2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Immunology/Inflammation
    Metabolic Enzyme/Protease
    NF-κB
  4. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

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Reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide anion (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radical (HO•), consist of radical and non-radical oxygen species formed by the partial reduction of oxygen. Cellular ROS are generated endogenously during mitochondrial oxidative metabolism as well as in cellular response to xenobiotics, cytokines, and bacterial invasion.

ROS also activates MAPK pathways by the direct inhibition of MAPK phosphatases. Through PTEN, the PI3K pathway is subject to reversible redox regulation by ROS generated by growth factor stimulation. The activation of autophagy may be a cellular defense mechanism in response to ROS.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-183588
    HCM-01
    		Inhibitor
    HCM-01 is an Excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2) activator with oral effectiveness and blood-brain barrier penetration.HCM-01 binds to the allosteric site of EAAT2, increases EAAT2 expression in astrocytes, enhances glutamate-handling capacity, and modulates glutamate homeostasis.HCM-01 acts as an antioxidant, improves oxidative/antioxidative balance and increases total antioxidant capacity. HCM-01 can be used for the research of Alzheimer's disease.
    HCM-01
  • HY-174457
    STAT3/CAIX-IN-1
    		Agonist
    STAT3/CAIX-IN-1 is a dual-target inhibitor of STAT3 (Kd: 60.03 μM) and CAIX (IC50: 80.45 nM). STAT3/CAIX-IN-1 induces ferroptosis by increases the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxides. STAT3/CAIX-IN-1 inhibits cell migration, induces apoptosis, and causes cell cycle arrest in MDA-MB-231 cells. STAT3/CAIX-IN-1 can be used for the study of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC).
    STAT3/CAIX-IN-1
  • HY-N17653
    13'-Carboxy-δ-tocopherol
    		Inducer
    13'-Carboxy-δ-tocopherol is a metabolite of long-chain vitamin E.13'-Carboxy-δ-tocopherol exhibits antiproliferative properties in cancer cells. 13'-Carboxy-δ-tocopherol activates caspase-3, caspase-9, causes PARP-1 cleavage, reduces mitochondrial membrane potential, increases ROS formation, and drives apoptosis.13'-Carboxy-δ-tocopherol can be used for the research of hepatocellular carcinoma.
    13'-Carboxy-δ-tocopherol
  • HY-N7137R
    Norgestrel (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Norgestrel (Standard) is the analytical standard of Norgestrel. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Norgestrel is a synthetic analog of progesterone, a compound commonly found in oral contraceptive pill, and a powerful neuroprotective antioxidant, preventing light-induced ROS in photoreceptor cells, and cell death.
    Norgestrel (Standard)
  • HY-168854
    TBC-1
    TBC-1 is a chlorophyll-a derivative, is a photosensitizer that can be used in photodynamic therapy (PDT). TBC-1 efficiently generats Type-I ROS and endoplasmic reticulum targeting ability. TBC-1 shows biocompatibility and PDT efficiency in vitro under both normoxia and hypoxia.
    TBC-1
  • HY-179151
    CDK4/6-IN-26
    		Modulator
    CDK4/6-IN-26 is a carbamate derivative that targets CDK4/CDK6. CDK4/6-IN-26 reduces CDK4/CDK6 levels, resulting in cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase and in the S phase. CDK4/6-IN-26 exhibits high potency against SW480 cells (IC50 = 6.3 μM). CDK4/6-IN-26 affects ROS levels by increasing the expression of SOD2/MnSOD. CDK4/6-IN-26 establishes several interactions with the amino acids of the CDK6 active site. CDK4/6-IN-26 can be used for the research of colorectal cancer.
    CDK4/6-IN-26
  • HY-W768262
    D-(+)-Glucono-1,5-lactone-13C6
    D-(+)-Glucono-1,5-lactone-13C6 (Gluconic acid lactone-13C6) is the 13C-labeled D-(+)-Glucono-1,5-lactone (HY-I0301). D-(+)-Glucono-1,5-lactone is a polyhydroxy (PHA) that is capable of metal chelating, moisturizing and antioxidant activity.
    D-(+)-Glucono-1,5-lactone-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>6</sub>
  • HY-N13063
    Anticancer agent 235
    		Inducer
    Anticancer agent 235 (Compound 49) is a modulator for PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, that promotes the generation of ROS, reduces the mitochondrial membrane potential, and thereby inhibits the proliferation of cancer cells HCT116, Caco-2, AGS and SMMC-772 with IC50 of 0.35-26.9 μM. Anticancer agent 235 arrests the cell cycle at G2/M phase, and induces apoptosis in HCT116.
    Anticancer agent 235
  • HY-173039
    α-Tubulin polymerization-IN-1
    		Inducer
    α-Tubulin polymerization-IN-1 (Compound 8l) is an inhibitor for α-Tubulin polymerization. α-Tubulin polymerization-IN-1 modulates the NRF2/KEAP-1 signaling pathway, induces ROS generation in PC-3 cell, thereby inducing apoptosis in PC-3. α-Tubulin polymerization-IN-1 inhibits the proliferation of PC-3 cell with a GI50 of 0.17 µM, arrests the cell cycle at G2/M phase. α-Tubulin polymerization-IN-1 exhibits antitumor efficacy in mouse model.
    α-Tubulin polymerization-IN-1
  • HY-10071A
    Y-27632 hydrochloride hydrate
    		Activator 99.65%
    Y-27632 hydrochloride hydrate is a ROCK inhibitor with Ki values of 220 nM and 300 nM for ROCK1 and ROCK2, respectively. Y-27632 hydrochloride hydrate exerts anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects in systemic lupus erythematosus models by inhibiting the ROCK/NF-κB pathway. Y-27632 hydrochloride hydrate enhances autophagy by inhibiting the AKT/mTOR pathway, thereby inducing apoptosis apoptosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Y-27632 hydrochloride hydrate induces the formation of tunneling nanotubes in ARPE-19 cells and significantly enhances mitochondrial transfer through these channels. Y-27632 hydrochloride hydrate promotes neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells by activating the Rac1/NOX1/ROS/AKT/PAK1 signaling cascade.
    Y-27632 hydrochloride hydrate
  • HY-W010201S1
    Citronellol-d3
    Citronellol-d3 ( (±)-Citronelloll-d3) is the deuterium labeled Citronellol (HY-W010201). Citronellol ((±)-Citronellol) is an orally active inducer of apoptosis. Citronellol can prevent oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis in the SH-SY5Y cell Parkinson's disease model induced by 6-OHDA by regulating the ROS-NO, MAPK/ERK, and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. Citronellol can induce necroptosis in human lung cancer cells through the TNF-α pathway and accumulation of ROS. Citronellol can reduce the levels of LC-3 and p62 to regulate the autophagy pathway, inhibit oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, and thus have neuroprotective effects on Parkinson's rats. Citronellol exhibits anti-fungal activity against Trichophyton rubrum by inhibiting ergosterol synthesis.
    Citronellol-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-180916
    CAII-IN-11
    		Inhibitor
    CAII-IN-11 (Compound A1) is a dual-target compound that contains a hCA II inhibitor (IC₅₀ = 2 nM) portion and a NO donor portion. CAII-IN-11 also has inhibitory activity against hCA IX, hCA XII, and hCA I, with IC50 values of 6, 3, and 152 nM respectively. CAII-IN-11 significantly increases the intracellular cGMP level in human trabecular meshwork cells. CAII-IN-11 reduces the apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells by reducing oxidative stress (ROS levels), inhibiting astrocytes and the NLRP3 inflammasome activation. CAII-IN-11 has hypotensive activity in rabbit models and can be used for the study of glaucoma.
    CAII-IN-11
  • HY-155031
    MCI
    		Inhibitor
    MCI alleviates inflammation by macrophage reprogramming via targeting ROS scavenging and COX-2 downregulation. MCI inhibits COX-2 with an IC50 value of 1.23 μM. MCI has significant anti-inflammatory effects in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) models. MCI can be used in research for rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
    MCI
  • HY-W402074
    5-Acetamide-Butenolide
    		Activator
    5-Acetamide-Butenolide (Butenolide) is a mycotoxin with pro-oxidant activity, which is found in Fusarium. 5-Acetamide-Butenolide disrupts the mitochondrial membrane potential in primary neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. 5-Acetamide-Butenolide also induces the production of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in isolated rat myocardial mitochondria. 5-Acetamide-Butenolide increases the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), decreases the levels of GSH and reduces the viability of HepG2 cells.
    5-Acetamide-Butenolide
  • HY-142708
    α-Pyridoin
    		Inhibitor
    α-Pyridoin is a unique enediol antioxidant.
    α-Pyridoin
  • HY-175826
    USP30-IN-20
    		Inducer
    USP30-IN-20 is an orally active USP30 inhibitor (Kd = 1.61 μM, IC50 = 12.8 μM). USP30-IN-20 induces ferroptosis by promoting ubiquitination-mediated degradation of GPX4. USP30-IN-20 inhibits the proliferation, migration, invasion, and stemness of prostate cancer cells. USP30-IN-20 induces G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and ROS levels in prostate cancer cells. USP30-IN-20 exhibits significant anti-tumor efficacy in PC3 cell subcutaneous xenografts in mice. USP30-IN-20 can be used for the study of advanced prostate cancer.
    USP30-IN-20
  • HY-159605
    Autophagy inducer 5
    		Inducer
    Autophagy inducer 5 (compound 21o) is a potent MCF-7 inhibitor (IC50: 2 μM), and a potential breast cancer inhibitor. Autophagy inducer 5 induces cellular autophagy by activating the ROS/JNK signaling pathway, which increases ROS generation and JNK phosphorylation, exerting cytotoxic effects.
    Autophagy inducer 5
  • HY-114977R
    Avenanthramide A (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Avenanthramide A (Standard) is the analytical standard of Avenanthramide A. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Avenanthramide A is an orally active phytoalexin that targets the RNA helicase DDX3 with a KD of 8.8 μM. Avenanthramide A induces mitochondrial swelling and increased ROS production, and triggers apoptosis in CRC cells. Avenanthramide A inhibits smooth muscle cell proliferation and enhances nitric oxide production. Avenanthramide A can be used in research on colorectal cancer and atherosclerosis.
    Avenanthramide A (Standard)
  • HY-N0912R
    Rehmannioside D (Standard)
    Rehmannioside D (Standard) is the analytical standard of Rehmannioside D (HY-N0912). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Rehmannioside D is an orally active Sirt7 modulator. Rehmannioside D upregulates Sirt7 expression, inhibits the level of acetylated p53, and blocks the activation of the p53 signaling pathway. Rehmannioside D alleviates liver injury, inflammatory response, collagen deposition and hepatocyte apoptosis. Rehmannioside D is applicable to research related to liver fibrosis.
    Rehmannioside D (Standard)
  • HY-N10638
    N-Acetyldopamine dimer-2
    		Inhibitor
    N-Acetyldopamine dimer-2 (compound 2) is a N-acetyldopamine dimer that can be isolated from the yellow powder form Periostracum Cicadae with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. N-Acetyldopamine dimer-2 inhibits oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation, ROS generation, NO production, and NF-κB activity.
    N-Acetyldopamine dimer-2
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity