2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death exhibiting specific morphological and biochemical characteristics, including cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, genomic DNA fragmentation, and exposure of specific phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Cells undergoing apoptosis differ from those dying through necrosis. Necrotic cells are usually recognized by the immune system as a danger signal and, thus, resulting in inflammation; in contrast, apoptotic death is quiet and orderly.

There are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: The intrinsic pathway, also called the Bcl-2-regulated or mitochondrial pathway, is activated by various developmental cues or cytotoxic insults, such as viral infection, DNA damage and growth-factor deprivation, and is strictly controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. The extrinsic or death-receptor pathway is triggered by ligation of death receptors (members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, such as Fas or TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1)) that contain an intracellular death domain, which can recruit and activate caspase-8 through the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD; also known as MORT1) at the cell surface. This recruitment causes subsequent activation of downstream (effector) caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 or -7, without any involvement of the BCL-2 family.

Studies suggest that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-B0425
    Novobiocin
    		Inducer
    Novobiocin (Albamycin) is a potent and orally active antibiotic. Novobiocin also is a DNA gyrase inhibitor and a heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) antagonist. Novobiocin has the potential for the research of highly beta-lactam-resistant pneumococcal infections. Novobiocin shows anti-orthopoxvirus activity.
    Novobiocin
  • HY-112055
    DIM-C-pPhOH
    		Inducer 98.88%
    DIM-C-pPhOH is a nuclear receptor 4A1 (NR4A1) antagonist. DIM-C-pPhOH inhibits cancer cell growth and mTOR signaling, induce apoptosis and cellular stress. DIM-C-pPhOH reduces cell proliferation with IC50 values of 13.6 μM and 13.0 μM for ACHN cells and 786-O cells, respectively.
    DIM-C-pPhOH
  • HY-101071A
    Monastrol
    		Inducer 99.89%
    Monastrol is a potent and cell-permeable inhibitor of the mitotic kinesin Eg5 with an IC50 value of 14 μM.
    Monastrol
  • HY-16397A
    Phenformin hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.64%
    Phenformin (Phenethylbiguanide) hydrochloride is an orally active biguanide hypoglycemic agent. Phenformin hydrochloride inhibits mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I, leading to an increased AMP/ATP ratio, activation of AMPK, and subsequent inhibition of the mTOR pathway, thereby suppressing cell proliferation, inducing apoptosis and autophagy. Phenformin hydrochloride inhibits cancer stem cells (CSCs) and possesses potent antitumor potential.
    Phenformin hydrochloride
  • HY-B0739
    Citicoline
    		Inhibitor 99.57%
    Citicoline is an endogenous intermediate in the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine which is a component of cell membranes. Citicoline inhibits reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis. Citicoline can be used for neurological disease and hearing loss study.
    Citicoline
  • HY-N6771
    Cyclopiazonic acid
    		Inducer 99.86%
    Cyclopiazonic acid is an endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (ECAs) inhibitor and human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) inhibitor (EC50 value of 4.13 μ M), which can reduce the antagonistic effect of 5-HT receptors in rat thoracic aorta, induce p53 dependent cell apoptosis and reproductive toxicity in mouse testes, and inhibit the biological activation of aflatoxin B[1][4][5].
    Cyclopiazonic acid
  • HY-13271
    Tubastatin A Hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.31%
    Tubastatin A Hydrochloride (Tubastatin A HCl) is a potent and selective HDAC6 inhibitor with IC50 of 15 nM in a cell-free assay, and is selective (1000-fold more) against all other isozymes except HDAC8 (57-fold more). Tubastatin A Hydrochloride also inhibits HDAC10 and metallo-β-lactamase domain-containing protein 2 (MBLAC2).
    Tubastatin A Hydrochloride
  • HY-50934
    Tacedinaline
    		Inducer 99.32%
    Tacedinaline (N-acetyldinaline) is an inhibitor of the histone deacetylase (HDAC) with IC50s of 0.9, 0.9, 1.2 μM for recombinant HDAC 1, 2 and 3 respectively.
    Tacedinaline
  • HY-B1119
    Triclosan
    		Inducer 99.98%
    Triclosan is a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent that inhibits bacterial fatty acid synthesis at the enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (FabI) step. Triclosan inhibits E. coli enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (FabI) and FabI containing a glycine-to-valine substitution at position 93 (FabIG93V) with IC50s of 2 µM and 10 µM, respectively. Triclosan causes apoptotic effect in cultured rat neural stem cells (NSC). Triclosan exacerbates colitis and colitis-associated colorectal tumorigenesis in animal models.
    Triclosan
  • HY-17595
    Mebendazole
    		Inducer 99.88%
    Mebendazole is a highly effective, broad-spectrum antihelmintic against nematode infestations. Mebendazole also exhibits inhibitory effect against glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), inhibits Hedgehog pathway and tubulin polymerization. Mebendazole is orally active and can cross CNS penetration.
    Mebendazole
  • HY-N0551
    Wedelolactone
    		Inducer 99.93%
    Wedelolactone suppresses LPS-induced caspase-11 expression by directly inhibits the IKK Complex. Wedelolactone also inhibits 5-lipoxygenase (5-Lox) with an IC50 of 2.5 μM. Wedelolactone induces caspase-dependent apoptosis in prostate cancer cells via downregulation of PKCε without inhibiting Akt. Wedelolactone can extract from Eclipta alba, and it can be used for the research of cancer.
    Wedelolactone
  • HY-172202
    Clodronate liposomes
    		Inducer
    Clodronate liposomes, a mixture of Clodronate encapsulated by phospholipids, is a macrophage scavenger. Clodronate liposomes is engulfed by macrophages in the body. Under the action of lysosomal phosphatases in macrophages, Clodronate dissolved in liposomes will be gradually released and accumulated in cells. When a certain concentration is reached, macrophages will be irreversibly damaged and apoptosis will be induced.
    Clodronate liposomes
  • HY-13104
    MRS 2578
    		Inducer 99.50%
    MRS 2578 is a selective and potent P2Y6 receptor antagonist with IC50s of 37 nM (human) and 98 nM (rat). MRS 2578 exhibits insignificant activity at P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y4, and P2Y11 receptors.
    MRS 2578
  • HY-13241
    Ralimetinib dimesylate
    		Inducer 99.97%
    Ralimetinib dimesylate (LY2228820 dimesylate) is a selective, ATP-competitive inhibitor of p38 MAPK α/β with IC50s of 5.3 and 3.2 nM, respectively. Ralimetinib (LY2228820) selectively inhibits phosphorylation of MK2 (Thr334), with no effect on phosphorylation of p38a MAPK, JNK, ERK1/2, c-Jun, ATF2, or c-Myc.
    Ralimetinib dimesylate
  • HY-144806
    PI3K/AKT-IN-1
    		Inducer 99.64%
    PI3K/AKT-IN-1 is an effective PI3K/AKT dual inhibitor (IC50 of 6.99, 4.01 and 3.36 μM for PI3Kγ, PI3Kδ and AKT, respectively). PI3K/AKT-IN-1 has anticancer activity and acts by inhibiting PI3K/AKT axis and inducing caspase 3 dependent apoptosis.
    PI3K/AKT-IN-1
  • HY-135317
    Emavusertib
    		Inducer 99.97%
    Emavusertib is an orally active inhibitor for IRAK4 (IC50=57 nM) and FLT3. Emavusertib inhibits NF-κB and MyD88 signaling pathways, reduces the generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-6 and IL-10, thereby exhibiting anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative activities against cancer cells, leading to cell apoptosis. Emavusertib exhibits antitumor activity in mouse model
    Emavusertib
  • HY-15193
    EMD638683
    		Inducer 99.94%
    EMD638683 is an orally active SGK1 inhibitor with an IC50 of 3 μM. EMD638683 exhibits strong inhibition against SGK1, moderate inhibition against SGK2 and SGK3, and shows excellent selectivity for other AGC kinase family members. EMD638683 has antihypertensive activity by inhibiting SGK1, and independently of the blood pressure-lowering effect, it effectively prevents heart inflammation and fibrosis caused by hypertension by inhibiting the cardiac NLRP3 inflammation body/ IL-1β axis. EMD638683 promotes apoptosis of colon cancer cells and sensitizes radiotherapy. EMD638683 (S-Form) can be used in research related to hypertension, hypertensive heart damage, and colon cancer.
    EMD638683
  • HY-103489
    PI-273
    		Inducer 98.47%
    PI-273 is a first reversibly and specific phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase (PI4KIIα) inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.47 μM. PI-273 can inhibit breast cancer cell proliferation, block the cell cycle and induce cell apoptosis.
    PI-273
  • HY-N0194
    Asiatic acid
    		Inducer 99.49%
    Asiatic acid, a pentacyclic triterpene found in Centella asiatica (Centella asiatica), has anticancer activity. Asiatic acid induces apoptosis in melanoma cells and has barrier protective effects on human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC). Asiatic acid also has anti-inflammatory activity and inhibits tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-induced endothelial barrier dysfunction. Asiatic acid also inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation and NF-κB pathway, effectively inhibits inflammation in rats, and has neuroprotective effects in rat spinal cord injury (SCI) model.
    Asiatic acid
  • HY-13946
    BML-277
    		Inducer 99.67%
    BML-277 is a selective checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2) inhibitor with an IC50 of 15 nM.
    BML-277
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity