Infection

Lactic acid (DL-Lactic acid) is a hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1 (HCAR1) activator and an epigenetic modulator inducing lysine residues lactylation. Lactic acid is a glycolysis end-product, bridging the gap between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. Lactic acid is an oncometabolite and has immune protective role of lactate in anti-tumor immunity. Lactic acid also has antimicrobial activity, which can be used as a food preservative.

Lactic acid (DL-Lactic acid) sodium (60% w/w in water) is a hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1 (HCAR1) activator and an epigenetic modulator inducing lysine residues lactylation. Lactic acid sodium (60% w/w in water) is a glycolysis end-product, bridging the gap between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. Lactic acid sodium (60% w/w in water) is an oncometabolite and has immune protective role of lactate in anti-tumor immunity. Lactic acid sodium (60% w/w in water) also has antimicrobial activity, which can be used as a food preservative.
This product has a content (w/w) of 60%, and 1 mL of the system contains 798 mg of Lactic acid sodium, i.e., a concentration of 798 mg/mL (i.e., 7.12 M).

Cyclosporin A (Cyclosporine A) is an immunosuppressant which binds to the cyclophilin and inhibits phosphatase activity of protein phosphatase 2B (PP2B/calcineurin) with an IC₅₀ of 5 nM. Cyclosporin A is a molecular glue, binds to cyclophilin and calcineurin, leading to inactivation of nuclear Factor of activated T Cells (NFAT) and a subsequent decrease in the immune response. Cyclosporin A also inhibits CD11a/CD18 adhesion.

Puromycin dihydrochloride (CL13900 dihydrochloride), an aminonucleoside antibiotic, inhibits protein synthesis.

Estradiol (β-Estradiol) is a steroid hormone and the major female sex hormone. Estradiol can up-regulate the expression of neural markers of human endometrial stem cells (hEnSCs) and promote their neural differentiation. Estradiol can be used for the research of cancers, neurodegenerative diseases and neural tissue engineering.

Ionomycin (SQ23377) is a potent, selective calcium ionophore and an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces conglobatus. Ionomycin (SQ23377) is highly specific for divalent cations (Ca>Mg>Sr=Ba). Ionomycin (SQ23377) promotes apoptosis. Ionomycin also induces the activation of protein kinase C (PKC).

Sorafenib (Bay 43-9006) is a potent oral active multikinase inhibitor. Sorafenib blocks autophosphorylation and activity of receptor tyrosine kinases (VEGFR-2, VEGFR-3) and RAF family kinases, thereby suppressing the RAF/MEK/ERK and PI3K/Akt pathways, inhibiting STAT3 phosphorylation, and selectively inhibiting the MAPK pathway in cancer cells. Sorafenib induces cell cycle arrest, autophagy, apoptosis, and PARP cleavage, reduces Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, cyclin D1 levels, and activates Bak and Bax. Sorafenib inhibits tumor growth and metastasis in mouse and rat models. Sorafenib can be used for cancer research, such as colon, breast, non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), ovarian, pancreatic, melanoma, colorectal and hepatocellular carcinoma.

Thapsigargin, an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inducer, is an inhibitor of microsomal Ca²⁺-ATPase. Thapsigargin efficiently inhibits coronavirus (HCoV-229E, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2) replication in different cell types.

SM-102 is an amino cationic lipid useful in the formation of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs). SM-102 has higher transfection efficiency. SM-102 plays an important role in the effectiveness of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) in delivering mRNA therapeutics and vaccines.

Dasatinib (BMS-354825) is a highly potent, ATP competitive, orally active dual Src/Bcr-Abl inhibitor with potent antitumor activity. The K_is are 16 pM and 30 pM for Src and Bcr-Abl, respectively. Dasatinib inhibits Bcr-Abl and Src with IC₅₀s of <1.0 nM and 0.5 nM, respectively. Dasatinib also induces apoptosis and autophagy, and can cross the blood-brain barrier.

Decitabine (NSC 127716) is an orally active deoxycytidine analogue antimetabolite and DNA methyltransferase inhibitor. Decitabine incorporates into DNA in place of cytosine can covalently trap DNA methyltransferase to DNA causing irreversible inhibition of the enzyme. Decitabine induces cell G2/M arrest and cell Apoptosis. Decitabine has potent anticancer activity.

Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly(I:C)) is a synthetic analog of double-stranded RNA and an agonist of toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and retinoic acid inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RIG-I and MDA5). Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid can be used as a vaccine adjuvant to enhance innate and adaptive immune responses, and to alter the tumor microenvironment. Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid can directly trigger cancer cells to undergo apoptosis.

Hygromycin B is an aminoglycoside antibiotic active against prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Doxycycline, an antibiotic, is an orally active and broad-spectrum metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor. Doxycycline shows antibacterial activity and anti-cancer cell proliferation activity.

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a hormone-like substance that participate in a wide range of body functions such as the contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle, the dilation and constriction of blood vessels, control of blood pressure, and modulation of inflammation.

5-Azacytidine (Azacitidine; 5-AzaC; Ladakamycin) is a nucleoside analogue of cytidine that specifically inhibits DNA methylation. 5-Azacytidine is incorporated into DNA to covalently trap DNA methyltransferases and contributes to reverse epigenetic changes. 5-Azacytidine induces cell autophagy.

Cholesterol (from animal) is the major sterol in mammals. It is making up 20-25% of structural component of the plasma membrane. Plasma membranes are highly permeable to water but relatively impermeable to ions and protons. Cholesterol (from animal) plays an important role in determining the fluidity and permeability characteristics of the membrane as well as the function of both the transporters and signaling proteins. Cholesterol (from animal) is also an endogenous estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) agonist.

Deferoxamine mesylate (Deferoxamine B mesylate) is an iron chelator (binds to Fe(III) and many other metal cations), is widely used to reduce iron accumulation and deposition in tissues. Deferoxamine mesylate upregulates HIF-1α levels with good antioxidant activity. Deferoxamine mesylate also shows anti-proliferative activity, can induce apoptosis and autophagy in cancer cells. Deferoxamine mesylate can be used in studies of diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases as well as anti-cancer and anti-COVID-19.

Nigericin is an antibiotic derived from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that act as a K⁺/H⁺ ionophore, promoting K⁺/H⁺ exchange across mitochondrial membranes. Nigericin is a NLRP3 activator. Nigericin shows promising anti-cancer activities through decreasing intracellular pH (pHi), and inactivation of Wnt/β-catenin signals. Nigericin induces pyroptosis through caspase 1/GSDMD in TNBC.

Tunicamycin is a mixture of homologous nucleoside antibiotic that inhibits N-linked glycosylation and blocks GlcNAc phosphotransferase (GPT). Tunicamycin causes accumulation of unfolded proteins in cell endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and induces ER stress, and causes blocking of DNA synthesis and cell cycle arrest in G1 phase. Tunicamycin inhibits gram-positive bacteria, yeasts, fungi, and viruses and has anti-cancer activity.Tunicamycin increases exosome release in cervical cancer cells.