Cat. No.: HY-108915

Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate

12 Cited Publications

Customer Review

Based on 12 publication(s) in Google Scholar

Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate is a gut microbe-dependent metabolite of dietary choline and other trimethylamine-containing nutrients. Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate induces inflammation by activating the ROS/NLRP3 inflammasome. Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate also accelerates fibroblast-myofibroblast differentiation and induces cardiac fibrosis by activating the TGF-β/smad2 signaling pathway.

For research use only. We do not sell to patients.

Purity: 99.86%
CAS No.: 62637-93-8
Formula: C₃H₁₃NO₃
Molecular Weight:111.14

Storage:

4°C, sealed storage, away from moisture

* In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture)

Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate Chemical Structure

CAS No.: 62637-93-8

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Top Publications Citing

Use of MCE Products

Fluorescent Dye

Strong Fluorescence Signal / Multi-Disciplinary Applications / High Fluorescence Specificity

Biological Activity
- Description
- IC₅₀ & Target
- In Vitro
- Induced Disease Models
Chemical Information
Publications (12)
Solvent & Solubility
- In Vitro
- In Vivo
Purity & Documentation
References
Help & FAQs
Classifications
Bioz

Biological Activity

Description

IC₅₀ & Target

Human Endogenous Metabolite

NLRP3

Microbial Metabolite

All NOD-like Receptor (NLR) Isoforms :

All TGF-beta/Smad Isoforms :

Smad1
Smad3

All Endogenous Metabolite Isoforms :

In Vitro

The size and migration of fibroblasts are increased after Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) dihydrate treatment compared with non-treated fibroblasts in vitro. Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate increases TGF-β receptor I expression, which promotes the phosphorylation of Smad2 and up-regulates the expression of α-SMA and collagen I. The ubiquitination of TGF-βRI is decreased in neonatal mouse fibroblasts after Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate treatment. Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate also inhibits the expression of smurf2^[2].
Trimethylamine N-oxide is frequently found in the tissues of a variety of marine organisms that protects against the adverse effects of temperature, salinity, high urea and hydrostatic pressure^[3].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Induced Disease Models

Note:
Please do not refer to only one article to determine the experimental conditions. It is recommended to determine the optimal experimental conditions (animal strain, age, dosage, frequency and cycle, detection time and indicators, etc.) through preliminary experiments before the formal experiment.

Trimethylamine N-oxide (dihydrate) can be used in animal modeling to create cardiovascular and metabolic disease models^[1].

Induction of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases

Background

Trimethylamine N-oxide (dihydrate) stimulated cardiac hypertrophy, as indicated by increased cell area of cardiomyocytes and expression of hypertrophic markers including atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and beta-myosin heavy chain (β-MHC). Additionally, Trimethylamine N-oxide (dihydrate) induced cardiac hypertrophy and cardiac fibrosis in SD rats^[2].

Specific Mmodeling Methods

Rat: Wistar• male• weighing 200-250 g^[1]
Administration: 100 μM and 1 mM• perfusion or incubation in TMAO-containing buffer solution• incubated for 1 h^[1]
Mice: CD-1• male• weighing 25-30 g• 6-8 weeks of age^[1]
Administration: 120 mg/kg• mixed with drinking water• a single dose or daily for 7 days^[1]

Note

(1) Rat hearts were perfused, and aortic rings from each experimental animal were immersed in K⁺-H⁺ buffer solution with or without the addition of Trimethylamine N-oxide (dihydrate) (100 μM final concentration). After 1 h of perfusion or incubation, the tissue samples were washed to eliminate the residues of TMAO-containing buffer solution and further homogenized with water in an OMNI Bead Ruptor 24 at a w/v ratio of 1:10^[1].
(2) All experimental animals were housed under standard conditions (21-23°C, 12-hour light/dark cycle, relative humidity 45-65%) with unlimited access to food (R70 diet) and water^[1].
(3) The mice from the first experimental group received Isoproterenol (HY-B1670A) at a dose of 10 μg/mouse, but the animals from the second group received Isoproterenol (HY-B1670A) and Trimethylamine N-oxide (dihydrate) at doses of 10 μg/mouse and 120 mg/kg, respectively. After 30 min, the experimental animals were anesthetized with isoflurane once more to record the cardiac response to acute cardiac stress and the impact of Trimethylamine N-oxide (dihydrate) on the inotropic and chronotropic effects. For the next seven days, the mice in the second group received Trimethylamine N-oxide (dihydrate) together with drinking water at a dose of 120 mg/kg, while the animals from the first group received pure drinking water^[1].

Modeling Indicators

Molecular changes: The addition of 100 μM Trimethylamine N-oxide (dihydrate) to the buffer solution increased the content of Trimethylamine N-oxide (dihydrate) in cardiac tissue by three and in the aortic rings by two points five times^[1].
Pathology change: Trimethylamine N-oxide (dihydrate) had no influence on Isoproterenol (HY-B1670A)-induced increase on left ventricular ejection fraction, fractional shortening and heart rate^[1].
Histological analysis: Promote myocardial hypertrophy, fibrosis, and inflammation in a model of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs)^[3].

Correlated Product(s): Isoproterenol (HY-B1670A)

Opposite Product(s): 3,3-dimethyl-1-butanol (HY-W012977)

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Chemical Information

CAS No. 62637-93-8
Appearance Solid
Molecular Weight 111.14
Formula C₃H₁₃NO₃
Color White to off-white
SMILES

C[N+](C)([O-])C.[2H2O]
Structure Classification
- Others
Initial Source
- Endogenous metabolite
Shipping

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
Storage

4°C, sealed storage, away from moisture

* In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture)

Publications (12)

All Cell Proliferation/Viability AssayIn Vivo Efficacy StudyWBIF

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Journal Impact Factor

Gut Microbes

Blautia coccoides-derived metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide exacerbates Alzheimer's disease progression via targeting HIF1α signaling. [Abstract]

2026 Dec 31;18(1):2605768. PMID: 41459734

Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Gut Microbes. 2026 Dec 31;18(1):2605768. [Abstract]

P301L-N2a and P301L-293T cells were treated with 1, 10, 20 and 50 μM Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO, 24 h), and cell viability was assessed using the CCK-8 method (n = 5).
Phytomedicine

Capsaicin ameliorates renal fibrosis by inhibiting TGF-β1-Smad2/3 signaling. [Abstract]

2022 Mar 21;100:154067. PMID: 35349832
Free Radic Biol Med

Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) treatment triggers premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) via the activation of mitochondrial pathway apoptosis in granulosa cells. [Abstract]

2025 May:232:214-230. PMID: 40054636

Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Free Radic Biol Med. 2025 May:232:214-230. [Abstract]

Representative ovarian size and ovarian weight quantification in the two groups across developmental stages. The results showed that at 15 weeks of age, mice in the Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO, 0.12% in drinking water for 11 weeks)-treated group exhibited significant reductions in both ovarian volume and ovarian weight.
Chin Med

Based on the gut-heart axis: Polygonum capitatum improves atherosclerosis by modulating gut microbiota and TMAO, supporting MCPIP1/p53-associated endothelial protection. [Abstract]

2026 Mar 9;21(1):81. PMID: 41803870
Eur Polym J

2026 Feb 5.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf

Involvement of TMAO in exacerbating arsenic-induced neurotoxicity by activating the PERK/eIF2α/ATF4 pathway. [Abstract]

2025 Sep 1:302:118691. PMID: 40684638

Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2025 Sep 1:302:118691. [Abstract]

Cell viability after treatment with As (3–9 µmol/L) and/or Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) (100 µmol/L) for 24 h.

Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2025 Sep 1:302:118691. [Abstract]

Representative western blots and quantification of H2AX in ASTs. Values represent the mean ± standard deviation from three separate experiments. Western blot analysis confirmed that Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO, 100 μM; 24 h) enhanced As-induced H2AX upregulation.

Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2025 Sep 1:302:118691. [Abstract]

Representative immunofluorescence images of H2AX staining in ASTs. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed significantly increased γH2AX expression in ASTs after As (3 μM; 24 h) treatment This effect was further amplified by Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO, 100 µM; 24 h).
FASEB J

POSTN Enhances the Proliferation of Goat Skin Fibroblasts Through the TGFβ Pathway Activation. [Abstract]

2025 Dec 15;39(23):e71269. PMID: 41324916
Biol Trace Elem Res

TGF-β/SMAD Pathway Mediates Cadmium Poisoning-Induced Chicken Liver Fibrosis and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. [Abstract]

2025 Apr;203(4):2295-2309. PMID: 38958867
Clin Immunol

Short-chain fatty acid deficiency drives aberrant B cell differentiation in systemic lupus erythematosus. [Abstract]

2026 Jun:285:110706. PMID: 41974394
Clin Chim Acta

SAH and SAM/SAH ratio associate with acute kidney injury in critically ill patients: A case-control study. [Abstract]

2024 Jan 15:553:117726. PMID: 38110027
J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci

Simultaneous determination of choline, L-carnitine, betaine, trimethylamine, trimethylamine N-oxide, and creatinine in plasma, liver, and feces of hyperlipidemic rats by UHPLC-MS/MS. [Abstract]

2024 Aug 1:1243:124210. PMID: 38936270
Mol Cell Toxicol

2025 Dec 10.

Solvent & Solubility

In Vitro:

H₂O : 100 mg/mL (899.77 mM; Need ultrasonic)

DMSO : 100 mg/mL (899.77 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)

View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Preparing Stock Solutions

View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Concentration Solvent Mass

1 mg

5 mg

10 mg

Concentration

Solvent

Mass

1 mM

8.9977 mL

44.9883 mL

89.9766 mL

5 mM

1.7995 mL

8.9977 mL

17.9953 mL

10 mM

0.8998 mL

4.4988 mL

8.9977 mL

Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.

Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.

* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

Molarity Calculator

Mass (g) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

Mass Mass

Concentration Concentration

Volume Volume

Molecular Weight Molecular Weight

Dilution Calculator

Concentration _(start) × Volume _(start) = Concentration _(final) × Volume _(final)

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In Vivo:

Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.

Stock Solution Working Solution

For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for In Vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

Protocol 1

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 45% Saline

Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (22.49 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.

Protocol 2

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)

Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (22.49 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.

Protocol 3

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% Corn Oil

Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (22.49 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown). If the continuous dosing period exceeds half a month, please choose this protocol carefully.

Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL Corn oil, and mix evenly.

Working Solution

For the following dissolution methods, please prepare the working solution directly:

It is recommended to prepare fresh solutions and use them promptly within a short period of time.

The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

Protocol 1

Add each solvent one by one: PBS

Solubility: 120 mg/mL (1079.72 mM); Clear solution; Need ultrasonic

In Vivo Dissolution Calculator

Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:

Dosage Dosage
mg/kg
Animal Weight (Per Animal) Animal Weight (Per Animal)
g
Dosing Volume (Per Animal) Dosing Volume (Per Animal)
μL
Number of Animals Number of Animals

Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.

Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.

Working solution concentration: 0.22 mg/mL

This product has good water solubility, please refer to the measured solubility data in water/PBS/Saline for details.

The concentration of the stock solution you require exceeds the measured solubility. The following solution is for reference only.If necessary, please contact

MedChemExpress (MCE) .

Purity & Documentation

Select Batch:

Purity: 99.98%

Assay: 99.98%

ee.: 99.98%

Data Sheet (283 KB)
SDS (393 KB)
- English - EN (393 KB)
- Français - FR (393 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (393 KB)
- Norwegian - NO (393 KB)
- Español - ES (393 KB)
- Swedish - SV (393 KB)
- Italian - IT (393 KB)
- Korean - KR (393 KB)
- Portuguese - PT (393 KB)
COA (2659 KB)
Elemental Analysis Report (2659 KB)
HNMR (2659 KB)
CNMR (2659 KB)
RP-HPLC (2659 KB)
NP-HPLC (2659 KB)
MS (2659 KB)
LCMS (2659 KB)
IR (2659 KB)
GC (2659 KB)
OR (2659 KB)
SDS-PAGE (2659 KB)
SEC-HPLC (2659 KB)
Other Report (2659 KB)
Handling Instructions (2659 KB)

References

[1]. Videja M, et al. Data on cardiac and vascular functionality in ex vivo and in vivo models following acute administration of trimethylamine N-oxide. Data Brief. 2023 Jan 11;46:108890. [Content Brief]

[2]. Li Z, et al. Gut microbe-derived metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide induces cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. Lab Invest. 2019 Mar;99(3):346-357. [Content Brief]

[3]. Wei Shuai, et al. High-choline Diet Exacerbates Cardiac Dysfunction, Fibrosis, and Inflammation in a Mouse Model of Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction. J Card Fail. 2020 May 14;S1071-9164(19)31802-0. [Content Brief]

[4]. Wenlong Yang, et al. Gut Microbe-Derived Metabolite Trimethylamine N-oxide Accelerates Fibroblast-Myofibroblast Differentiation and Induces Cardiac Fibrosis. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2019 Sep;134:119-130. [Content Brief]

[5]. Manuel T Velasquez, et al. Trimethylamine N-Oxide: The Good, the Bad and the Unknown. Toxins (Basel). 2016 Nov 8;8(11):326. [Content Brief]

Help & FAQs

How should lyophilized recombinant proteins be reconstituted and stored?

1. Before opening the cap, centrifuge the vial at 13000 rpm for 20-30 seconds. This step will ensure that any lyophilized powder that may have adhered to the cap or walls is collected at the bottom of the vial, minimizing the risk of product loss.

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Optional Solvent	Concentration Solvent Mass	1 mg	5 mg	10 mg	25 mg
H₂O / DMSO	1 mM	8.9977 mL	44.9883 mL	89.9766 mL	224.9415 mL
	5 mM	1.7995 mL	8.9977 mL	17.9953 mL	44.9883 mL
	10 mM	0.8998 mL	4.4988 mL	8.9977 mL	22.4942 mL
	15 mM	0.5998 mL	2.9992 mL	5.9984 mL	14.9961 mL
	20 mM	0.4499 mL	2.2494 mL	4.4988 mL	11.2471 mL
	25 mM	0.3599 mL	1.7995 mL	3.5991 mL	8.9977 mL
	30 mM	0.2999 mL	1.4996 mL	2.9992 mL	7.4981 mL
	40 mM	0.2249 mL	1.1247 mL	2.2494 mL	5.6235 mL
	50 mM	0.1800 mL	0.8998 mL	1.7995 mL	4.4988 mL
	60 mM	0.1500 mL	0.7498 mL	1.4996 mL	3.7490 mL
	80 mM	0.1125 mL	0.5624 mL	1.1247 mL	2.8118 mL
	100 mM	0.0900 mL	0.4499 mL	0.8998 mL	2.2494 mL

* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate

12 Cited Publications

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Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate

Antioxidant Compound Library

Differentiation Inducing Compound Library

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Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate

All NOD-like Receptor (NLR) Isoforms

All TGF-beta/Smad Isoforms

All Endogenous Metabolite Isoforms

Biological Activity

Chemical Information

Publications (12)

Solvent & Solubility

Purity & Documentation

References

Help & FAQs

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate Related Classifications

HY-108915 Related Classifications