2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Immunology/Inflammation
    Metabolic Enzyme/Protease
    NF-κB
  4. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

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Reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide anion (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radical (HO•), consist of radical and non-radical oxygen species formed by the partial reduction of oxygen. Cellular ROS are generated endogenously during mitochondrial oxidative metabolism as well as in cellular response to xenobiotics, cytokines, and bacterial invasion.

ROS also activates MAPK pathways by the direct inhibition of MAPK phosphatases. Through PTEN, the PI3K pathway is subject to reversible redox regulation by ROS generated by growth factor stimulation. The activation of autophagy may be a cellular defense mechanism in response to ROS.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-183257
    ATI-1
    		Inhibitor
    ATI-1 is an autophagy initiation inhibitor. ATI-1 targets valosin-containing protein (VCP/p97, disrupts its interaction with UFL1, impairs UFMylation homeostasis associated with VCP, promotes polyubiquitination and degradation of Beclin1, and blocks the formation of early autophagosomes. ATI-1 induces synergistic death of autophagy-dependent malignant tumor cells under nutrient deprivation conditions, accompanied by decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, reduced ROS levels and lysosomal stress. ATI-1 exhibits anti-tumor efficacy in a pancreatic adenocarcinoma xenograft mouse model. ATI-1 can be used for the research of pancreatic adenocarcinoma and lung cancer.
    ATI-1
  • HY-179406
    PARP1-IN-49
    		Activator
    PARP1-IN-49 is a selective PARP1 inhibitor with an IC50 of 23.56 nM and a Kd of 17.78 nM. PARP1-IN-49 shows a selectivity for PARP1 over PARP2. PARP1-IN-49 leads to the induction of DNA damage, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis. PARP1-IN-49 also increases intracellular ROS levels and inhibits cell migration. PARP1-IN-49 can be used for the research of breast cancer and ovarian cancer.
    PARP1-IN-49
  • HY-173307
    Nrf2 activator 19
    		Inhibitor
    Nrf2 activator 19 is a BBB-penetrable NRF2/HO-1 activator. Nrf2 activator 19 exerts potent antioxidant and neuroprotective effects. Nrf2 activator 19 can also effectively reduce brain damage, reduce Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) accumulation. Nrf2 activator 19 inhibits neuronal apoptosis. Nrf2 activator 19 promotes the recovery of neurological function and motor ability. Nrf2 activator 19 shows significant potential in ischemic stroke research.
    Nrf2 activator 19
  • HY-137034
    (+)-Secolongifolene-diol
    (+)-Secolongifolene-diol is a sesquiterpene, that can be isolated from the marine fungal Drechslera sp. (+)-Secolongifolene-diol exhibits slightly weak effectiveness in antioxidation, antimicrobial and antifouling aspects.
    (+)-Secolongifolene-diol
  • HY-N17891
    Loddigesiinol A
    		Inhibitor
    Loddigesiinol A is a phenanthrene compound found in Dendrobium loddigesii. Loddigesiinol A acts as a DPPH radical scavenger with an IC50 of 26.1 μM. Loddigesiinol A also inhibits nitric oxide production. Loddigesiinol A is applicable to inflammation-related research.
    Loddigesiinol A
  • HY-159111
    KS124
    		Inducer
    KS124 (compound 3) is a potent ALDH inhibitor. KS124 shows inhibition for ALDH1A1, ALDH1A3, ALDH3A1. KS124 shows antiproliferative activity. KS124 induces apoptosis and ROS production.
    KS124
  • HY-179387
    CXCR2-IN-3
    		Activator
    CXCR2-IN-3 is a CXCR2 inhibitor with an IC50 of 11.37 μM. CXCR2-IN-3 mediates CXCR2-Ca2+ signalling inhibition halted autophagic flux, subsequently facilitating ROS-mediated apoptotic cell death. CXCR2-IN-3 suppresses the CXCR2-NLRP3 canonical pathway, suppressing pre-tumorigenic markers. CXCR2-IN-3 causes autophagy-dependent cell death in polyploid giant cancer cells (PGCCs). CXCR2-IN-3 can be used for the research of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).
    CXCR2-IN-3
  • HY-N9534
    Xylopine
    		Activator 98.0%
    Xylopine is an aporphine alkaloid with cytotoxic activity on cancer cells. Xylopine induces oxidative stress, causes G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in cancer cells.
    Xylopine
  • HY-149998
    Antimycobacterial agent-5
    		Inducer
    Antimycobacterial agent-5 (compound 27) is an imidazopyridine amide targeting mycobacterial electron transport chain (ETC) airway CIII2CIV2 supercomplexes. The IC50 value of Antimycobacterial agent-5 against Mycobacterium smegmatisCIII2CIV2 is 441 nM.
    Antimycobacterial agent-5
  • HY-179023
    CDK9-IN-45
    		Activator
    CDK9-IN-45 (Compound B11) is a highly selective CDK9 inhibitor with IC50 values for CDK9 and CDK1 of 7.13 and 489.5 nM respectively. CDK9-IN-45 exhibits a potent inhibitory effect on colorectal cancer cells. CDK9-IN-45 induces cell apoptosis and leads to significant accumulation of ROS. CDK9-IN-45 activates Caspase-3, downregulates Mcl-1, XIAP, and c-Myc. CDK9-IN-45 can be used for research on colorectal cancer.
    CDK9-IN-45
  • HY-167825
    Barakol
    		Inducer
    Barakol is a major compound found in Cassia siamea. Barakol inhibits MMP-3 activity. Barakol potentiates the anti-metastatic effect of Doxorubicin (HY-15142). Barakol induces apoptosis, with ROS generation, increase in expression ratio of Bax/Bcl-2, and caspase-9 activation. Barakol has laxative, anxiolytic, CNS depressant, and antioxidant, anticancer effects.
    Barakol
  • HY-175757
    HsClpP activator-2
    		Inducer
    HsClpP activator-2 is an orally active HsClpP agonist with a KD of 40 nM. HsClpP activator-2 potently inhibits SCLC cells including H69 (IC50 = 0.17 μM) and H82 (IC50 = 0.19 μM). HsClpP activator-2 disrupts mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), as well as induces apoptosis and ROS in H82 cells. HsClpP activator-2 significantly inhibits tumor growth in non-SMC xenograft models with a tumor growth inhibition. HsClpP activator-2 can be used for the study of small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC).
    HsClpP activator-2
  • HY-178941
    DHODH-IN-32
    		Activator
    DHODH-IN-32 (Compound A1) is a DHODH inhibitor. DHODH-IN-32 shows significant cytotoxicity against NCI-60 cell lines, especially being sensitive to breast cancer, prostate cancer and leukemia cell lines. DHODH-IN-32 can induce cell apoptosis by activating the Caspase pathway. DHODH-IN-32 causes G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest and inhibits cellular metabolism by ROS. DHODH-IN-32 exhibits significant anti-tumor properties in mouse breast cancer models. DHODH-IN-32 can be used for the study of breast cancer.
    DHODH-IN-32
  • HY-178431
    MT-44
    		Inducer
    MT-44 is a highly selective and potent mTOR inhibitor with an IC50 of 49.4 nM. MT-44 can inhibit cancer cells proliferation, migration and invasion. MT-44 can induce cells apoptosis and ROS production and cause G2/M phase arrest. MT-44 can activate the cGAS/STING pathway. MT-44 can be used for the research of cancer, such as triple-negative breast cancer.
    MT-44
  • HY-P10519A
    Brevicidine TFA
    		Inducer
    Brevicidine TFA is an antimicrobial peptide with selective bactericidal activity against Gram-negative pathogens. Brevicidine TFA disrupts bacterial morphology by binding to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the bacterial cell membrane to form pores. Brevicidine TFA causes dissipation of intracellular proton motive force, outer membrane damage, inhibition of ATP biosynthesis and reactive oxygen species accumulation in bacterial cells. As a sensitizer, Brevicidine TFA exerts synergistic activity when combined with a variety of conventional antibiotics.
    Brevicidine TFA
  • HY-180843
    Aβ/tau aggregation-IN-4
    		Inhibitor
    Aβ/tau aggregation-IN-4 (Compound D21) is an Aβ/tau aggregation inhibitor. Aβ/tau aggregation-IN-4 promotes the degradation of Aβ40/42 (Aβ40, IC50 = 2.151 μM; Aβ42, IC50 = 3.622 μM). Aβ/tau aggregation-IN-4 shows selective AChE inhibition (IC50: 5.56 μM). Aβ/tau aggregation-IN-4 inhibits MAO-A and MAO-B with IC50s of 0.59 μM and 0.09 μM, respectively. Aβ/tau aggregation-IN-4 suppresses intracellular ROS levels. Aβ/tau aggregation-IN-4 can be used in the research of Alzheimer's disease.
    Aβ/tau aggregation-IN-4
  • HY-B0916S
    Propoxur-d3
    		Activator
    Propoxur-d3 is the deuterated form of Propoxur (HY-B0916). Propoxur is a reversible, competitive, orally active AChE inhibitor that can cross the blood-brain barrier. Propoxur inhibits AChE activity to induce neurotoxicity, while promoting MMP-2 expression and enhancing tumor cell migration and invasion by inducing intracellular ROS generation and activating the ERK/Nrf2 signaling pathway. On the one hand, Propoxur inhibits AChE, leading to acetylcholine accumulation and causing neurological dysfunction; on the other hand, it promotes Nrf2 nuclear translocation through ROS-dependent ERK1/2 phosphorylation, and upregulates MMP-2 and other invasion-related proteins. Propoxur is also a carbamate insecticide used to combat turf, forestry, and household pests.
    Propoxur-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-170572
    PB01
    		Inhibitor
    PB01 is a DPP-4 inhibitor with an IC50 of 15.66 nM. It effectively inhibits high glucose-induced ROS production and mitochondrial superoxide formation while significantly reducing cellular DPP-4 expression. PB01 can also significantly lower blood glucose levels in diabetic mice. Additionally, PB01 demonstrates good safety, exhibiting almost no cytotoxicity at a concentration of 100 μM. PB01 holds potential for research in the field of diabetes.
    PB01
  • HY-162319
    Tubulin/HDAC-IN-4
    		Inducer
    Tubulin/HDAC-IN-4 (compound 9n) is a dual Tubulin and HDAC inhibitor with IC50 values of 0.73, 0.43, 0.62, 2.34 µM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC6, HDAC7, respectively. Tubulin/HDAC-IN-4 inhibits the tubulin polymerization by targeting the colchicine binding site. Tubulin/HDAC-IN-4 induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase. Tubulin/HDAC-IN-4 induces a significant elevation of intracellular ROS levels. Tubulin/HDAC-IN-4 shows anti-angiogenesis activity and anticancer activity.
    Tubulin/HDAC-IN-4
  • HY-N6872R
    Actein (Standard)
    		Activator
    Actein (Standard) is the analytical standard of Actein. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Actein, a triterpene glycoside, shows an inhibitory effect on cancer cells, which is isolated from the rhizomes of Cimicifuga foetida. Actein suppresses cell proliferation, induces autophagy and apoptosis through promoting ROS/JNK activation, and blunting AKT pathway in bladder cancer. Actein has little toxicity in vivo.
    Actein (Standard)
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity