Trimethylamine N-oxide

Name: Trimethylamine N-oxide
Brand: MedChemExpress
SKU: HY-116084
Rating: 5.0 (11 reviews)

Cat. No.: HY-116084 Purity: 98.0%: Data Sheet
COA

SDS
Handling Instructions
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Trimethylamine N-oxide is a gut microbe-dependent metabolite of dietary choline and other trimethylamine-containing nutrients. Trimethylamine N-oxide induces inflammation by activating the ROS/NLRP3 inflammasome. Trimethylamine N-oxide also accelerates fibroblast-myofibroblast differentiation and induces cardiac fibrosis by activating the TGF-β/smad2 signaling pathway.

For research use only. We do not sell to patients.

CAS No. : 1184-78-7

Size	Stock	Quantity
Solid + Solvent (Highly Recommended)
10 mM * 1 mL in DMSO ready for reconstitution	In-stock	Estimated Time of Arrival: December 31
Solution
10 mM * 1 mL in DMSO	In-stock	Estimated Time of Arrival: December 31
Solid
500 mg	In-stock	Estimated Time of Arrival: December 31
1 g	In-stock	Estimated Time of Arrival: December 31
5 g	In-stock	Estimated Time of Arrival: December 31
10 g	In-stock	Estimated Time of Arrival: December 31
25 g	In-stock	Estimated Time of Arrival: December 31
50 g	In-stock	Estimated Time of Arrival: December 31
100 g	In-stock	Estimated Time of Arrival: December 31
> 100 g	Get quote

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Customer Review

Based on 11 publication(s) in Google Scholar

Other Forms of Trimethylamine N-oxide:

Trimethylamine N-oxide-d₉ In-stock
Trimethylamine oxide-¹⁵N In-stock
Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate In-stock
Trimethylamine-N-oxide-¹³C₃ Get quote
Trimethylamine N-oxide (Standard) Get quote

11 Publications Citing Use of MCE Trimethylamine N-oxide

Cell Proliferation/Viability Assay

In Vivo Efficacy Study

: Trimethylamine N-oxide purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Gut Microbes. 2026 Dec 31;18(1):2605768. [Abstract]; P301L-N2a and P301L-293T cells were treated with 1, 10, 20 and 50 μM Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO, 24 h), and cell viability was assessed using the CCK-8 method (n = 5).

: Trimethylamine N-oxide purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Free Radic Biol Med. 2025 May:232:214-230. [Abstract]; Representative ovarian size and ovarian weight quantification in the two groups across developmental stages. The results showed that at 15 weeks of age, mice in the Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO, 0.12% in drinking water for 11 weeks)-treated group exhibited significant reductions in both ovarian volume and ovarian weight.

: Trimethylamine N-oxide purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2025 Sep 1:302:118691. [Abstract]; Cell viability after treatment with As (3–9 µmol/L) and/or Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) (100 µmol/L) for 24 h.

: Trimethylamine N-oxide purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2025 Sep 1:302:118691. [Abstract]; Representative western blots and quantification of H2AX in ASTs. Values represent the mean ± standard deviation from three separate experiments. Western blot analysis confirmed that Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO, 100 μM; 24 h) enhanced As-induced H2AX upregulation.

: Trimethylamine N-oxide purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2025 Sep 1:302:118691. [Abstract]; Representative immunofluorescence images of H2AX staining in ASTs. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed significantly increased γH2AX expression in ASTs after As (3 μM; 24 h) treatment This effect was further amplified by Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO, 100 µM; 24 h).

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Human Endogenous Metabolite Microbial Metabolite

Biological Activity
Purity & Documentation
References
Customer Review

Description

IC₅₀ & Target

NLRP3

Microbial Metabolite

Human Endogenous Metabolite

In Vitro

The size and migration of fibroblasts are increased after Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) treatment compared with non-treated fibroblasts in vitro. Trimethylamine N-oxide increases TGF-β receptor I expression, which promotes the phosphorylation of Smad2 and up-regulates the expression of α-SMA and collagen I. The ubiquitination of TGF-βRI is decreased in neonatal mouse fibroblasts after Trimethylamine N-oxide treatment. Trimethylamine N-oxide also inhibits the expression of smurf2^[2].
Trimethylamine N-oxide is frequently found in the tissues of a variety of marine organisms that protects against the adverse effects of temperature, salinity, high urea and hydrostatic pressure^[3].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

In Vivo

Note:
Please do not refer to only one article to determine the experimental conditions. It is recommended to determine the optimal experimental conditions (animal strain, age, dosage, frequency and cycle, detection time and indicators, etc.) through preliminary experiments before the formal experiment.

Trimethylamine N-oxide can be used in animal modeling to create cardiovascular and metabolic disease models^[1].

Induction of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases

Background

Trimethylamine N-oxide stimulated cardiac hypertrophy, as indicated by increased cell area of cardiomyocytes and expression of hypertrophic markers including atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and beta-myosin heavy chain (β-MHC). Additionally, Trimethylamine N-oxide induced cardiac hypertrophy and cardiac fibrosis in SD rats^[2].

Specific Mmodeling Methods

Rat: Wistar• male• weighing 200-250 g^[1]
Administration: 100 μM and 1 mM• perfusion or incubation in TMAO-containing buffer solution• incubated for 1 h^[1]
Mice: CD-1• male• weighing 25-30 g• 6-8 weeks of age^[1]
Administration: 120 mg/kg• mixed with drinking water• a single dose or daily for 7 days^[1]

Note

(1) Rat hearts were perfused, and aortic rings from each experimental animal were immersed in K⁺-H⁺ buffer solution with or without the addition of Trimethylamine N-oxide (100 μM final concentration). After 1 h of perfusion or incubation, the tissue samples were washed to eliminate the residues of TMAO-containing buffer solution and further homogenized with water in an OMNI Bead Ruptor 24 at a w/v ratio of 1:10^[1].
(2) All experimental animals were housed under standard conditions (21-23°C, 12-hour light/dark cycle, relative humidity 45-65%) with unlimited access to food (R70 diet) and water^[1].
(3) The mice from the first experimental group received Isoproterenol (HY-B1670A) at a dose of 10 μg/mouse, but the animals from the second group received Isoproterenol (HY-B1670A) and Trimethylamine N-oxide at doses of 10 μg/mouse and 120 mg/kg, respectively. After 30 min, the experimental animals were anesthetized with isoflurane once more to record the cardiac response to acute cardiac stress and the impact of Trimethylamine N-oxide on the inotropic and chronotropic effects. For the next seven days, the mice in the second group received Trimethylamine N-oxide together with drinking water at a dose of 120 mg/kg, while the animals from the first group received pure drinking water^[1].

Modeling Indicators

Molecular changes: The addition of 100 μM Trimethylamine N-oxide to the buffer solution increased the content of Trimethylamine N-oxide in cardiac tissue by three and in the aortic rings by two points five times^[1].
Pathology change: Trimethylamine N-oxide had no influence on Isoproterenol (HY-B1670A)-induced increase on left ventricular ejection fraction, fractional shortening and heart rate^[1].
Histological analysis: Promote myocardial hypertrophy, fibrosis, and inflammation in a model of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs)^[3].

Correlated Product(s): Isoproterenol (HY-B1670A)

Opposite Product(s): 3,3-dimethyl-1-butanol (HY-W012977)

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Molecular Weight

75.11

Formula

C₃H₉NO

CAS No.

1184-78-7

Appearance

Solid

Color

White to off-white

SMILES

CN(C)(C)=O

Structure Classification

Others

Initial Source

Microorganisms

Host intestinal bacteria

Shipping

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.

Storage

Powder	-20°C	3 years
	4°C	2 years
In solvent	-80°C	6 months
	-20°C	1 month

Solvent & Solubility

In Vitro:

H₂O : 100 mg/mL (1331.38 mM; Need ultrasonic)

DMSO : 100 mg/mL (1331.38 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)

Preparing
Stock Solutions

Concentration Solvent Mass	1 mg	5 mg	10 mg

1 mM	13.3138 mL	66.5690 mL	133.1381 mL
5 mM	2.6628 mL	13.3138 mL	26.6276 mL
10 mM	1.3314 mL	6.6569 mL	13.3138 mL

View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

* Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.

* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

Molarity Calculator
Dilution Calculator

Mass (g) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

Concentration _(start) × Volume _(start) = Concentration _(final) × Volume _(final)

This equation is commonly abbreviated as: C₁V₁ = C₂V₂

Concentration _(start)

Volume _(start)

Concentration _(final)

Volume _(final)

In Vivo:

Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.

For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for in vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

Protocol 1

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 45% Saline
Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (33.28 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of Saline: Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution.
Protocol 2

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)
Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (33.28 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C, storage for one week): 2 g SBE-β-CD powder is dissolved in 10 mL Saline, completely dissolve until clear.
Protocol 3

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% Corn Oil
Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (33.28 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown). If the continuous dosing period exceeds half a month, please choose this protocol carefully.
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL Corn oil, and mix evenly.

For the following dissolution methods, please prepare the working solution directly. It is recommended to prepare fresh solutions and use them promptly within a short period of time.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

Protocol 1

Add each solvent one by one: PBS
Solubility: 100 mg/mL (1331.38 mM); Clear solution; Need ultrasonic

In Vivo Dissolution Calculator

Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:

Dosage

mg/kg

Animal weight
(per animal)

Dosing volume
(per animal)

μL

Number of animals

Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.

Calculation results:

Working solution concentration: mg/mL

This product has good water solubility, please refer to the measured solubility data in water/PBS/Saline for details.

The concentration of the stock solution you require exceeds the measured solubility. The following solution is for reference only.If necessary, please contact MedChemExpress (MCE).

Purity & Documentation

Purity: 98.0%

Select Batch:

Data Sheet (281 KB) SDS (393 KB)

COA (243 KB) HNMR (202 KB)

Handling Instructions (2659 KB)

References

[1]. Wei Shuai, et al. High-choline Diet Exacerbates Cardiac Dysfunction, Fibrosis, and Inflammation in a Mouse Model of Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction. J Card Fail. 2020 May 14;S1071-9164(19)31802-0. [Content Brief]

[2]. Wenlong Yang, et al. Gut Microbe-Derived Metabolite Trimethylamine N-oxide Accelerates Fibroblast-Myofibroblast Differentiation and Induces Cardiac Fibrosis. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2019 Sep;134:119-130. [Content Brief]

[3]. Manuel T Velasquez, et al. Trimethylamine N-Oxide: The Good, the Bad and the Unknown. Toxins (Basel). 2016 Nov 8;8(11):326. [Content Brief]

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Optional Solvent	Concentration Solvent Mass	1 mg	5 mg	10 mg	25 mg

H₂O / DMSO	1 mM	13.3138 mL	66.5690 mL	133.1381 mL	332.8452 mL
	5 mM	2.6628 mL	13.3138 mL	26.6276 mL	66.5690 mL
	10 mM	1.3314 mL	6.6569 mL	13.3138 mL	33.2845 mL
	15 mM	0.8876 mL	4.4379 mL	8.8759 mL	22.1897 mL
	20 mM	0.6657 mL	3.3285 mL	6.6569 mL	16.6423 mL
	25 mM	0.5326 mL	2.6628 mL	5.3255 mL	13.3138 mL
	30 mM	0.4438 mL	2.2190 mL	4.4379 mL	11.0948 mL
	40 mM	0.3328 mL	1.6642 mL	3.3285 mL	8.3211 mL
	50 mM	0.2663 mL	1.3314 mL	2.6628 mL	6.6569 mL
	60 mM	0.2219 mL	1.1095 mL	2.2190 mL	5.5474 mL
	80 mM	0.1664 mL	0.8321 mL	1.6642 mL	4.1606 mL
	100 mM	0.1331 mL	0.6657 mL	1.3314 mL	3.3285 mL

* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.