2 nM. PI3K/mTOR-IN-22 downregulates phosphorylation of the AKT and mTOR, upregulates pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and caspase-3 and downregulates anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. PI3K/mTOR-IN-22 exhibits antiproliferative activity against cancer cells, induces apoptosis and ROS production, and reduces mitochondrial membrane potential. PI3K/mTOR-IN-22 exhibits antitumor activity in breast cancer mice models.
    PI3K/mTOR-IN-22
  • HY-183369
    VEGFR/PD-L1-IN-1
    		Activator
    VEGFR/PD-L1-IN-1 is a VEGFR2 and PD-L1 inhibitor, with IC50 values of 0.383 μM and 134.407 pg/mL against VEGFR2 and PD-L1, respectively. VEGFR/PD-L1-IN-1 enhances the secretion of INF-γ, induces G0/G1 cell cycle arrest in cancer cells, and triggers cancer cell apoptosis. VEGFR/PD-L1-IN-1 upregulates the expression of BAX and Caspase-3, and downregulates the expression of Bcl-2. VEGFR/PD-L1-IN-1 can be used in research related to hepatocellular carcinoma, prostate cancer, and colorectal cancer.
    VEGFR/PD-L1-IN-1
  • HY-181168
    Lb54
    		Activator
    Lb54 is a caspase-3 and caspase-7 activator with an EC50 of 660.9 nM for human procaspase-3. Lb54 activates caspase-3/7, which cleaves Gasdermin D (GSDMD) at aspartic acid residue 87 to generate a p10 fragment, preventing formation of the pore-forming p30 fragment of GSDMD. Lb54 suppresses GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis through caspase-3/7 activation, thereby attenuating inflammatory responses and conferring protection against sepsis. Lb54 alleviates acute lung injury, and inhibited systemic inflammation by restraining the maturation of monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Lb54 can be used for the research of sepsis.
    Lb54
  • HY-19230
    DY-9760e
    		Inhibitor
    DY-9760e is a calmodulin (CaM) inhibitor. DY-9760e selectively inhibits the activity of various calmodulin-dependent enzymes by antagonizing the Ca²⁺/CaM complex, exhibiting the strongest inhibitory activity against nNOS, CaM kinase II, and calcineurin (Ki: 0.9, 1.4, and 2.0 μM, respectively). DY-9760e inhibits excessive nitric oxide production and protein tyrosine nitration, as well as the activation of calpain and caspase-3. DY-9760e reduces infarct size, improves cardiac function, and inhibits oxidative stress and cell death. DY-9760e can be used in research on the treatment of myocardial infarction, cerebral ischemia, and other diseases.
    DY-9760e
  • HY-178142
    Multi-kinase-IN-7
    		Agonist
    Multi-kinase-IN-7 is a multikinase inhibitor with IC50s of 2.19, 2.95, 3.59 and 9.31 μM against EGFR, VEGFR2, TrKA and CDK2, respectively. Multi-kinase-IN-7 shows moderate and weaker activity against FAK, AKT1, GSK3β and CDK5 with IC50 values of 6.3, 9.2, 11.7 and 23.4 μM, respectively. Multi-kinase-IN-7 displays broad spectrum anti­proliferative potential against NCI cancer cell lines. Multi-kinase-IN-7 induces cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and necrosis. Multi-kinase-IN-7 Inhibitor can be used for the study of breast cancer.
    Multi-kinase-IN-7
  • HY-172623
    EGFR/HER2-IN-17
    		Activator
    EGFR/HER2-IN-17 (Compound 7h) is a dual inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). EGFR/HER2-IN-17 inhibits cancer cell proliferation. EGFR/HER2-IN-17 interacts with the binding pockets of EGFR and HER2, activating caspase-3 and caspase-8, and decreases the expression of Bcl-2, thereby inducing apoptosis. EGFR/HER2-IN-17 is promising for research of cancers.
    EGFR/HER2-IN-17
  • HY-RS01959
    CASP6 Human Pre-designed siRNA Set A
    		Inhibitor

    CASP6 Human Pre-designed siRNA Set A contains three designed siRNAs for CASP6 gene (Human), as well as a negative control, a positive control, and a FAM-labeled negative control.
    CASP6 Human Pre-designed siRNA Set A
  • HY-123786
    NSC745887
    		Activator
    NSC745887 (compound 25) is an inhibitor that targets DNA topoisomerase cleavage, activates the caspase-8/9-caspase-3-poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase cascade, and induces apoptosis in cancer cells. NSC745887 enhances γH2AX expression and causes DNA fragmentation leading to DNA damage.
    NSC745887
  • HY-184005
    IHMT-BMX-068
    		Activator
    IHMT-BMX-068 is a BMX PROTAC degrader with a DC50 of 0.007 μM. IHMT-BMX-068 promotes ubiquitination and degradation of BMX. IHMT-BMX-068 increases the levels of cleaved PARP and cleaved Caspase-3, and induces Apoptosis. IHMT-BMX-068 exerts anti-cancer effects against prostate cancer. IHMT-BMX-068 can be used for the research of prostate cancer.
    IHMT-BMX-068
  • HY-181284
    BYBC-1
    		Inducer
    BYBC‑1 is a selective G4‑RNA‑targeting ligand with high affinity forKRAS and NRAS G4‑RNAs (Kd = 0.05-0.28 μM). BYBC‑1 stabilizes G4‑RNA structures in KRAS and NRAS mRNA, blocks thePI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK pathways, activates the DNA damage response (DDR), suppresses energy metabolism, and induces S‑phase arrest and apoptosis. BYBC‑1 exhibits high selectivity over non‑malignant fibroblasts and significantly inhibits the growth of HCT‑116 xenograft tumors in vivo. BYBC‑1 can be used for the study of colorectal cancer.
    BYBC-1
  • HY-W650842
    Boc-Asp(OBzl)-CMK
    		Inhibitor
    Boc-Asp(OBzl)-CMK is an inhibitor for IL-1 converting enzyme (ICE, caspase1). Boc-Asp(OBzl)-CMK prevents death of CHP100 neuroblastoma cell, and IL-1β release elicited by the viral coat protein.
    Boc-Asp(OBzl)-CMK
  • HY-Y0319D
    Acetic acid lead
    		Activator
    Acetic acid lead is a carboxylic acid and short-chain fatty acid (SCFAs). Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate activates AMPK, increases ROS, cleaved caspase 9, PPARα, downregulates SREBP-1c, ChREBP expression. Acetic acid lead exhibits antifungal activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae W303-1A. Acetic acid lead regulates energy metabolism. Acetic acid lead has anticancer activity against gastric cancer. Acetic acid lead induces writhing reaction and ulcerative colitis. Acetic acid lead can be used in the researches for gastric cancer, ulcerative colitis, hepatic steatosis, and pain.
    Acetic acid lead
  • HY-P1001A
    Ac-DEVD-CHO TFA
    		Inhibitor
    Ac-DEVD-CHO TFA is a peptide inhibitor of caspase-3 (Ki=230 pM) and caspase-7. Ac-DEVD-CHO TFA reduces caspase-3 activity and apoptosis induced by Prostaglandin E2 (HY-101952) in rat cortical neurons. Ac-DEVD-CHO TFA is promising for research of neurodegenerative diseases and cancers.
    Ac-DEVD-CHO TFA
  • HY-P1008A
    Z-VDVA-(DL-Asp)-FMK
    Z-VDVA-(DL-Asp)-FMK is a Z-VDVAD-FMK derivative. Z-VDVAD-FMK (HY-P1008) is a special inhibitor of caspase-2.
    Z-VDVA-(DL-Asp)-FMK
  • HY-W011683S
    2'-Deoxyadenosine monohydrate-1′-13C
    		Activator
    2'-Deoxyadenosine monohydrate-1′-13C is the 13C labeled 2'-Deoxyadenosine monohydrate (HY-W011683). 2′-Deoxyadenosine monohydrate is an adenine nucleoside that inhibits glucose-stimulated insulin release. 2′-Deoxyadenosine monohydrate inhibits glucose-stimulated increases seen in islet cyclic AMP (cAMP) accumulation. 2'-Deoxyadenosine monohydrate activates caspase-3 and promotes apoptosis. 2'-Deoxyadenosine monohydrate inhibits the activity of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase (SAHH). 2'-Deoxyadenosine monohydrate inhibits the growth of various cells. 2'-Deoxyadenosine monohydrate has an anticancer effect on colon cancer.
    2'-Deoxyadenosine monohydrate-1′-<sup>13</sup>C
  • HY-179699
    Procaspase-3 activator 1
    		Activator
    Procaspase-3 activator 1 is a potent procaspase-3 activator. Procaspase-3 activator directly activates procaspase-3 through zinc chelation, thereby inducing apoptosis and inhibiting cancer cell proliferation. Procaspase-3 activator 1 can be used for the research of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and melanoma.
    Procaspase-3 activator 1
  • HY-RS01947
    Casp12 Rat Pre-designed siRNA Set A
    		Inhibitor

