2. Signaling Pathways
  3. PI3K/Akt/mTOR
  4. mTOR

mTOR

Mammalian target of Rapamycin

mTOR

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mTOR (mammalian target of Rapamycin) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the mTOR gene. mTOR is a serine/threonine protein kinase that regulates cell growth, cell proliferation, cell motility, cell survival, protein synthesis, and transcription. mTOR belongs to the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinase protein family. mTOR integrates the input from upstream pathways, including growth factors and amino acids. mTOR also senses cellular nutrient, oxygen, and energy levels. The mTOR pathway is dysregulated in human diseases, such as diabetes, obesity, depression, and certain cancers. Rapamycin inhibits mTOR by associating with its intracellular receptor FKBP12. The FKBP12-rapamycin complex binds directly to the FKBP12-Rapamycin Binding (FRB) domain of mTOR, inhibiting its activity.

mTOR Isoform Specific Products:

mTOR Isoform Comparison
Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-N2517
    Dihydroevocarpine
    		Inhibitor 99.62%
    Dihydroevocarpine induces cytotoxicity in acute myeloid leukemia via suppressing the mTORC1/2 activity.
    Dihydroevocarpine
  • HY-P11162
    FGF7p
    		Inhibitor 99.34%
    FGF7p is a small molecule peptide and a potential bladder protector. FGF7p can activate downstream signaling pathways of FGFR2 in the urinary tract epithelium (pFRS2α, pAKT and pERK). FGF7p alleviates cyclophosphamide induced apoptosis and tissue damage in urinary tract epithelial cells by activating AKT and its downstream anti apoptotic targets (pBAD, pS6/mTORC1). FGF7p is commonly used in the study of inflammatory conditions.
    FGF7p
  • HY-122665A
    HTH-01-091 TFA
    		Inhibitor 99.48%
    HTH-01-091 TFA is a potent and selective maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase (MELK) inhibitor, with an IC50 of 10.5 nM. HTH-01-091 TFA also inhibits PIM1/2/3, RIPK2, DYRK3, smMLCK and CLK2. HTH-01-091 TFA can be uesd for breast cancer research.
    HTH-01-091 TFA
  • HY-156432
    ALK-IN-26
    		Inhibitor 99.87%
    ALK-IN-26 is an ALK inhibitor with IC50 value of 7.0 μM for ALK tyrosine kinase. ALK-IN-26 has good pharmacokinetic properties and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. ALK-IN-26 can induce apoptosis, autophagy and necrosis. ALK-IN-26 can be used in glioblastoma studies.
    ALK-IN-26
  • HY-W114419
    Bisphenol C
    		Inhibitor ≥98.0%
    Bisphenol C is an estrogen receptor-α (ERα) agonist and an ERβ antagonist, with IC50 values of 2.65 nM for ERα and 1.94 nM for ERβ. Bisphenol C is a material of manufacturing polyester polymers like polycarbonate, is widely used in daily items like water bottles, food packaging, textile and so on.
    Bisphenol C
  • HY-N7521
    Procyanidin C2
    		Inhibitor
    Procyanidin C2 (Procyanidine C2) is a lipid metabolism regulator and antioxidant with free radical scavenging activity. Procyanidin C2 down-regulates ACC, SREBP-1c, FAS, SCD-1 and PPARγ. Procyanidin C2 increases the level of phosphorylated AMPKα and inhibits the level of phosphorylated mTOR. Procyanidin C2 reduces lipid accumulation, alleviates oxidative stress, enhances fatty acid oxidation and improves mitochondrial function. Procyanidin C2 can be used in the research of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
    Procyanidin C2
  • HY-15174R
    Dactolisib Tosylate (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Dactolisib (Tosylate) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Dactolisib (Tosylate). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Dactolisib Tosylate (BEZ235 Tosylate) is a dual PI3K and mTOR kinase inhibitor with IC50 values of 4, 75, 7, 5 nM for PI3Kα, β, γ, δ, respectively. Dactolisib Tosylate (BEZ235 Tosylate) inhibits mTORC1 and mTORC2.
    Dactolisib Tosylate (Standard)
  • HY-15872
    FTI-277
    		Inhibitor
    FTI-277 is a farnesyltransferase (FTase) inhibitor. FTI-277 inhibits Ras farnesylation, blocks the phosphorylation of downstream ERK1/2 and mTOR, and reduces membrane-bound active N-ras protein. FTI-277 activates caspase 3, upregulates Bim expression, induces cell apoptosis, suppresses regulatory T cell expansion, enhances macrophage phagocytosis, and improves bacterial clearance. FTI-277 activates the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, inhibits osteoblast differentiation, and reduces the proliferation ability of neuroblastoma cells. FTI-277 can be used in research related to head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, neuroblastoma, sepsis, and vascular calcification.
    FTI-277
  • HY-U00326
    PI3Kα/mTOR-IN-1
    		Inhibitor 99.30%
    PI3Kα/mTOR-IN-1 is a potent PI3Kα/mTOR dual inhibitor, with an IC50 of 7 nM for PI3Kα in a cell assay, and Kis of 10.6 nM and 12.5 nM for mTOR and PI3Kα in a cell free assay , respectively.
    PI3Kα/mTOR-IN-1
  • HY-111065
    OXA-01
    		Inhibitor
    OXA-01 is a potent mTORC1 and mTORC2 inhibitor, with IC50 values of 29 nM and 7 nM, respectively.
    OXA-01
  • HY-15960
    PWT-33597 free base
    		Inhibitor
    PWT-33597 (VDC-597) free base is a dual inhibitor of PI3Kα and mTOR, which can effectively block the signaling downstream of PI3K and mTOR. PWT-33597 free base is capable of inducing tumor cell apoptosis and inhibiting tumor growth. PWT-33597 free base has anti-tumor activity and can be used in the research of tumors such as renal cell carcinoma.
    PWT-33597 free base
  • HY-115507
    NMac1
    		Inhibitor
    NMac1 is an orally active Nm23/NDPK activator. NMac1 directly binds to Nm23-H1 and activates the NDPK activity of recombinant Nm23-H1 with an EC50 of 10.7 uM. NMac1 induces AMPK activation and inhibits mTOR and ERK, leading to mitochondrial OXPHOS dysregulation and suppressing mitochondrial ROS production, which in turn induces mitochondrial dysfunction in MDA-MB-231 cells. NMac1 inhibits Complex I activity and suppresses changes in morphology and actin cytoskeleton organization following Rac1 activation in MDA-MB-231 cells. NMac1 inhibits tumor invasion, migration and metastasis. NMac1 is useful for studying metastatic tumors, such as breast cancer. NMac1 can be isolated from the ginger cassumunar Roxb.
    NMac1
  • HY-151137
    HSP90/mTOR-IN-1
    		Inhibitor
    HSP90/mTOR-IN-1 is a potent and orally active Hsp90 and mTOR inhibitor with IC50 values of 69 nM and 29 nM, respectively. HSP90/mTOR-IN-1 suppresses the proliferation of SW780 cells through the over-activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. HSP90/mTOR-IN-1 induces apoptosis and autophagy via selective Hsp90 and mTOR inhibition. HSP90/mTOR-IN-1 also has considerable in vivo anti-tumor activity. HSP90/mTOR-IN-1 can be used for researching bladder cancer.
    HSP90/mTOR-IN-1
  • HY-139142A
    Simufilam dihydrochloride
    		Inhibitor
    Simufilam dihydrochloride (PTI-125 dihydrochloride) is an orally active FLNA modulator. Simufilam dihydrochloride restores NMDAR signaling and Arc expression. Simufilam dihydrochloride inhibits overactive mTOR signaling by restoring the normal conformation of FLNA, improves insulin sensitivity, reduces Aβ42-induced neuroinflammation and tau protein hyperphosphorylation. Simufilam dihydrochloride can be used for research of Alzheimer's disease.
    Simufilam dihydrochloride
  • HY-112602
    PI3K/mTOR Inhibitor-1
    		Inhibitor
    PI3K/mTOR Inhibitor-1 is a potent, orally bioavailable dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor with IC50s of 20/376/204/46 nM and 186 nM for PI3Kα/PI3Kβ/PI3Kγ/PI3Kδ and mTOR, respectively. Antitumor activity.
    PI3K/mTOR Inhibitor-1
  • HY-150108
    RMC-4745
    		Inhibitor
    RMC-4745 is a selective dual-site inhibitor of mTORC1, with a selectivity of 35 times for mTORC1 and mTORC2. RMC-4745 inhibits the proliferation of MCF-7 cells and upregulates Caspase-3/7 activity to induce cell apoptosis. RMC-4745 does not cause the upregulation of HER3 due to the inhibition of mTORC2. RMC-4745 can be used for the study of breast cancer.
    RMC-4745
  • HY-15960A
    PWT-33597
    		Inhibitor
    PWT-33597 (VDC-597) is a dual inhibitor of PI3Kα and mTOR, which can effectively block the signaling downstream of PI3K and mTOR. PWT-33597 is capable of inducing tumor cell apoptosis and inhibiting tumor growth. PWT-33597 has anti-tumor activity and can be used in the research of tumors such as renal cell carcinoma.
    PWT-33597
  • HY-111370
    mTOR inhibitor-2
    		Inhibitor
    mTOR inhibitor-2 is a highlt potent, selective and oral mTOR inhibitor with an IC50 of 7 nM. mTOR inhibitor-2 inhibits cellular phosphorylation of mTORC1 (pS6 and p4E-BP1) and mTORC2 (pAKT (S473)) substrates.
    mTOR inhibitor-2
  • HY-10357
    MK-2206 free base
    		Inhibitor
    MK-2206 free base is an orally active pan-AKT inhibitor, with IC50 values of 8 nM, 12 nM and 65 nM against AKT1, AKT2 and AKT3, respectively. MK-2206 free base inhibits the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and reduces the levels of downstream GSK3β and Mcl-1 via proteasomal degradation. MK-2206 free base induces G1-phase cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, fibroblast activation and extracellular matrix deposition. MK-2206 free base causes transient hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia in animals. MK-2206 free base can be used in research related to solid tumors, renal fibrosis and hypercholesterolemia.
    MK-2206 free base
  • HY-159517
    PI3K/Akt/mTOR-IN-5
    		Inhibitor
    PI3K/Akt/mTOR-IN-5 (compound D3) is a derivative of Pseudolaric Acid B (HY-N6939) with anti-tumor activity. PI3K/Akt/mTOR-IN-5 inhibits excessive proliferation of tumor cells through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and STAT3/GPX4 pathways. PI3K/Akt/mTOR-IN-5 effectively inhibits EDU positivity, reduces colony formation, places HCT-116 cells in the S phase and G2/M phase, and induces apoptosis.
    PI3K/Akt/mTOR-IN-5
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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Download mTOR Signaling Pathway Map.

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway integrates both intracellular and extracellular signals and serves as a central regulator of cell metabolism, growth, proliferation and survival[1]. mTOR is the catalytic subunit of two distinct complexes called mTORC1 and mTORC2. mTORC1 comprises DEPTOR, PRAS40, RAPTOR, mLST8, mTOR, whereas mTORC2 comprises DEPTOR, mLST8, PROTOR, RICTOR, mSIN1, mTOR[2]. Rapamycin binds to FKBP12 and inhibits mTORC1 by disrupting the interaction between mTOR and RAPTOR. mTORC1 negatively regulates autophagy through multiple inputs, including inhibitory phosphorylation of ULK1 and TFEB. mTORC1 promotes protein synthesis through activation of the translation initiation promoter S6K and through inhibition of the inhibitory mRNA cap binding 4E-BP1, and regulates glycolysis through HIF-1α. It promotes de novo lipid synthesis through the SREBP transcription factors. mTORC2 inhibits FOXO1,3 through SGK and Akt, which can lead to increased longevity. The complex also regulates actin cytoskeleton assembly through PKC and Rho kinase[3]. 

 

Growth factors: Growth factors can signal to mTORC1 through both PI3K-Akt and Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK axis. For example, ERK and RSK phosphorylate TSC2, and inhibit it.

 

Insulin Receptor: The activated insulin receptor recruits intracellular adaptor protein IRS1. Phosphorylation of these proteins on tyrosine residues by the insulin receptor initiates the recruitment and activation of PI3K. PIP3 acts as a second messenger which promotes the phosphorylation of Akt and triggers the Akt-dependent multisite phosphorylation of TSC2. TSC is a heterotrimeric complex comprised of TSC1, TSC2, and TBC1D7, and functions as a GTPase activating protein (GAP) for the small GTPase Rheb, which directly binds and activates mTORC1. mTORC2 primarily functions as an effector of insulin/PI3K signaling. 

 

Wnt: The Wnt pathway activates mTORC1. Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) acts as a negative regulator of mTORC1 by phosphorylating TSC2. mTORC2 is activated by Wnt in a manner dependent on the small GTPase RAC1[4].

 

Amino acids: mTORC1 senses both lysosomal and cytosolic amino acids through distinct mechanisms. Amino acids induce the movement of mTORC1 to lysosomal membranes, where the Rag proteins reside. A complex named Ragulator, interact with the Rag GTPases, recruits them to lysosomes through a mechanism dependent on the lysosomal v-ATPase, and is essential for mTORC1 activation. In turn, lysosomal recruitment enables mTORC1 to interact with GTP-bound RHEB, the end point of growth factor. Cytosolic leucine and arginine signal to mTORC1 through a distinct pathway comprised of the GATOR1 and GATOR2 complexes.    

 

Stresses: mTORC1 responds to intracellular and environmental stresses that are incompatible with growth such as low ATP levels, hypoxia, or DNA damage. A reduction in cellular energy charge, for example during glucose deprivation, activates the stress responsive metabolic regulator AMPK, which inhibits mTORC1 both indirectly, through phosphorylation and activation of TSC2, as well as directly through the phosphorylation of RAPTOR. Sestrin1/2 are two transcriptional targets of p53 that are implicated in the DNA damage response, and they potently activate AMPK, thus mediating the p53-dependent suppression of mTOR activity upon DNA damage. During hypoxia, mitochondrial respiration is impaired, leading to low ATP levels and activation of AMPK. Hypoxia also affects mTORC1 in AMPK-independent ways by inducing the expression of REDD1, the protein products of which then suppress mTORC1 by promoting the assembly of TSC1-TSC2[2].

 

Reference:

[1]. Laplante M, et al.mTOR signaling at a glance.J Cell Sci. 2009 Oct 15;122(Pt 20):3589-94. 
[2]. Zoncu R, et al. mTOR: from growth signal integration to cancer, diabetes and ageing.Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2011 Jan;12(1):21-35. 
[3]. Johnson SC, et al. mTOR is a key modulator of ageing and age-related disease.Nature. 2013 Jan 17;493(7432):338-45.
[4]. Shimobayashi M, et al. Making new contacts: the mTOR network in metabolism and signalling crosstalk.Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2014 Mar;15(3):155-62.

mTOR Isoform Comparison

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