Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate
Based on 13 publication(s) in Google Scholar
Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate is a gut microbe-dependent metabolite of dietary choline and other trimethylamine-containing nutrients. Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate induces inflammation by activating the ROS/NLRP3 inflammasome. Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate also accelerates fibroblast-myofibroblast differentiation and induces cardiac fibrosis by activating the TGF-β/smad2 signaling pathway.
Nur für Forschungszwecke. Wir verkaufen nicht an Patienten.
- Reinheit : 99.86%
- CAS. Nr.: 62637-93-8
- Formel: C3H13NO3
- Molecular Weight:111.14
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Speicherung:
4°C, sealed storage, away from moisture
* In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture)
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Trimethylamine N-oxideROS/NLRP3 Inflammasome Activator -
HY-108915R
Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate (Standard)ROS/NLRP3 Inflammasome Activator -
HY-116084R
Trimethylamine N-oxide (Standard)ROS/NLRP3 Inflammasome Activator
Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate
More- Gut Microbes. 2026 Dec 31;18(1):2605768. [Abstract]
- Phytomedicine. 2022 Mar 21;100:154067. [Abstract]
- Free Radic Biol Med. 2025 May:232:214-230. [Abstract]
- Chin Med. 2026 Mar 9;21(1):81. [Abstract]
- Eur Polym J. 2026 Feb 5.
- Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2025 Sep 1:302:118691. [Abstract]
- iScience. 2026 Aug 11;29(8):117170.
- FASEB J. 2025 Dec 15;39(23):e71269. [Abstract]
- Biol Trace Elem Res. 2025 Apr;203(4):2295-2309. [Abstract]
- Clin Immunol. 2026 Jun:285:110706. [Abstract]
- Clin Chim Acta. 2024 Jan 15:553:117726. [Abstract]
- J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2024 Aug 1:1243:124210. [Abstract]
- Mol Cell Toxicol. 2025 Dec 10.
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Cell Proliferation/Viability Assay
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In Vivo Efficacy Study
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Cell Proliferation/Viability Assay
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Alle Endogenous Metabolite Isoform-spezifische Produkte anzeigen
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Biologische Aktivität
Beschreibung
IC50 & Target
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Human Endogenous Metabolite |
NLRP3 |
Microbial Metabolite |
In Vitro
The size and migration of fibroblasts are increased after Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) dihydrate treatment compared with non-treated fibroblasts in vitro. Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate increases TGF-β receptor I expression, which promotes the phosphorylation of Smad2 and up-regulates the expression of α-SMA and collagen I. The ubiquitination of TGF-βRI is decreased in neonatal mouse fibroblasts after Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate treatment. Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate also inhibits the expression of smurf2[2].
Trimethylamine N-oxide is frequently found in the tissues of a variety of marine organisms that protects against the adverse effects of temperature, salinity, high urea and hydrostatic pressure[3].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
Induced Disease Models
Please do not refer to only one article to determine the experimental conditions. It is recommended to determine the optimal experimental conditions (animal strain, age, dosage, frequency and cycle, detection time and indicators, etc.) through preliminary experiments before the formal experiment.
Trimethylamine N-oxide (dihydrate) can be used in animal modeling to create cardiovascular and metabolic disease models[1].
Administration: 100 μM and 1 mM• perfusion or incubation in TMAO-containing buffer solution• incubated for 1 h[1]
Mice: CD-1• male• weighing 25-30 g• 6-8 weeks of age[1]
Administration: 120 mg/kg• mixed with drinking water• a single dose or daily for 7 days[1]
(2) All experimental animals were housed under standard conditions (21-23°C, 12-hour light/dark cycle, relative humidity 45-65%) with unlimited access to food (R70 diet) and water[1].
(3) The mice from the first experimental group received Isoproterenol (HY-B1670A) at a dose of 10 μg/mouse, but the animals from the second group received Isoproterenol (HY-B1670A) and Trimethylamine N-oxide (dihydrate) at doses of 10 μg/mouse and 120 mg/kg, respectively. After 30 min, the experimental animals were anesthetized with isoflurane once more to record the cardiac response to acute cardiac stress and the impact of Trimethylamine N-oxide (dihydrate) on the inotropic and chronotropic effects. For the next seven days, the mice in the second group received Trimethylamine N-oxide (dihydrate) together with drinking water at a dose of 120 mg/kg, while the animals from the first group received pure drinking water[1].
Pathology change: Trimethylamine N-oxide (dihydrate) had no influence on Isoproterenol (HY-B1670A)-induced increase on left ventricular ejection fraction, fractional shortening and heart rate[1].
Histological analysis: Promote myocardial hypertrophy, fibrosis, and inflammation in a model of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs)[3].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
Chemical Information
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CAS. Nr. 62637-93-8
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Appearance Solid
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Molecular Weight 111.14
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Formel C3H13NO3
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Color White to off-white
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SMILES
C[N+](C)([O-])C.[2H2O]
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Structure Classification
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Initial Source
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Versand
Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
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Speicherung
4°C, sealed storage, away from moisture
* In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture)
Publications (13)
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Journal Impact Factor
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Most Recent
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Gut Microbes
Blautia coccoides-derived metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide exacerbates Alzheimer's disease progression via targeting HIF1α signaling. [Abstract]2026 Dec 31;18(1):2605768. PMID: 41459734
Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Gut Microbes. 2026 Dec 31;18(1):2605768. [Abstract]
P301L-N2a and P301L-293T cells were treated with 1, 10, 20 and 50 μM Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO, 24 h), and cell viability was assessed using the CCK-8 method (n = 5).
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Phytomedicine
2022 Mar 21;100:154067. PMID: 35349832 -
Free Radic Biol Med
Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) treatment triggers premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) via the activation of mitochondrial pathway apoptosis in granulosa cells. [Abstract]2025 May:232:214-230. PMID: 40054636
Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Free Radic Biol Med. 2025 May:232:214-230. [Abstract]
Representative ovarian size and ovarian weight quantification in the two groups across developmental stages. The results showed that at 15 weeks of age, mice in the Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO, 0.12% in drinking water for 11 weeks)-treated group exhibited significant reductions in both ovarian volume and ovarian weight.
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Chin Med
Based on the gut-heart axis: Polygonum capitatum improves atherosclerosis by modulating gut microbiota and TMAO, supporting MCPIP1/p53-associated endothelial protection. [Abstract]2026 Mar 9;21(1):81. PMID: 41803870 -
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Ecotoxicol Environ Saf
Involvement of TMAO in exacerbating arsenic-induced neurotoxicity by activating the PERK/eIF2α/ATF4 pathway. [Abstract]2025 Sep 1:302:118691. PMID: 40684638
Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2025 Sep 1:302:118691. [Abstract]
Cell viability after treatment with As (3–9 µmol/L) and/or Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) (100 µmol/L) for 24 h.
Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2025 Sep 1:302:118691. [Abstract]
Representative western blots and quantification of H2AX in ASTs. Values represent the mean ± standard deviation from three separate experiments. Western blot analysis confirmed that Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO, 100 μM; 24 h) enhanced As-induced H2AX upregulation.
Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2025 Sep 1:302:118691. [Abstract]
Representative immunofluorescence images of H2AX staining in ASTs. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed significantly increased γH2AX expression in ASTs after As (3 μM; 24 h) treatment This effect was further amplified by Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO, 100 µM; 24 h).
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FASEB J
POSTN Enhances the Proliferation of Goat Skin Fibroblasts Through the TGFβ Pathway Activation. [Abstract]2025 Dec 15;39(23):e71269. PMID: 41324916 -
Biol Trace Elem Res
TGF-β/SMAD Pathway Mediates Cadmium Poisoning-Induced Chicken Liver Fibrosis and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. [Abstract]2025 Apr;203(4):2295-2309. PMID: 38958867 -
Clin Immunol
Short-chain fatty acid deficiency drives aberrant B cell differentiation in systemic lupus erythematosus. [Abstract]2026 Jun:285:110706. PMID: 41974394 -
Clin Chim Acta
SAH and SAM/SAH ratio associate with acute kidney injury in critically ill patients: A case-control study. [Abstract]2024 Jan 15:553:117726. PMID: 38110027 -
J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci
Simultaneous determination of choline, L-carnitine, betaine, trimethylamine, trimethylamine N-oxide, and creatinine in plasma, liver, and feces of hyperlipidemic rats by UHPLC-MS/MS. [Abstract]2024 Aug 1:1243:124210. PMID: 38936270 -
Lösungsmittel & Löslichkeit
In Vitro:
H2O : 100 mg/mL (899.77 mM; Need ultrasonic)
DMSO : 100 mg/mL (899.77 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.
Konzentration (Stammlösung) × Volumen (Stammlösung) = Konzentration (Ziellösung) × Volumen (Ziellösung)
In Vivo:
Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.
- For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
- To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for In Vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
- The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.
Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 45% Saline
Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (22.49 mM); Clear solution
This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of Saline: Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution.
Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)
Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (22.49 mM); Clear solution
This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C, storage for one week): 2 g SBE-β-CD powder is dissolved in 10 mL Saline, completely dissolve until clear.
For the following dissolution methods, please prepare the working solution directly:
It is recommended to prepare fresh solutions and use them promptly within a short period of time.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.
Add each solvent one by one: PBS
Solubility: 120 mg/mL (1079.72 mM); Clear solution; Need ultrasonic
In Vivo Dissolution Calculator
Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:
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Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.
Working solution concentration: 0.22 mg/mL
This product has good water solubility, please refer to the measured solubility data in water/PBS/Saline for details.
Reinheit & Dokumentation
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Data Sheet (285 KB)
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SDS (393 KB)
- English - EN (393 KB)
- Français - FR (393 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (393 KB)
- Norwegian - NO (393 KB)
- Español - ES (393 KB)
- Swedish - SV (393 KB)
- Italian - IT (393 KB)
- Korean - KR (393 KB)
- Portuguese - PT (393 KB)
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Handling Instructions (2659 KB)
Verweise
[1]. Videja M, et al. Data on cardiac and vascular functionality in ex vivo and in vivo models following acute administration of trimethylamine N-oxide. Data Brief. 2023 Jan 11;46:108890. [Content Brief]
[2]. Li Z, et al. Gut microbe-derived metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide induces cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. Lab Invest. 2019 Mar;99(3):346-357. [Content Brief]
[3]. Wei Shuai, et al. High-choline Diet Exacerbates Cardiac Dysfunction, Fibrosis, and Inflammation in a Mouse Model of Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction. J Card Fail. 2020 May 14;S1071-9164(19)31802-0. [Content Brief]
[4]. Wenlong Yang, et al. Gut Microbe-Derived Metabolite Trimethylamine N-oxide Accelerates Fibroblast-Myofibroblast Differentiation and Induces Cardiac Fibrosis. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2019 Sep;134:119-130. [Content Brief]
[5]. Manuel T Velasquez, et al. Trimethylamine N-Oxide: The Good, the Bad and the Unknown. Toxins (Basel). 2016 Nov 8;8(11):326. [Content Brief]
Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
| Optional Solvent | Concentration Solvent Mass | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | 25 mg |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| H2O / DMSO | 1 mM | 8.9977 mL | 44.9883 mL | 89.9766 mL | 224.9415 mL |
| 5 mM | 1.7995 mL | 8.9977 mL | 17.9953 mL | 44.9883 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.8998 mL | 4.4988 mL | 8.9977 mL | 22.4942 mL | |
| 15 mM | 0.5998 mL | 2.9992 mL | 5.9984 mL | 14.9961 mL | |
| 20 mM | 0.4499 mL | 2.2494 mL | 4.4988 mL | 11.2471 mL | |
| 25 mM | 0.3599 mL | 1.7995 mL | 3.5991 mL | 8.9977 mL | |
| 30 mM | 0.2999 mL | 1.4996 mL | 2.9992 mL | 7.4981 mL | |
| 40 mM | 0.2249 mL | 1.1247 mL | 2.2494 mL | 5.6235 mL | |
| 50 mM | 0.1800 mL | 0.8998 mL | 1.7995 mL | 4.4988 mL | |
| 60 mM | 0.1500 mL | 0.7498 mL | 1.4996 mL | 3.7490 mL | |
| 80 mM | 0.1125 mL | 0.5624 mL | 1.1247 mL | 2.8118 mL | |
| 100 mM | 0.0900 mL | 0.4499 mL | 0.8998 mL | 2.2494 mL |
* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.
Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate Related Classifications
HY-108915 Related Classifications
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