    Casp12 Rat Pre-designed siRNA Set A contains three designed siRNAs for Casp12 gene (Rat), as well as a negative control, a positive control, and a FAM-labeled negative control.
    Casp12 Rat Pre-designed siRNA Set A
  • HY-120257
    IDN-1965
    		Inhibitor
    IDN-1965 is an irreversible, broad-spectrum caspase inhibitor. IDN-1965 prevents downstream apoptotic events (such as DNase activation) and significantly delays cytochrome c release by inhibiting caspase activity. IDN-1965 significantly delayed death in mice with cardiomyocyte apoptosis. IDN-1965 completely prevents left ventricular dilation, systolic dysfunction, and fibrosis in mice with dilated cardiomyopathy. IDN-1965 can be used to study apoptosis-related diseases such as heart failure and the mechanisms of apoptosis initiation.
    IDN-1965
  • HY-181801
    FASN-IN-8
    FASN-IN-8 is a fatty acid synthase (FASN) inhibitor. FASN-IN-8 inhibits FASN-mediated de novo lipogenesis. FASN-IN-8 blocks PI3K/AKT pathway activation, inhibits cancer cells proliferation, migration and invasion. FASN-IN-8 induces apoptosis and ROS production. FASN-IN-8 can be used for the research of hepatocellular carcinoma.
    FASN-IN-8
  • HY-N4323R
    14-Deoxyandrographolide (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    14-Deoxyandrographolide (Standard) is the analytical standard of 14-Deoxyandrographolide. 14-Deoxyandrographolide is a diterpene with calcium channel blocking activity and acts as a uterine smooth muscle relaxant. 14-Deoxyandrographolide stimulates the release of nitric oxide (NO) in endothelial cells. 14-Deoxyandrographolide gradually desensitizes liver cells to TNF-α mediated apoptosis by inducing the release of TNFRSF1A.
    14-Deoxyandrographolide (Standard)
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Species Source
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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Download Caspase Signaling Pathway Map.

Upon binding to their cognate ligand, death receptors such as Fas and TRAILR can activate initiator Caspases (Pro-caspase 8 and Pro-caspase 10) through dimerization mediated by adaptor proteins such as FADD and TRADD. Active Caspase 8 and Caspase 10 then cleave and activate the effector Caspase 3, 6 and 7, leading to apoptosis. ROS/DNA damage and ER stress trigger Caspase 2 activation. Active Caspase 2 cleaves and activates Caspase 3 and initiates apoptosis directly. Caspase 2, 8 and 10 can also cleave Bid, stimulate mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) and initiate the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Following MOMP, mitochondrial intermembrane space proteins such as Smac and Cytochrome C are released into the cytosol. Cytochrome C interacts with Apaf-1, triggering apoptosome assembly, which activates Caspase 9. Active Caspase 9, in turn, activates Caspase 3, 6 and 7, leading to apoptosis. Mitochondrial release of Smac facilitates apoptosis by blocking the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins. 

 

Following the binding of TNF to TNFR1, TNFR1 binds to TRADD, which recruits RIPK1, TRAF2/5 and cIAP1/2 to form TNFR1 signaling complex I. Formation of the complex IIa and complex IIb is initiated either by RIPK1 deubiquitylation mediated by CYLD or by RIPK1 non-ubiquitylation due to depletion of cIAPs. The Pro-caspase 8 homodimer in complex IIa and complex IIb generates active Caspase 8. This active Caspase 8 in the cytosol then carries out cleavage reactions to activate downstream executioner caspases and thus induce classical apoptosis[1][2]. 

 

Reference:

[1]. Thomas C, et al. Caspases in retinal ganglion cell death and axon regeneration. Cell Death Discovery volume 3, Article number: 17032 (2017).
[2]. Brenner D, et al. Regulation of tumour necrosis factor signalling: live or let die. Nat Rev Immunol. 2015 Jun;15(6):362-74.

Caspase Isoform Comparison

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