2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death exhibiting specific morphological and biochemical characteristics, including cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, genomic DNA fragmentation, and exposure of specific phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Cells undergoing apoptosis differ from those dying through necrosis. Necrotic cells are usually recognized by the immune system as a danger signal and, thus, resulting in inflammation; in contrast, apoptotic death is quiet and orderly.

There are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: The intrinsic pathway, also called the Bcl-2-regulated or mitochondrial pathway, is activated by various developmental cues or cytotoxic insults, such as viral infection, DNA damage and growth-factor deprivation, and is strictly controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. The extrinsic or death-receptor pathway is triggered by ligation of death receptors (members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, such as Fas or TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1)) that contain an intracellular death domain, which can recruit and activate caspase-8 through the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD; also known as MORT1) at the cell surface. This recruitment causes subsequent activation of downstream (effector) caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 or -7, without any involvement of the BCL-2 family.

Studies suggest that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-W845197
    L-Asparagine-15N2
    L-Asparagine-15N2 ((-)-Asparagine-15N2) is the 15N-labeled L-Asparagine (HY-N0667). L-Asparagine is an essential amino acid for leukemic cells and a substrate for L-Asparaginase. L-Asparaginase is a potent anti-leukemic enzyme that promotes asparagine (Asn) and glutamine (Gln) depletion and inhibits protein biosynthesis in lymphoblasts. Removal of L-asparagine from plasma by L-Asparaginase results in inhibition of RNA and DNA synthesis and subsequent apoptosis. L-Asparaginase has cell-killing ability in vitro and in vivo, and selectively inhibits the growth of cancer cells with low asparagine synthetase (AASNS) expression. L-Asparagine can be used as a biomarker and sensor for the study of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
    L-Asparagine-<sup>15</sup>N<sub>2</sub>
  • HY-156453
    PAK4-IN-3
    		Inducer
    PAK4-IN-3(compound 27e) is aPAK4inhibitor, with theIC50of 10 nM.PAK4-IN-3shows antiproliferative activity against A549 cells with anIC50value of 0.61μM, and inducesapoptosisof A549 cells in a concentration-dependent manner and blocked the cell cycle at phase G0/G1.
    PAK4-IN-3
  • HY-181093
    EGFR-IN-191
    		Inducer
    EGFR-IN-191 is an anti-tumor agent targeting both EGFR and AKT. EGFR-IN-191 exerts its anti-tumor activity by inducing DNA damage, apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and inhibition of the PI3K/AKT-EGFR signaling pathway in tumor cells. EGFR-IN-191 can be used in the study of tumors such as triple-negative breast cancer.
    EGFR-IN-191
  • HY-N0564R
    Notopterol (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Notopterol (Standard) is the analytical standard of Notopterol. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Notopterol is a coumarin extracted from N. incisum. Notopterol induces apoptosis and has antipyretic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. Notopterol is used for acute myeloid leukemia (AML).
    Notopterol (Standard)
  • HY-124657
    PRN-371
    		Inducer
    PRN-371 is a potent and selective JAK3 inhibitor. PRN371 effectively suppresses natural killer/T-cell lymphoma cell proliferation and induces apoptosis through abrogation of the JAK3-STAT signaling. PRN-371 exhibits antitumor activity and can be used for the research of cancer, such as hematological malignancies.
    PRN-371
  • HY-125848R
    Ginsenoside F2 (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Ginsenoside F2 (Standard) is the analytical standard of Ginsenoside F2. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Ginsenoside F2, a metabolite from Ginsenoside Rb1, induces apoptosis accompanied by protective autophagy in breast cancer stem cells.
    Ginsenoside F2 (Standard)
  • HY-B0228S3
    Adenosine-3′-13C
    		99.95%
    Adenosine-3′-13C is the 13C labeled Adenosine. Adenosine (Adenine riboside), a ubiquitous endogenous autacoid, acts through the enrollment of four G protein-coupled receptors: A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. Adenosine affects almost all aspects of cellular physiolo
    Adenosine-3′-<sup>13</sup>C
  • HY-W702292
    (R)-(+)-Verapamil-d6 hydrochloride
    		Inducer
    (R)-(+)-Verapamil-d6 (hydrochloride) is deuterium labeled (R)-Verapamil (hydrochloride). (R)-Verapamil hydrochloride ((R)-(+)-Verapamil hydrochloride) is a P-Glycoprotein inhibitor. (R)-Verapamil hydrochloride blocks MRP1 mediated transport, resulting in chemosensitization of MRP1-overexpressing cells to anticancer agents.
    (R)-(+)-Verapamil-d<sub>6</sub> hydrochloride
  • HY-163062
    Tubulin/NRP1-IN-1
    		Inducer
    Tubulin/NRP1-IN-1 (compound TN-2) is a dual inhibitor of Tubulin and NRP1 with IC50s of 0.71 and 0.85 μM, respectively. Tubulin/NRP1-IN-1 significantly inhibits the viability of prostate tumor cell lines and induces apoptosis.
    Tubulin/NRP1-IN-1
  • HY-N0732R
    Jolkinolide B (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Jolkinolide B (Standard) is the analytical standard of Jolkinolide B (HY-N0732). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Jolkinolide B is a bioactive diterpene isolated from the roots of Euphorbia fischeriana Steud with oral activity. Jolkinolide B downregulates XIAP, cIAP1, cIAP2, and phosphorylated Akt, upregulates Smac, activates caspase-3 and caspase-9, and inhibits NF-κB, TGFβ/smad3 and JAK/STAT3 pathways. Jolkinolide B exerts comprehensive biological effects including inducing cancer cell apoptosis, suppressing inflammatory responses, improving lung function, alleviating hepatic steatosis and eliminating intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Jolkinolide B can be used for the research of leukemia, histiocytic lymphoma, asthma, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and tuberculosis.
    Jolkinolide B (Standard)
  • HY-W584517
    Thalidomide-5-O-CH2-COO(t-Bu)
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-5-O-CH2-COO(t-Bu) is a t-Bu modified Thalidomide (HY-14658), which acts as a Cereblon ligand to recruit CRBN protein. The t-Bu protecting group at the end of Thalidomide-5-O-CH2-COO(t-Bu) can be removed under acidic conditions to participate in the synthesis of PROTAC molecules. Thalidomide-5-O-CH2-COO(t-Bu) is a key intermediate in the synthesis of CRBN-based PROTAC molecules.
    Thalidomide-5-O-CH2-COO(t-Bu)
  • HY-162519
    LZFPN-90
    		Inducer
    LZFPN-90 (LZ90) is a dual NAMPT/PD-L1 targeting compound. LZFPN-90 inhibits PD-1/PD-L1 interaction and NAMPT activity. LZFPN-90 inhibits cell growth in a NAMPT-dependent manner and blocks the cell cycle, subsequently inducing apoptosis. LZFPN-90 exerted target-dependent antitumor activities, affecting metabolic processes and the immune system.
    LZFPN-90
  • HY-172872
    CDK2-IN-45
    		Inducer
    CDK2-IN-45 (Compound 8f) is a CDK2 inhibitor (IC50: 0.64 μM). CDK2-IN-45 inhibits the proliferation of DU-145 and PC-3 cell lines with IC50 of 2.20 μM and 4.17 μM, respectively. CDK2-IN-45 induces G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. CDK2-IN-45 can be used in prostate cancer research.
    CDK2-IN-45
  • HY-180224
    HDAC6-IN-70
    		Inducer
    HDAC6-IN-70 (Compound 9q) is a selective HDAC6 inhibitor with an IC50 of 29 nM. HDAC6-IN-70 effectively inhibits tubulin polymerization and HDAC6. HDAC6-IN-70 causes Apoptosis. HDAC6-IN-70 shows anticancer effects on hematological malignancies and colorectal cancers.
    HDAC6-IN-70
  • HY-172889
    PI3K/HDAC-IN-4
    		Inducer
    PI3K/HDAC-IN-4 (Compound 31f) is a PI3K/HDAC dual inhibitor (IC50: 0.2μM). PI3K/HDAC-IN-4 shows high selectivity for HDAC1-3 (IC50 values of 75.5 nM, 70.9 nM, and 1.9 nM, respectively). PI3K/HDAC-IN-4 is a potent PIK3 inhibitor with IC50 values of 2.5 nM, 80.5 nM, 10.0 nM, and 57.2 nM for PI3Kα, β, δ, and γ, respectively. PI3K/HDAC-IN-4 significantly induces tumor cell apoptosis by simultaneously inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and HDAC1-3. PI3K/HDAC-IN-4 exhibits potent antiproliferative activity in a variety of tumor cell lines (e.g., MV4-11, Jeko-1, HL60, and MCF-7, with IC50 values of 0.2, 0.9, 0.8, and 1.5 μM, respectively). PI3K/HDAC-IN-4 can be used in the study of lymphoma and leukemia.
    PI3K/HDAC-IN-4
  • HY-N2445R
    Flavokawain C (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Flavokawain C (Standard) is the analytical standard of Flavokawain C. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Flavokawain C is a natural chalcone found in Kava root. Flavokawain C exerts cytotoxicity against human cancer cell lines, with an IC50 of 12.75 μM for HCT 116 cells.
    Flavokawain C (Standard)
  • HY-175684
    JAK2-IN-14
    		Inducer
    JAK2-IN-14 is an orally active JAK2 inhibitor with an IC50 of 2 nM. JAK2-IN-14 demonstrates 89.5-, 80.5-, and 51-fold selectivity over JAK1, JAK3, and TYK2, respectively. JAK2-IN-14 inhibits STAT5 signaling pathway. JAK2-IN-14 causes tumor cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. JAK2-IN-14 can used for the study of myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs).
    JAK2-IN-14
  • HY-170379
    HDAC-IN-84
    		Inducer
    HDAC-IN-84 (compound 4d) is a potent HDAC inhibitor, with IC50 values of 0.0045, 0.015, 0.013, 0.038, 5.8 and 26 μM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3, HDAC6, HDAC8 and HDAC11, respectively. HDAC-IN-84 effectively inhibits the proliferation of leukemia cells without causing toxicity.
    HDAC-IN-84
  • HY-Y0958R
    Methoxyamine hydrochloride (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Methoxyamine hydrochloride (Standard) is the analytical standard of Methoxyamine hydrochloride. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Methoxyamine (O-Methylhydroxylamine) hydrochloride is an orally active and potent base excision repair (BER) inhibitor. Methoxyamine hydrochloride binds to 3’ hydroxyl groups that are left behind by 3-methylpurine-DNA glycosylase (MPG) following excision of the damaged base and thus inhibits BER activity. Methoxyamine hydrochloride binds directly to the apyrimidinic (AP) sites. Methoxyamine hydrochloride synergistically enhances the therapeutic efficacy of DNA-damaging agents.
    Methoxyamine hydrochloride (Standard)
  • HY-16168AS2
    Degarelix-d7 TFA-1
    		Inducer
    Degarelix-d7 TFA-1 (FE 200486-d7 TFA-1) is the deuterium labeled Degarelix TFA. Degarelix acetate (FE 200486) is a decapeptide that shows high affinity/selectivity to human gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor (IC50 = 3 nM). Degarelix acetate Degarelix acetate (FE 200486) is used for the research of prostate cancer.
    Degarelix-d<sub>7</sub> TFA-1
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity