2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Immunology/Inflammation
    Metabolic Enzyme/Protease
    NF-κB
  4. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

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Reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide anion (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radical (HO•), consist of radical and non-radical oxygen species formed by the partial reduction of oxygen. Cellular ROS are generated endogenously during mitochondrial oxidative metabolism as well as in cellular response to xenobiotics, cytokines, and bacterial invasion.

ROS also activates MAPK pathways by the direct inhibition of MAPK phosphatases. Through PTEN, the PI3K pathway is subject to reversible redox regulation by ROS generated by growth factor stimulation. The activation of autophagy may be a cellular defense mechanism in response to ROS.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-N16417
    Elsinochrome C
    		Activator
    Elsinochrome C is a photosensitizer. Elsinochrome C relies on light activation to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as singlet oxygen (1O2), inducing apoptosis or directly disrupting pathogen structures. Elsinochrome C is promising for research of skin cancers, HIV-associated infections, and refractory skin diseases.
    Elsinochrome C
  • HY-120251
    Leteprinim
    		Inhibitor
    Leteprinim (AIT-082 free acid), a purine analog, is a neuroprotective agent and cognitive enhancer. Leteprinim is a hypoxanthine derivative neurotrophic agent. Leteprinim can induce brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA production following spinal cord lesions, and nerve growth factor (NGF) mRNA production in basal forebrain. Leteprinim reduces glutamate toxicity in cultured hippocampal neurons. Leteprinim increases heme-oxygenase 1 and 2 mRNA levels that play role in cellular defense against reactive oxygen species.
    Leteprinim
  • HY-W772717
    L-Cystine disodium monohydrate
    		Inhibitor
    L-Cystine disodium monohydrate is an orally active extracellular form of L-Cysteine (HY-Y0337), occurring in proteins of plants and animals. L-Cystine disodium monohydrate elevates Nrf2 protein expression and activates Nrf2 transcription factor. L-Cystine disodium monohydrate reduces ROS generation and protects against oxidant- or Doxorubicin (HY-15142A)-induced apoptosis. L-Cystine disodium monohydrate combined with L-theanine (HY-15121) enhances the production of antigen-specific IgG by increasing glutathione (GSH) levels and T helper 2 (Th2) mediated responses in mice. L-Cystine disodium monohydrate is promising for research of cystinuria and kidney stones.
    L-Cystine disodium monohydrate
  • HY-180786
    DdBIC
    		Activator
    DdBIC is a pyroptosis inducer. DdBIC binds to Nur77 and triggers its translocation to mitochondria, activates SDHA to deplete succinyl-CoA, disrupts heme homeostasis, induces electron leakage, and elicits mitochondrial ROS production. DdBIC induces mitochondrial ROS that oxidatively activates OMA1, promotes OPA1 cleavage and its release into the cytoplasm, activates the integrated stress response via PERK, and ultimately activates granzyme B to cleave GSDMC. DdBIC can be used for the study of melanoma.
    DdBIC
  • HY-126939
    MN-05
    		Inhibitor
    MN-05 is a dual neuroprotective and vasodilatory NMDA receptor inhibitor.MN-05 blocks calcium influx, reduces free radical production, and maintains mitochondrial membrane potential in cortical neurons exposed to glutamate.MN-05 dilates aortic rings against phenylephrine-induced contraction.MN-05 protects neurons against glutamate-induced injury in vitro.MN-05 can be used for the research of neurodegenerative diseases.
    MN-05
  • HY-161934
    PARP1-IN-27
    		Inducer
    PARP1-IN-27 (Compound 9B) is the inhibitor for PARP1 and PARP2, with IC50 of 2.53 nM and 6.45 nM in cell SUM149PT. PARP1-IN-27 inhibits the proliferation of BRCA-mutated cancer cells SUM149PT, HCC1937 and Capan-1, with IC50 of 0.62, 1.91 and 4.26 μM respectively. PARP1-IN-27 aggravates DNA double-strand breaks, increases ROS generation, arrests cell cycle at G2/M phase, and induces apoptosis in SUM149PT.
    PARP1-IN-27
  • HY-165381
    ZMC2
    		Inducer
    ZMC2 is a thiosemicarbazone-class metal ion chelator and zinc ionophore with a human mutant p53R175H binding Ka of 27.4 nM.ZMC2 binds Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, and other transition metals.ZMC2 facilitates zinc transport across membranes.ZMC2 restores zinc binding to zinc-deficient p53 mutants, restoring wild-type structure and function, including site-specific DNA binding.ZMC2 generates reactive oxygen species (ROS).ZMC2 can be used for the research of cancer.
    ZMC2
  • HY-179037
    NecroX-2
    		Inhibitor
    NecroX-2 is a potent inhibitor of caspase-independent necrosis. NecroX-2 exhibits antioxidant activity by scavenging DPPH radicals and peroxynitrite. NecroX-2 inhibits t-BHP-induced mitochondrial ROS/RNS generation, and protects t-BHP and Doxorubicin (HY-15142A)-induced cell death in vitro. NecroX-2 can be used for research on neurological diseases.
    NecroX-2
  • HY-172116
    Mitochondria modulator-2
    		Inducer
    Mitochondria modulator-2 (Compound Ir1) induces the depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential, induces ROS generation, inhibits cell migration of A549, arrests the cell cycle at G2/M phase, and induces apoptosis in A549.
    Mitochondria modulator-2
  • HY-175558
    MMP-9-IN-12
    		Inducer
    MMP-9-IN-12 is a matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) inhibitor with an IC50 of 6.57 μM. MMP-9-IN-12 shows an IC50 value of 1.54 μM for HCT-116 cells. MMP-9-IN-12 induces cell apoptosis, ROS production and mitochondrial depolarization. MMP-9-IN-12 inhibits cells migration and disrupts cell cycle progression. MMP-9-IN-12 can be used for the research of colorectal cancer (CRC).
    MMP-9-IN-12
  • HY-B1315S
    Carbaryl-d3
    		Inducer
    Carbaryl-d3 is the deuterium labeled Carbaryl (HY-B1315). Carbaryl is the inhibitor for acetylcholinesterase that inhibits the degradation of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft, leads to the accumulation of acetylcholine and causes neurotoxicity. Carbaryl can be used as an insecticide. X
    Carbaryl-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-168962
    HDAC-IN-88
    		Inhibitor
    HDAC-IN-88 (Compound HJ-9) is the inhibitor for HDAC that inhibits HDAC6, HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC8 and HDAC3 with IC50s of 0.226, 1.103, 2.308, 3.255 and 3.864 μM, respectively. HDAC-IN-88 inhibits the proliferation of cancer cell HepG2, HCT116 and MV4-11 with IC50 of 5.47, 9.78 and 0.38 μM, inhibits the migration of HCT116, arrests the cell cycle at G0/G1 phase, and induces apoptosis and autophagy in MV4-11. HDAC-IN-88 reduces ROS level and mitochondrial membrane potential. HDAC-IN-88 exhibits antimalarial activity that inhibits P. falciparum 3D7 with EC50 of 165 nM. HDAC-IN-88 also exhibits anti-angiogenic activity.
    HDAC-IN-88
  • HY-106159
    SB-T-101141
    		Inducer
    SB-T-101141 is a novel taxane. SB-T-101141 effectively induces a noncanonical ferroptosis to overcome Paclitaxel (HY-B0015) resistance of breast cancer. SB-T-101141 facilitates the production of iron and ferrous ions and ROS. SB-T-101141 stably binds to KHSRP to inhibit the iron-dependent expression of CISD1 related to iron homeostasis. SB-T-101141 synergistically enhances the iron-dependent activation of JNK and PERK pathways via KHSRP. SB-T-101141 suppresses breast tumor growth in MCF-7(PR)/MDA-MB-231(PR) or KHSRP knock-down MCF-7 xenograft mice model.
    SB-T-101141
  • HY-14781S2
    Levomefolic acid-13C5
    Levomefolic acid-13C5 is the 13C labeled Levomefolic acid. Levomefolic acid (L-5-MTHF) is an orally active, brain-penetrant natural active form of folic acid and is one of the most widely used folic acid food supplements.
    Levomefolic acid-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>5</sub>
  • HY-146455
    DPP-4-IN-3
    		Inhibitor
    DPP-4-IN-3 (Compound 5a) is a potent dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.75 nM. DPP-4-IN-3 shows excellent antioxidant and insulinotropic activity.
    DPP-4-IN-3
  • HY-176485
    Antiproliferative agent-70
    		Inducer
    Antiproliferative agent-70 (compound 23) is a potent antiproliferative agent. Antiproliferative agent-70 shows antiproliferative activities and induces MMP depolarization. Antiproliferative agent-70 induces mitochondrial dysfunction. Antiproliferative agent-70 induces mitophagy and ferroptosis. Antiproliferative agent-70 increases the protein expression of PINK1, p-Parkin, p53 and p21. Antiproliferative agent-70 increases intracellular ROS levels. Antiproliferative agent-70 shows anticancer activity.
    Antiproliferative agent-70
  • HY-W745860
    Hexahydrocurcumin-d6
    Hexahydrocurcumin-d6 is the deuterium labeled Hexahydrocurcumin (HY-N0929). Hexahydrocurcumin is one of the major metabolites of curcumin and a selective, orally active COX-2 inhibitor. Hexahydrocurcumin is inactive against COX-1. Hexahydrocurcumin has antioxidant, anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities.
    Hexahydrocurcumin-d<sub>6</sub>
  • HY-159146
    PPARα agonist 4
    		Inhibitor
    PPARα agonist 4 (compound BH400) is a PPARα agonist (EC50= 1.2 μM). PPARα agonist 4 also inhibits STING (IC50: 8.1 μM). PPARα agonist 4 reduces the CoCl2-induced production of ROS and LPS-induced secretion of IL-6. The PPARα agonist 4 restores the decreased expression of PCG1α induced by LPS.
    PPARα agonist 4
  • HY-W040298R
    Ciprofloxacin lactate (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Ciprofloxacin (lactate) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Ciprofloxacin (lactate). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Ciprofloxacin (Bay-09867) lactate is a potent, orally active topoisomerase IV inhibitor. Ciprofloxacin lactate induces mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA damage and lead to mitochondrial dysfunction, ROS production. Ciprofloxacin lactate has anti-proliferative activity and induces apoptosis. Ciprofloxacin lactate is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, exhibiting potent antibacterial activity[4].
    Ciprofloxacin lactate (Standard)
  • HY-100607S
    Landiolol-d8
    		Inhibitor
    Landiolol-d8 (ONO1101-d8) is the deuterium labeled Landiolol (HY-100607). Landiolol (ONO1101) is a highly selective, ultra-short-acting competitive inhibitor of β1 adrenergic receptors. Landiolol specifically blocks cardiac β1 receptors, reducing heart rate and myocardial oxygen consumption. Landiolol inhibits TNF-α-induced excessive mitochondrial oxygen consumption and reactive oxygen species production in a sepsis model, alleviating renal injury. Landiolol has little effect on cardiac ion channels (such as L-type calcium current and inward rectifier potassium current) and has a weak negative inotropic effect. Landiolol can be used for perioperative tachycardia control and protection studies of sepsis-related acute kidney injury.
    Landiolol-d<sub>8</sub>
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity