HDAC Inhibitor

Trichostatin A (TSA) is a potent and specific inhibitor of HDAC class I/II, with an IC₅₀ value of 1.8 nM for HDAC.

4-Phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA) is an inhibitor of HDAC and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, used in cancer and infection research.

Vorinostat (SAHA) is a potent and orally active pan-inhibitor of HDAC1, HDAC2 and HDAC3 (Class I), HDAC6 and HDAC7 (Class II) and HDAC11 (Class IV), with ID₅₀ values of 10 nM and 20 nM for HDAC1 and HDAC3, respectively. Vorinostat induces cell apoptosis. Vorinostat is also an effective inhibitor of human papillomaviruse (HPV)-18 DNA amplification.

Valproic acid (VPA) is an orally active HDAC inhibitor, with IC₅₀ in the range of 0.5 and 2 mM. Valproic acid inhibits HDAC1 (IC₅₀, 400 μM), and induces proteasomal degradation of HDAC2. Valproic acid activates Notch1 signaling and inhibits proliferation in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cells. Valproic acid is used in the epilepsy, bipolar disorder, metabolic disease, HIV infection and prevention of migraine headaches.

Sulforaphane is an orally active inducer of the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE pathway. Sulforaphane promotes the transcription of tumor-suppressing proteins and effectively inhibits the activity of HDACs. Through the activation of the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE pathway and further induction of HO-1 expression, Sulforaphane protects the heart. Sulforaphane suppresses high glucose-induced pancreatic cancer through AMPK-dependent signal transmission. Sulforaphane exhibits both anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties.

Sodium butyrate ((Butanoic acid; Butyric acid) sodium) is an orally active HDAC inhibitor. Sodium butyrate induces hyperacetylation of core histones and affects phosphorylation of H1/H2A, thereby altering chromatin structure and regulating gene expression. Sodium butyrate can be used in research related to various cancers, inflammatory bowel disease, and sickle cell anemia.

1-Stearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine is a lysophosphatidylcholine that inhibits HDAC3 activity and phosphorylation of STAT3 in K562 cells. 1-Stearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine induces apoptosis and exhibits anticancer activity in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) K562 cells.

Abexinostat (CRA 024781) is a novel pan-HDAC inhibitor mostly targeting HDAC1 with K_i of 7 nM. Abexinostat also inhibits metallo-β-lactamase domain-containing protein 2 (MBLAC2) hydrolase activity with an EC₅₀ below 10 nM.

Entinostat is an oral and selective class I HDAC inhibitor, with IC₅₀s of 243 nM, 453 nM, and 248 nM for HDAC1, HDAC2, and HDAC3, respectively.

Panobinostat (LBH589; NVP-LBH589) is a potent and orally active non-selective HDAC inhibitor, and has antineoplastic activities. Panobinostat induces HIV-1 virus production even at low concentration range 8-31 nM, stimulates HIV-1 expression in latently infected cells. Panobinostat induces cell apoptosis and autophagy. Panobinostat can be used for the study of refractory or relapsed multiple myeloma.

Romidepsin (FK 228) is a Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor with anti-tumor activities. Romidepsin (FK 228) inhibits HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC4, and HDAC6 with IC₅₀s of 36 nM, 47 nM, 510 nM and 1.4 μM, respectively. Romidepsin (FK 228) is produced by Chromobacterium violaceum, induces cell G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis.

Valproic acid (Sodium Valproate) sodium is an orally active HDAC inhibitor, with IC₅₀ in the range of 0.5 and 2 mM, also inhibits HDAC1 (IC₅₀, 400 μM), and induces proteasomal degradation of HDAC2. Valproic acid sodium activates Notch1 signaling and inhibits proliferation in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cells. Valproic acid sodium is used in the treatment of epilepsy, bipolar disorder, metabolic disease, HIV infection and prevention of migraine headaches.

RGFP966 is a highly selective HDAC3 inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 80 nM and shows no inhibition to other HDACs at concentrations up to 15 μM. RGFP966 can penetrate the blood brain barrier (BBB).

Tucidinostat (Chidamide) is a potent and orally bioavailable HDAC enzymes class I (HDAC1/2/3) and class IIb (HDAC10) inhibitor, with IC₅₀s of 95, 160, 67 and 78 nM, less active on HDAC8 and HDAC11 (IC₅₀s, 733 nM, 432 nM, respectively), and shows no effect on HDAC4/5/6/7/9.

Sodium 4-phenylbutyrate (4-PBA sodium) is an inhibitor of HDAC and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, used in cancer and infection research.

Belinostat (PXD101; PX105684) is a potent HDAC inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 27 nM in HeLa cell extracts.

Tubastatin A is a potent and selective HDAC6 inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 15 nM in a cell-free assay, and is selective (1000-fold more) against all other isozymes except HDAC8 (57-fold more). Tubastatin A also inhibits HDAC10 and metallo-β-lactamase domain-containing protein 2 (MBLAC2).

Carbamazepine is an orally active pressure-sensitive sodium ion channel blocker with an IC₅₀ of 131 μM. Carbamazepine blocks voltage gated Na⁺, Ca²⁺, and K⁺ channels, and is also a HDAC inhibitor (IC₅₀: 2 μM). Carbamazepine is an anticonvulsant and can be used for research of epilepsy and neuropathic pain.

Ricolinostat (ACY-1215) is a potent and selective HDAC6 inhibitor, with an IC₅₀ of 5 nM. ACY-1215 also inhibits HDAC1, HDAC2, and HDAC3 with IC₅₀s of 58, 48, and 51 nM, respectively.

Mocetinostat (MGCD0103) is a potent, orally active and isotype-selective HDAC (Class I/IV) inhibitor with IC₅₀s of 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 μM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11, respectively. Mocetinostat shows no inhibition on HDAC4, HDAC5, HDAC6, HDAC7, or HDAC8.