2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Cell Cycle/DNA Damage
    Epigenetics
  4. HDAC

HDAC

Histone deacetylases

HDAC

Related Products

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HDAC (Histone deacetylases) are a class of enzymes that remove acetyl groups (O=C-CH3) from an ε-N-acetyl lysine amino acid on ahistone, allowing the histones to wrap the DNA more tightly. This is important because DNA is wrapped around histones, and DNA expression is regulated by acetylation and de-acetylation. Its action is opposite to that of histone acetyltransferase. HDAC proteins are now also called lysine deacetylases (KDAC), to describe their function rather than their target, which also includes non-histone proteins. Together with the acetylpolyamine amidohydrolases and the acetoin utilization proteins, the histone deacetylases form an ancient protein superfamily known as the histone deacetylase superfamily.

HDAC Isoform Specific Products:

HDAC Isoform Comparison
Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-155699
    J27644
    		Inhibitor
    J27644 is a potent HDAC inhibitor. J27644 mitigates TGF-β-induced pulmonary fibrosis.
    J27644
  • HY-B0809B
    Theophylline sodium acetate
    		Activator
    Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) sodium acetate is a potent phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor, adenosine receptor antagonist, and histone deacetylase (HDAC) activator. Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) sodium acetate inhibits PDE3 activity to relax airway smooth muscle. Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) sodium acetate has anti-inflammatory activity by increase IL-10 and inhibit NF-κB into the nucleus. Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) sodium acetate induces apoptosis. Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) sodium acetate can be used for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) research.
    Theophylline sodium acetate
  • HY-141844
    HDAC/BET-IN-1
    		Inhibitor
    HDAC/BET-IN-1 displays submicromolar inhibitory activity against HDAC1 and 6 (IC50 = 0.163 μM and 0.067 μM), and BRD4 (Ki = 0.076 μM), and possess potent antileukemia activity.
    HDAC/BET-IN-1
  • HY-162906
    FLT3/HDAC-IN-2
    		Inhibitor
    FLT3/HDAC-IN-2 is (compound 25h) a FLT3/HDAC dual inhibitor. FLT3/HDAC-IN-2 has antiproliferative activity against MOLM-13 cells. FLT3/HDAC-IN-2 can be used in acute myeloid leukemia research.
    FLT3/HDAC-IN-2
  • HY-RS06073
    HDAC4 Human Pre-designed siRNA Set A
    		Inhibitor

    HDAC4 Human Pre-designed siRNA Set A contains three designed siRNAs for HDAC4 gene (Human), as well as a negative control, a positive control, and a FAM-labeled negative control.
    HDAC4 Human Pre-designed siRNA Set A
  • HY-157385
    HDAC-IN-67
    		Inhibitor
    HDAC-IN-67 (compound 27f) is an HDAC inhibitor against HDAC1 and HDAC6, with IC50 values of 22 nM and 8 nM, respectively. HDAC-IN-67 inhibits cell proliferation and induces cell apoptosis. HDAC-IN-67 exhibits antitumor activity.
    HDAC-IN-67
  • HY-143233
    PIM-1/HDAC-IN-1
    		Inhibitor
    PIM-1/HDAC-IN-1 (compound 4d) is a PIM-1 inhibitor, with an IC50 of 343.87 nM. PIM-1/HDAC-IN-1 has strong inhibitory activity and selectivity against HDAC 1 and HDAC 6, with IC50 values of 63.65 and 62.39 nM, respectively. PIM-1/HDAC-IN-1 exhibits apoptosis inducing potential in MCF-7 cell lines. PIM-1/HDAC-IN-1 shows pre-G1 apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase.
    PIM-1/HDAC-IN-1
  • HY-159936
    CS4
    		Inhibitor
    CS4 is a selective HDAC inhibitor with the IC50 values of 38 nM, 12 nM, 5.8 μM, 19 μM and 61 μM against of HDAC1, HDAC6, HDAC8, HDAC4 and HDAC11, respectively. CS4 promotes α-tubulin and histone 3 acetylation. CS4 activates PPARγ and blocks glycolysis. CS4 induces cell cycle arrest at G2 phase and apoptosis, and shows anticancer effect both in vivo and in vitro.
    CS4
  • HY-RS06074
    Hdac4 Mouse Pre-designed siRNA Set A
    		Inhibitor

    Hdac4 Mouse Pre-designed siRNA Set A contains three designed siRNAs for Hdac4 gene (Mouse), as well as a negative control, a positive control, and a FAM-labeled negative control.
    Hdac4 Mouse Pre-designed siRNA Set A
  • HY-152146
    HDAC-IN-50
    		Inhibitor
    HDAC-IN-50 is a potent and orally active FGFR and HDAC dual inhibitor with IC50 values of 0.18, 1.2, 0.46, 1.4, 1.3, 1.6, 2.6, 13 nM for FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, FGFR4, HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC6, HDAC8, respectively. HDAC-IN-50 induces Apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase. HDAC-IN-50 decreases the expression of pFGFR1, pERK, pSTAT3. HDAC-IN-50 shows anti-tumor activity.
    HDAC-IN-50
  • HY-115442
    NHNB
    		Inhibitor
    NHNB is a selective HDAC8 inhibitor (IC50 = 66.0 μM) and Peptidoglycan N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) deacetylases (PGNGdacs) inhibitor. NHNB shows antibacterial and bactericidal activity against B. anthracis and B. cereus. NHNB can be used for the research of acute myeloid leukemia, Bacillus anthracis infection, and Bacillus cereus infection.
    NHNB
  • HY-180829
    HDAC6-IN-71
    		Inhibitor
    HDAC6-IN-71 (Compound 24) is a HDAC6 inhibitor with IC50 values for HDAC6 and HDAC1 of 13.68 and 443.12 nM respectively. HDAC6-IN-71 effectively inhibits the production of NO by mouse macrophages, with its IC50 being 2.31 μM. HDAC6-IN-71 inhibits the HDAC6-NF-κB signaling pathway, reduces the levels of phosphorylated IκB-α and IKK-α/β, and suppresses the expression of downstream inflammatory proteins COX-2 and iNOS. HDAC6-IN-71 significantly alleviates ulcerative colitis in mice.
    HDAC6-IN-71
  • HY-163090
    HR488B
    		Inhibitor
    HR488B is an efficient HDAC1 inhibitor. HR488B specifically suppressed the growth of CRC cells by inducing cell cycle G0/G1 arrest and apoptosis. HR488B causes mitochondrial dysfunction, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and DNA damage accumulation.
    HR488B
  • HY-162678
    HDAC-IN-75
    		Inhibitor
    HDAC-IN-75 (5d) is a HDAC inhibitor, with IC50 values of 6.32 nM and 1352 nM for HDAC6 and HDAC1, respectively. HDAC-IN-75 (5d) promotes vision rescue in the atp6v0e1–/– zebrafish model of photoreceptor dysfunction.
    HDAC-IN-75
  • HY-151896
    HDAC6-IN-14
    		Inhibitor
    HDAC6-IN-14 is a highly selective HDAC6 (HDAC) inhibitor with an IC50 of 42 nM. HDAC6-IN-14 displays >100-fold selectivity over HDAC1/HDAC2/HDAC3/HDAC4.
    HDAC6-IN-14
  • HY-155397
    PRO-HD2
    		Inhibitor
    PRO-HD2 is a cell-specific, PROTAC-based HDAC6 degrader.
    PRO-HD2
  • HY-W718894
    (R)-Dihydrolipoic acid
    		Inhibitor
    (R)-Dihydrolipoic acid is a compound that inhibits histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) activity. The structure of its complex with HDAC6 has been resolved. (R)-Dihydrolipoic acid can inhibit HDAC6 through specific interactions, providing a basis for understanding the relationship between HDAC function and oxidative stress.
    (R)-Dihydrolipoic acid
  • HY-150772
    Tubulin/HDAC-IN-1
    		Inhibitor
    Tubulin/HDAC-IN-1 is a dual tubulin and HDAC-IN-1 inhibitor through CH/π interaction with tubulin and hydrogen bond interaction with HDAC8. Tubulin/HDAC-IN-1 inhibits tubulin polymerization and selectively inhibits HDAC8 (IC50: 150 nM). Tubulin/HDAC-IN-1 has cytotoxicity against various human cancer cells, also arrests cell cycle in the G2/M phase and induces cell apoptosis. Tubulin/HDAC-IN-1 can be used in the research of hematologic and solid tumors such as neuroblastoma, leukemia.
    Tubulin/HDAC-IN-1
  • HY-161778
    ZG-126
    		Inhibitor
    ZG-126 is an agonist for vitamin D receptor (VDR) and an inhibitor for histone deacetylase (HDAC) (IC50=0.63-67.6 μM). ZG-126 exhibits cytotoxicity in cancer cells MDA-MB-231 and 4T1. ZG-126 exhibits antitumor and anti-metastatic efficacy against melanoma and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) in mouse models. ZG-126 also exhibits anti-inflammatory activity, through the reduction of macrophage infiltration and immunosuppressive M2-polarization.
    ZG-126
  • HY-B0494R
    Bufexamac (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Bufexamac (Standard) is the analytical standard of Bufexamac. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Bufexamac is a selective Ⅱb HDAC (HDAC6, HDAC10) and LTA4H dual inhibitor, with Kds of 0.53 μM and 0.22 μM for HDAC6 and HDAC10. Bufexamac is a nonsteroida anti-inflammatory drug.
    Bufexamac (Standard)
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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Download HDAC Signaling Pathway Map.

TCR, GPCR and HDAC II interaction: Diverse agonists act through G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to activate the PKC-PKD axis, CaMK, Rho, or MHC binding to antigens stimulates TCR to activate PKD, leading to phosphorylation of class II HDACs. Phospho-HDACs dissociate from MEF2, bind 14-3-3, and are exported to the cytoplasm through a CRM1-dependent mechanism. CRM1 is inhibited by leptomycin B (LMB). Release of MEF2 from class II HDACs allows p300 to dock on MEF2 and stimulate gene expression. Dephosphorylation of class II HDACs in the cytoplasm enables reentry into the nucleus[1].

 

TLR: TLR signaling is initiated by ligand binding to receptors. The recruitment of TLR domain-containing adaptor protein MyD88 is repressed by HDAC6, whereas NF-κB and MTA-1 can be negatively regulated by HDAC1/2/3 and HDAC2, respectively. Acetylation by HATs enhance MKP-1 which inhibits p38-mediated inflammatory responses, while HDAC1/2/3 inhibits MKP-1 activity. HDAC1 and HDAC8 repress, whereas HDAC6 promotes, IRF function in response to viral challenge. HDAC11 inhibits IL-10 expression and HDAC1 and HDAC2 represses IFNγ-dependent activation of the CIITA transcription factor, thus affecting antigen presentation[2][3].

 

IRNAR: IFN-α/β induce activation of the type I IFN receptor and then bring the receptor-associated JAKs into proximity. JAK adds phosphates to the receptor. STATs bind to the phosphates and then phosphorylated by JAKs to form a dimer, leading to nuclear translocation and gene expression. HDACs positively regulate STATs and PZLF to promote antiviral responses and IFN-induced gene expression[2][3].

 

Cell cycle: In G1 phase, HDAC, Retinoblastoma protein (RB), E2F and polypeptide (DP) form a repressor complex. HDAC acts on surrounding chromatin, causing it to adopt a closed chromatin conformation, and transcription is repressed. Prior to the G1-S transition, phosphorylation of RB by CDKs dissociates the repressor complex. Transcription factors (TFs) gain access to their binding sites and, together with the now unmasked E2F activation domain. E2F is then free to activate transcription by contacting basal factors or by contacting histone acetyltransferases, such as CBP, that can alter chromatin structure[4].

 

The function of non-histone proteins is also regulated by HATs/HDACs. p53: HDAC1 impairs the function of p53. p53 is acetylated under conditions of stress or HDAC inhibition by its cofactor CREB binding protein (CBP) and the transcription of genes involved in differentiation is activated. HSP90: HSP90 is a chaperone that complexes with other chaperones, such as p23, to maintain correct conformational folding of its client proteins. HDAC6 deacetylates HSP90. Inhibition of HDAC6 would result in hyperacetylated HSP90, which would be unable to interact with its co-chaperones and properly lead to misfolded client proteins being targeted for degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome system[5][6].
 

Reference:

[1]. Vega RB, et al. Protein kinases C and D mediate agonist-dependent cardiac hypertrophy through nuclear export of histone deacetylase 5.Mol Cell Biol. 2004 Oct;24(19):8374-85.
[2]. Shakespear MR, et al. Histone deacetylases as regulators of inflammation and immunity. Trends Immunol. 2011 Jul;32(7):335-43.
[3]. Suliman BA, et al. HDACi: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications in the innate immune system.Immunol Cell Biol. 2012 Jan;90(1):23-32. 
[4]. Brehm A, et al. Retinoblastoma protein meets chromatin.Trends Biochem Sci. 1999 Apr;24(4):142-5.
[5]. Butler R, et al. Histone deacetylase inhibitors as therapeutics for polyglutamine disorders.Nat Rev Neurosci. 2006 Oct;7(10):784-96
[6]. Minucci S, et al. Histone deacetylase inhibitors and the promise of epigenetic (and more) treatments for cancer.Nat Rev Cancer. 2006 Jan;6(1):38-51.

HDAC Isoform Comparison

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