2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-14393
    Emodin
    		Inhibitor 99.25%
    Emodin (Frangula emodin), an anthraquinone derivative, is an anti-SARS-CoV compound. Emodin blocks the SARS coronavirus spike protein and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) interaction. Emodin inhibits casein kinase-2 (CK2). Anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects. Emodin is a potent selective 11β-HSD1 inhibitor with the IC50 of 186 and 86 nM for human and mouse 11β-HSD1, respectively. Emodin ameliorates metabolic disorder in diet-induced obese mice.
    Emodin
  • HY-15202
    Binimetinib
    		Inhibitor 99.92%
    Binimetinib (MEK162) is an oral and selective MEK1/2 inhibitor. Binimetinib (MEK162) inhibits MEK with an IC50 of 12 nM.
    Binimetinib
  • HY-17567
    Heparin
    		Inhibitor
    Heparin is a highly sulfated glycosaminoglycan,that is widely used as an injectable anticoagulant, and has the highest negative charge density of any known biological molecule. Heparin significantly inhibits exosome-cell interactions.
    Heparin
  • HY-12031
    U0126-EtOH
    		Inhibitor 99.41%
    U0126 (U0126-EtOH) is a potent, non-ATP competitive and selective MEK1 and MEK2 inhibitor, with IC50s of 72 nM and 58 nM, respectively. U0126 is an autophagy and mitophagy inhibitor.
    U0126-EtOH
  • HY-15486
    Salubrinal
    		Inhibitor 99.58%
    Salubrinal is a cell-permeable and selective inhibitor of eIF2α dephosphorylation. Salubrinal acts as a dual-specificity phosphatase 2 (Dusp2) inhibitor and suppresses inflammation in anti-collagen antibody-induced arthritis. Salubrinal has antiviral activity against HSV-1 and inhibits dephosphorylation of eIF2α mediated by the HSV-1 protein ICP34.5.
    Salubrinal
  • HY-12481
    SAR405
    		Inhibitor 99.74%
    SAR405 is a first-in-class, selective, and ATP-competitive PI3K class III (PIK3C3) isoform Vps34 inhibitor (IC50=1.2 nM; Kd=1.5 nM). SAR405 inhibits autophagy induced either by starvation or by mTOR inhibition. Anticancer activity.
    SAR405
  • HY-13820
    GSK2656157
    		Inhibitor 99.66%
    GSK2656157 is a selective and ATP-competitive inhibitor of protein kinase R (PKR)-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) with an IC50 of 0.9 nM.
    GSK2656157
  • HY-12075
    LY2109761
    		Inhibitor 99.72%
    LY2109761 is an orally active, selective TGF-β receptor type I/II inhibitor with Kis of 38 nM and 300 nM, respectively.
    LY2109761
  • HY-N0014
    Icariin
    		Inhibitor 99.06%
    Icariin is a flavonol glycoside. Icariin inhibits PDE5 and PDE4 activities with IC50s of 432 nM and 73.50 μM, respectively. Icariin also is a PPARα activator.
    Icariin
  • HY-16989
    SR9009
    		Inhibitor 99.46%
    SR9009 is a REV-ERBα/β agonist with IC50s of 670 nM and 800 nM for REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ, respectively.
    SR9009
  • HY-B1370
    Hydroxychloroquine sulfate
    		Inhibitor 99.99%
    Hydroxychloroquine sulfate (HCQ sulfate) is a synthetic antimalarial agent which can also inhibit Toll-like receptor 7/9 (TLR7/9) signaling. Hydroxychloroquine sulfate is efficiently inhibits SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro.
    Hydroxychloroquine sulfate
  • HY-17506
    Azithromycin
    		Inhibitor 98.0%
    Azithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections.
    Azithromycin
  • HY-17389
    Genipin
    		Inhibitor 99.80%
    Genipin ((+)-Genipin) is a natural crosslinking reagent derived from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis fruits. Genipin inhibits UCP2 (uncoupling protein 2) in cells. Genipin has a variety of bioactivities, including modulation on proteins, antitumor, anti-inflammation, immunosuppression, antithrombosis, and protection of hippocampal neurons. Genipin also can be used for type 2 diabetes research.
    Genipin
  • HY-12990
    Spautin-1
    		Inhibitor 99.54%
    Spautin-1 is a specific and potent autophagy inhibitor which inhibits ubiquitin-specific peptidases, USP10 and USP13 with IC50s of 0.6-0.7 μM.
    Spautin-1
  • HY-10590
    TWS119
    		Inhibitor 99.89%
    TWS119 is an inhibitor of GSK-3β, with an IC50 of 30 nM, and activates the wnt/β-catenin pathway.
    TWS119
  • HY-17567C
    Heparin sodium salt (MW 15kDa)
    		Inhibitor
    Heparin sodium salt (MW 15kDa) (Sodium heparin (MW 15kDa)) is a polymer of Heparin with the molecular weight of 15kDa. Heparin sodium salt is an anticoagulant which binds reversibly to antithrombin III (ATIII) and greatly accelerates the rate at which ATIII inactivates coagulation enzymes thrombin factor IIa and factor Xa.
    Heparin sodium salt (MW 15kDa)
  • HY-13018
    MRT67307
    		Inhibitor 99.56%
    MRT67307 is a dual inhibitor of the IKKε and TBK-1 with IC50s of 160 and 19 nM, respectively. MRT67307 also inhibits ULK1 and ULK2 with IC50s of 45 and 38 nM, respectively. MRT67307 also blocks autophagy in cells.
    MRT67307
  • HY-100561
    Tempol
    		Inhibitor 99.78%
    Tempol is a general superoxide dismutase (SOD)-mimetic agent that efficiently neutralizes reactive oxygen species (ROS).
    Tempol
  • HY-19824
    3PO
    		Inhibitor 99.85%
    3PO is an inhibitor of PFKFB3. 3PO attenuates the proliferation of several cancer cell lines with IC50s of 1.4-24 μmol/L. 3PO suppresses glucose uptake and decreases the intracellular concentration of Fru-2,6-BP, lactate, ATP, NAD+ and NADH. 3PO can be used for the research of cancer.
    3PO
  • HY-N0136
    Taxifolin
    		Inhibitor 99.92%
    Taxifolin ((+)-Dihydroquercetin) exhibits important anti-tyrosinase activity. Taxifolin exhibits significant inhibitory activity against collagenase with an IC50 value of 193.3 μM. Taxifolin is an important natural compound with antifibrotic activity. Taxifolin is a free radical scavenger with antioxidant capacity.
    Taxifolin
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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