2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Metabolic Enzyme/Protease
  4. Endogenous Metabolite

Endogenous Metabolite

Endogenous Metabolite

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Endogenous metabolites refer to the collective set of small-molecule chemical substances present within organelles, cells, organs, biological fluids, or entire organisms; their molecular weights are typically less than 1500 Da. These endogenous metabolites—including lipids, amino acids, short peptides, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, alcohols, and organic acids—not only participate in signal transduction governing genomic function but also receive upstream signals from the environment, thereby bridging the interrelationships among genotype, environment, and phenotype. Based on their biological functions, microbial endogenous metabolites can be broadly classified into two categories: primary metabolites and secondary metabolites. Primary metabolites are the core molecules essential for supporting microbial growth and proliferation; they serve to provide energy to the microbes or act as precursors and cofactors for the synthesis of biological macromolecules. In contrast, microbial secondary metabolites are a class of low-molecular-weight products that are not strictly essential for microbial growth. Nevertheless, microbial secondary metabolites include numerous substances—such as antibiotics, anti-tumor agents, and cholesterol-lowering agents—that are of critical importance to human health[1][2][3]. Furthermore, the metabolome of a biological organism is influenced by a variety of endogenous factors, including age, sex, body composition, genetic background, and underlying pathological states. The small-molecule metabolites within an organism are diverse and highly distinct; their levels are typically subject to the synergistic regulation of a vast array of enzymes and transport proteins, undergoing processes of synthesis, transformation, degradation, and compartmentalized distribution. Metabolomics research based on endogenous metabolites has been widely applied in the fields of metabolic disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and infectious diseases, where these metabolites hold potential utility as biomarkers or therapeutic targets[1][2][3].

Endogenous Metabolite Isoform Specific Products:

Endogenous Metabolite Isoform Comparison
Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-B1773A
    Sodium propionate
    		99.0%
    Sodium propionate is an orally active short-chain fatty acid. Sodium propionate can be produced by intestinal bacteria from the metabolism of dietary fiber. Sodium propionate increases PPAR-γ, inhibits NF-κB activation, and reduces COX-2 expression and NO production. Sodium propionate also induces Apoptosis and Autophagy. Sodium propionate reduces HSV-1-induced keratitis. Sodium propionate has anticancer effects against glioblastoma. Sodium propionate exhibits neuroprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. Sodium propionate can be used in the research of spinal cord injury and Alzheimer's disease.
    Sodium propionate
  • HY-B0809
    Theophylline
    		99.97%
    Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) is a potent phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor, adenosine receptor antagonist, and histone deacetylase (HDAC) activator. Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) inhibits PDE3 activity to relax airway smooth muscle. Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) has anti-inflammatory activity by increase IL-10 and inhibit NF-κB into the nucleus. Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) induces apoptosis. Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) can be used for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) research.
    Theophylline
  • HY-N0391
    L-Citrulline
    		99.96%
    L-Citrulline is an amino acid derived from ornithine in the catabolism of proline or glutamine and glutamate, or from l-arginine via arginine-citrulline pathway.
    L-Citrulline
  • HY-W015883
    Fumaric acid
    		99.91%
    Fumaric acid is an unsaturated dicarbonic acid, an intermediate product of the citric acid cycle that provides intracellular energy in the form of ATP. Fumaric acid exerts anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway dependent on p38 MAPK. Fumaric acid can be used in the study of pregnancy-induced hypertension.
    Fumaric acid
  • HY-W017389
    Xanthine
    		99.91%
    Xanthine, a plant alkaloid found in tea, coffee, and cocoa, is a mild stimulant of the central nervous system. Xanthine also acts as an intermediate product on the pathway of purine degradation.
    Xanthine
  • HY-18341
    L-Thyroxine
    		98.43%
    L-Thyroxine (Levothyroxine; T4) is a synthetic hormone for the research of hypothyroidism. DIO enzymes convert biologically active thyroid hormone (Triiodothyronine,T3) from L-Thyroxine (T4).
    L-Thyroxine
  • HY-N0603
    20(S)-Ginsenoside Rg3
    		99.82%
    20(S)-Ginsenoside Rg3 is the main component of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. Ginsenoside Rg3 inhibits Na+ and hKv1.4 channel with IC50s of 32.2±4.5 and 32.6±2.2 μM, respectively. 20(S)-Ginsenoside Rg3 also inhibits Aβ levels, NF-κB activity, and COX-2 expression.
    20(S)-Ginsenoside Rg3
  • HY-B1337
    Choline chloride
    		99.94%
    Choline chloride is an essential nutrient that activates alpha7 nicotinic receptors and has analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity. Glycerophosphoinositol choline can affect diseases such as liver disease, atherosclerosis and neurological disorders.
    Choline chloride
  • HY-10529
    Betulinic acid
    		99.88%
    Betulinic acid is a natural pentacyclic triterpenoid, acts as a eukaryotic topoisomerase I inhibitor, with an IC50 of 5 μM, and possesses anti-HIV, anti-malarial, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties. Betulinic acid can cross the blood-brain barrier.
    Betulinic acid
  • HY-N0776
    Isorhamnetin
    		99.94%
    Isorhamnetin is a flavonoid compound extracted from the Chinese herb Hippophae rhamnoides L.. Isorhamnetin suppresses skin cancer through direct inhibition of MEK1 and PI3K.
    Isorhamnetin
  • HY-N0287
    Lycopene
    		99.86%
    Lycopene is naturally occurring carotenoids found in tomato, tomato products, and in other red fruits and vegetables; exhibits antioxidant effects.
    Lycopene
  • HY-110281
    Dehydroascorbic acid
    		99.94%
    Dehydroascorbic acid is an oxidized form of vitamin C that can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Dehydroascorbic acid clears cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced after ischemic stroke by converting to ascorbic acid (AA), thereby reducing neuronal and glial cell damage and stabilizing cerebral microvascular NO signaling to maintain perfusion in the ischemic area. Dehydroascorbic acid can be used in research on ischemic stroke.
    Dehydroascorbic acid
  • HY-N0153
    Naringin
    		99.65%
    Naringin is a major flavanone glycoside obtained from tomatoes, grapefruits, and many other citrus fruits. Naringin exhibits biological properties such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic activities. Naringin also inhibits proliferation and invasion and induces apoptosis in human osteosarcoma cells by inhibiting zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (Zeb1).
    Naringin
  • HY-W010347
    L-Homocysteine
    		98.0%
    L-Homocysteine, an amino acid, is a homocysteine that has L configuration. Homocysteine is an essential intermediate in normal mammalian metabolism of methionine. L-Homocysteine induces upregulation of Cathepsin V that mediates vascular endothelial inflammation in hyperhomocysteinaemia.
    L-Homocysteine
  • HY-B1247
    Protoporphyrin IX
    		98.0%
    Protoporphyrin IX is a final intermediate in the heme biosynthetic pathway, which acts as a radiation sensitizer enhancing ROS generation even in a hypoxic state and inducing DNA damage. Protoporphyrin IX also acts as a photo sensitizer undergoing photobleaching that occurs through direct degradation by light irradiation. Protoporphyrin IX is formed and accumulated following 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) (HY-W000450) administration in the tumor cells of rats. Protoporphyrin IX causes selective improvement of basal cell carcinoma when activated red fluorescence of a peak wavelength at 405 nm. Protoporphyrin IX is promising for research of sonodynamic and photodynamic agents for a wide range of cancers, such as bladder cancer and nodular basal cell carcinoma.
    Protoporphyrin IX
  • HY-W018392
    Mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
    Mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) is a major bioactive metabolite of diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP). Mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate can promote fatty acid synthesis in hepatocytes by regulating the expression of relevant genes and proteins, contributing to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
    Mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
  • HY-116084
    Trimethylamine N-oxide
    		98.0%
    Trimethylamine N-oxide is a gut microbe-dependent metabolite of dietary choline and other trimethylamine-containing nutrients. Trimethylamine N-oxide induces inflammation by activating the ROS/NLRP3 inflammasome. Trimethylamine N-oxide also accelerates fibroblast-myofibroblast differentiation and induces cardiac fibrosis by activating the TGF-β/smad2 signaling pathway.
    Trimethylamine N-oxide
  • HY-B0199
    Mycophenolate Mofetil
    		99.83%
    Mycophenolate mofetil (RS 61443) is the morpholinoethylester proagent of Mycophenolic acid. Mycophenolate mofetil inhibits de novo purine synthesis via the inhibition of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH). Mycophenolate mofetil shows selective lymphocyte antiproliferative effects involve both T and B cells, preventing antibody formation.
    Mycophenolate Mofetil
  • HY-112537
    D-Glucose 6-phosphate
    		99.90%
    D-Glucose 6-phosphate is a key central node metabolite in glucose metabolism. It serves as the initiating metabolite for glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway, as well as a substrate for glycogen synthesis. D-Glucose 6-phosphate acts as a metabolic stress signal, which activates the mTOR pathway to promote protein synthesis, especially when phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) is inhibited, thereby participating in cardiac remodeling processes. D-Glucose 6-phosphate can be used in research related to non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and heart failure.
    D-Glucose 6-phosphate
  • HY-B0633
    Hyaluronic acid sodium
    		98.0%
    Hyaluronic acid sodium (Sodium hyaluronate) is a biopolymer composed of repeating units of disaccharides with various applications. Hyaluronic acid sodium is a major component of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Hyaluronic acid sodium is synthesized at the plasma membrane. Increased hyaluronic acid sodium levels are associated with tumor cell growth, adhesion, migration, invasion and angiogenesis in digestive cancers. Hyaluronic acid sodium participates in tissue remodeling and rapid cell proliferation in some physiological processes including embryonic morphogenesis and wound-healing. Hyaluronic acid sodium activates the PI3K-Akt signaling. Hyaluronic acid sodium acts as a regulator of cancer-associated lymphangiogenesis. Hyaluronic acid sodium also enhances cell invasion and angiogenesis by promoting proteolytic MMP-9 binding to cell surface or stimulating MMP-9 binding to cell surface. Hyaluronic acid sodium can be used as drug delivery for sodium butyrate to improve the anti-proliferative activity on breast cancer cell line. Hyaluronic acid sodium can be studied in joint diseases, wound healing and cancer.
    Hyaluronic acid sodium
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
Endogenous Metabolite Isoform Comparison

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