Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate

Name: Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate
Brand: MedChemExpress
SKU: HY-108915
Rating: 5.0 (11 reviews)

Cat. No.: HY-108915 Purity: 99.86%: Data Sheet
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Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate is a gut microbe-dependent metabolite of dietary choline and other trimethylamine-containing nutrients. Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate induces inflammation by activating the ROS/NLRP3 inflammasome. Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate also accelerates fibroblast-myofibroblast differentiation and induces cardiac fibrosis by activating the TGF-β/smad2 signaling pathway.

For research use only. We do not sell to patients.

CAS No. : 62637-93-8

Size	Stock	Quantity
Solid + Solvent (Highly Recommended)
10 mM * 1 mL in DMSO ready for reconstitution	In-stock	Estimated Time of Arrival: December 31
Solution
10 mM * 1 mL in DMSO	In-stock	Estimated Time of Arrival: December 31
Solid
1 g	In-stock	Estimated Time of Arrival: December 31
5 g	In-stock	Estimated Time of Arrival: December 31
10 g	In-stock	Estimated Time of Arrival: December 31
25 g	In-stock	Estimated Time of Arrival: December 31
50 g	In-stock	Estimated Time of Arrival: December 31
100 g	In-stock	Estimated Time of Arrival: December 31
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Customer Review

Based on 11 publication(s) in Google Scholar

Other Forms of Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate:

Trimethylamine N-oxide-d₉ In-stock
Trimethylamine N-oxide In-stock
Trimethylamine-N-oxide-¹³C₃ Get quote
Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate (Standard) Get quote

11 Publications Citing Use of MCE Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate

Cell Proliferation/Viability Assay

In Vivo Efficacy Study

: Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Gut Microbes. 2026 Dec 31;18(1):2605768. [Abstract]; P301L-N2a and P301L-293T cells were treated with 1, 10, 20 and 50 μM Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO, 24 h), and cell viability was assessed using the CCK-8 method (n = 5).

: Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Free Radic Biol Med. 2025 May:232:214-230. [Abstract]; Representative ovarian size and ovarian weight quantification in the two groups across developmental stages. The results showed that at 15 weeks of age, mice in the Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO, 0.12% in drinking water for 11 weeks)-treated group exhibited significant reductions in both ovarian volume and ovarian weight.

: Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2025 Sep 1:302:118691. [Abstract]; Cell viability after treatment with As (3–9 µmol/L) and/or Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) (100 µmol/L) for 24 h.

: Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2025 Sep 1:302:118691. [Abstract]; Representative western blots and quantification of H2AX in ASTs. Values represent the mean ± standard deviation from three separate experiments. Western blot analysis confirmed that Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO, 100 μM; 24 h) enhanced As-induced H2AX upregulation.

: Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2025 Sep 1:302:118691. [Abstract]; Representative immunofluorescence images of H2AX staining in ASTs. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed significantly increased γH2AX expression in ASTs after As (3 μM; 24 h) treatment This effect was further amplified by Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO, 100 µM; 24 h).

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Human Endogenous Metabolite Microbial Metabolite

Biological Activity
Purity & Documentation
References
Customer Review

Description

IC₅₀ & Target

Human Endogenous Metabolite

NLRP3

Microbial Metabolite

In Vitro

The size and migration of fibroblasts are increased after Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) dihydrate treatment compared with non-treated fibroblasts in vitro. Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate increases TGF-β receptor I expression, which promotes the phosphorylation of Smad2 and up-regulates the expression of α-SMA and collagen I. The ubiquitination of TGF-βRI is decreased in neonatal mouse fibroblasts after Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate treatment. Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate also inhibits the expression of smurf2^[2].
Trimethylamine N-oxide is frequently found in the tissues of a variety of marine organisms that protects against the adverse effects of temperature, salinity, high urea and hydrostatic pressure^[3].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

In Vivo

Note:
Please do not refer to only one article to determine the experimental conditions. It is recommended to determine the optimal experimental conditions (animal strain, age, dosage, frequency and cycle, detection time and indicators, etc.) through preliminary experiments before the formal experiment.

Trimethylamine N-oxide (dihydrate) can be used in animal modeling to create cardiovascular and metabolic disease models^[1].

Induction of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases

Background

Trimethylamine N-oxide (dihydrate) stimulated cardiac hypertrophy, as indicated by increased cell area of cardiomyocytes and expression of hypertrophic markers including atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and beta-myosin heavy chain (β-MHC). Additionally, Trimethylamine N-oxide (dihydrate) induced cardiac hypertrophy and cardiac fibrosis in SD rats^[2].

Specific Mmodeling Methods

Rat: Wistar• male• weighing 200-250 g^[1]
Administration: 100 μM and 1 mM• perfusion or incubation in TMAO-containing buffer solution• incubated for 1 h^[1]
Mice: CD-1• male• weighing 25-30 g• 6-8 weeks of age^[1]
Administration: 120 mg/kg• mixed with drinking water• a single dose or daily for 7 days^[1]

Note

(1) Rat hearts were perfused, and aortic rings from each experimental animal were immersed in K⁺-H⁺ buffer solution with or without the addition of Trimethylamine N-oxide (dihydrate) (100 μM final concentration). After 1 h of perfusion or incubation, the tissue samples were washed to eliminate the residues of TMAO-containing buffer solution and further homogenized with water in an OMNI Bead Ruptor 24 at a w/v ratio of 1:10^[1].
(2) All experimental animals were housed under standard conditions (21-23°C, 12-hour light/dark cycle, relative humidity 45-65%) with unlimited access to food (R70 diet) and water^[1].
(3) The mice from the first experimental group received Isoproterenol (HY-B1670A) at a dose of 10 μg/mouse, but the animals from the second group received Isoproterenol (HY-B1670A) and Trimethylamine N-oxide (dihydrate) at doses of 10 μg/mouse and 120 mg/kg, respectively. After 30 min, the experimental animals were anesthetized with isoflurane once more to record the cardiac response to acute cardiac stress and the impact of Trimethylamine N-oxide (dihydrate) on the inotropic and chronotropic effects. For the next seven days, the mice in the second group received Trimethylamine N-oxide (dihydrate) together with drinking water at a dose of 120 mg/kg, while the animals from the first group received pure drinking water^[1].

Modeling Indicators

Molecular changes: The addition of 100 μM Trimethylamine N-oxide (dihydrate) to the buffer solution increased the content of Trimethylamine N-oxide (dihydrate) in cardiac tissue by three and in the aortic rings by two points five times^[1].
Pathology change: Trimethylamine N-oxide (dihydrate) had no influence on Isoproterenol (HY-B1670A)-induced increase on left ventricular ejection fraction, fractional shortening and heart rate^[1].
Histological analysis: Promote myocardial hypertrophy, fibrosis, and inflammation in a model of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs)^[3].

Correlated Product(s): Isoproterenol (HY-B1670A)

Opposite Product(s): 3,3-dimethyl-1-butanol (HY-W012977)

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Molecular Weight

111.14

Formula

C₃H₁₃NO₃

CAS No.

62637-93-8

Appearance

Solid

Color

White to off-white

SMILES

C[N+](C)([O-])C.[2H2O]

Structure Classification

Others

Initial Source

Endogenous metabolite

Shipping

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.

Storage

4°C, sealed storage, away from moisture

*In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture)

Solvent & Solubility

In Vitro:

H₂O : 100 mg/mL (899.77 mM; Need ultrasonic)

DMSO : 100 mg/mL (899.77 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)

Preparing
Stock Solutions

Concentration Solvent Mass	1 mg	5 mg	10 mg

1 mM	8.9977 mL	44.9883 mL	89.9766 mL
5 mM	1.7995 mL	8.9977 mL	17.9953 mL
10 mM	0.8998 mL	4.4988 mL	8.9977 mL

View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

* Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.

* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

Molarity Calculator
Dilution Calculator

Mass (g) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

Concentration _(start) × Volume _(start) = Concentration _(final) × Volume _(final)

This equation is commonly abbreviated as: C₁V₁ = C₂V₂

Concentration _(start)

Volume _(start)

Concentration _(final)

Volume _(final)

In Vivo:

Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.

For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for in vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

Protocol 1

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 45% Saline
Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (22.49 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of Saline: Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution.
Protocol 2

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)
Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (22.49 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C, storage for one week): 2 g SBE-β-CD powder is dissolved in 10 mL Saline, completely dissolve until clear.
Protocol 3

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% Corn Oil
Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (22.49 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown). If the continuous dosing period exceeds half a month, please choose this protocol carefully.
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL Corn oil, and mix evenly.

For the following dissolution methods, please prepare the working solution directly. It is recommended to prepare fresh solutions and use them promptly within a short period of time.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

Protocol 1

Add each solvent one by one: PBS
Solubility: 120 mg/mL (1079.72 mM); Clear solution; Need ultrasonic

In Vivo Dissolution Calculator

Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:

Dosage

mg/kg

Animal weight
(per animal)

Dosing volume
(per animal)

μL

Number of animals

Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.

Calculation results:

Working solution concentration: mg/mL

This product has good water solubility, please refer to the measured solubility data in water/PBS/Saline for details.

The concentration of the stock solution you require exceeds the measured solubility. The following solution is for reference only.If necessary, please contact MedChemExpress (MCE).

Purity & Documentation

Purity: 99.86%

Select Batch:

Data Sheet (283 KB) SDS (393 KB)

COA (245 KB) RP-HPLC (202 KB)

Handling Instructions (2659 KB)

References

[1]. Videja M, et al. Data on cardiac and vascular functionality in ex vivo and in vivo models following acute administration of trimethylamine N-oxide. Data Brief. 2023 Jan 11;46:108890. [Content Brief]

[2]. Li Z, et al. Gut microbe-derived metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide induces cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. Lab Invest. 2019 Mar;99(3):346-357. [Content Brief]

[3]. Wei Shuai, et al. High-choline Diet Exacerbates Cardiac Dysfunction, Fibrosis, and Inflammation in a Mouse Model of Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction. J Card Fail. 2020 May 14;S1071-9164(19)31802-0. [Content Brief]

[4]. Wenlong Yang, et al. Gut Microbe-Derived Metabolite Trimethylamine N-oxide Accelerates Fibroblast-Myofibroblast Differentiation and Induces Cardiac Fibrosis. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2019 Sep;134:119-130. [Content Brief]

[5]. Manuel T Velasquez, et al. Trimethylamine N-Oxide: The Good, the Bad and the Unknown. Toxins (Basel). 2016 Nov 8;8(11):326. [Content Brief]

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Optional Solvent	Concentration Solvent Mass	1 mg	5 mg	10 mg	25 mg

H₂O / DMSO	1 mM	8.9977 mL	44.9883 mL	89.9766 mL	224.9415 mL
	5 mM	1.7995 mL	8.9977 mL	17.9953 mL	44.9883 mL
	10 mM	0.8998 mL	4.4988 mL	8.9977 mL	22.4942 mL
	15 mM	0.5998 mL	2.9992 mL	5.9984 mL	14.9961 mL
	20 mM	0.4499 mL	2.2494 mL	4.4988 mL	11.2471 mL
	25 mM	0.3599 mL	1.7995 mL	3.5991 mL	8.9977 mL
	30 mM	0.2999 mL	1.4996 mL	2.9992 mL	7.4981 mL
	40 mM	0.2249 mL	1.1247 mL	2.2494 mL	5.6235 mL
	50 mM	0.1800 mL	0.8998 mL	1.7995 mL	4.4988 mL
	60 mM	0.1500 mL	0.7498 mL	1.4996 mL	3.7490 mL
	80 mM	0.1125 mL	0.5624 mL	1.1247 mL	2.8118 mL
	100 mM	0.0900 mL	0.4499 mL	0.8998 mL	2.2494 mL

* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.