2. Others MAPK/ERK Pathway NF-κB Metabolic Enzyme/Protease
  3. NF-κB p38 MAPK Environmental Pollutants Endogenous Metabolite
  4. Fumaric acid

Fumaric acid is an unsaturated dicarbonic acid, an intermediate product of the citric acid cycle that provides intracellular energy in the form of ATP. Fumaric acid exerts anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway dependent on p38 MAPK. Fumaric acid can be used in the study of pregnancy-induced hypertension.

For research use only. We do not sell to patients.

CAS No. : 110-17-8

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Solid + Solvent (Highly Recommended)
10 mM * 1 mL in DMSO
ready for reconstitution
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Based on 4 publication(s) in Google Scholar

Other Forms of Fumaric acid:

Fumaric acid Related Antibodies

Top Publications Citing Use of Products
Cell Proliferation/Viability Assay
WB
Cell Imaging/Staining
Bio/Physico-chemical Assay

    Fumaric acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Phytomedicine. 2025 May:140:156609.  [Abstract]

    Fumaric acid (12 h). MTT assays were performed to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of GAA and FA pretreatments on the viability of HK2 cells exposed to CDDP.

    Fumaric acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Phytomedicine. 2025 May:140:156609.  [Abstract]

    Fumaric acid (50 μM; 12 h). Western blot analysis was performed to assess the impacts of GAA and FA pretreatments on KIM1 protein levels in HK2 cells following exposure to H₂O₂.

    Fumaric acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Phytomedicine. 2025 May:140:156609.  [Abstract]

    Fumaric acid (50 μM; 12 h). FIGURETUNEL staining was performed to evaluate the effects of FA pretreatments on the degree of apoptosis in HK2 cells exposed to CDDP.

    Fumaric acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Phytomedicine. 2025 May:140:156609.  [Abstract]

    Fumaric acid (50 μM; 12 h). The effects of the FA pretreatments on intracellular GSH levels in HK2 cells exposed to erastin were evaluated.

    Fumaric acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Phytomedicine. 2025 May:140:156609.  [Abstract]

    Fumaric acid (50 μM; 12 h). Western blotting was conducted to evaluate the effects of FA pretreatments on the levels of GPX4 in HK2 cells exposed to erastin.

    View All NF-κB Isoform Specific Products:

    View All Isoforms
    NF-κB NF-κB1/p50 RelA/p65 RelB c-Rel

    View All p38 MAPK Isoform Specific Products:

    View All Isoforms
    p38 MAPK Akt1 p38α p38β MAPK13 p38δ p38γ

    View All Endogenous Metabolite Isoform Specific Products:

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    Human Endogenous Metabolite Microbial Metabolite

    • Biological Activity

    • Purity & Documentation

    • References

    • Customer Review

    Description

    Fumaric acid is an unsaturated dicarbonic acid, an intermediate product of the citric acid cycle that provides intracellular energy in the form of ATP. Fumaric acid exerts anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway dependent on p38 MAPK. Fumaric acid can be used in the study of pregnancy-induced hypertension[1][2][3].

    IC50 & Target

    Human Endogenous Metabolite

     

    In Vitro

    Fumaric acid (50 μM, 24 h) inhibits p38 MAPK-dependent NF-κB signaling pathway and decreases the expression of eotaxin-1 in TNF-α-stimulated fibroblasts[2].

    MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

    Fumaric acid Related Antibodies

    Western Blot Analysis[2]

    Cell Line: NIH/3T3
    Concentration: 50 μM
    Incubation Time: 24 h
    Result: Inhibited p38 MAPK and IκB-a phosphorylation.
    Attenuated TNF-a-induced NF-κB and decreased the expression of CCR3.
    Reduced the NF-κB activation induced by TRADD, TRAF2, and MEKK3.
    In Vivo

    Fumaric acid (10 mL/kg, intravenously injected) is used to treat gestational hypertension by down-regulating the expression of KCNMB1 and TET1[3].

    MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

    Animal Model: Gestational hypertension rat model[3]
    Dosage: 10 mL/kg
    Administration: i.v.
    Result: Downregulated the levels of TET1 and KCNMB1.
    Clinical Trial
    Molecular Weight

    116.07

    Formula

    C4H4O4
    CAS No.
    Appearance

    Solid

    Color

    White to off-white

    SMILES

    O=C(O)/C=C/C(O)=O
    Structure Classification
    Initial Source
    Shipping

    Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
    Storage

    Store at room temperature 3 years

    In solvent -80°C 2 years
    -20°C 1 year
    Solvent & Solubility
    In Vitro: 

    DMSO : 25 mg/mL (215.39 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)

    H2O : 11.11 mg/mL (95.72 mM; Need ultrasonic)

    Preparing
    Stock Solutions
    Concentration Solvent Mass 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg
    1 mM 8.6155 mL 43.0775 mL 86.1549 mL
    5 mM 1.7231 mL 8.6155 mL 17.2310 mL
    View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

    * Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
    Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 1 year; -20°C, 6 months. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 1 year. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 6 months.

    * Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

    • Molarity Calculator

    • Dilution Calculator

    Mass (g) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

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    Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)

    This equation is commonly abbreviated as: C1V1 = C2V2

    Concentration (start)

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    In Vivo:

    Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.

    For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
    To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for in vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
    The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

    • Protocol 1

      Add each solvent one by one:  10% DMSO    40% PEG300    5% Tween-80    45% Saline

      Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (21.54 mM); Clear solution

      This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

      Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.

      Preparation of Saline: Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution.
    • Protocol 2

      Add each solvent one by one:  10% DMSO    90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)

      Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (21.54 mM); Clear solution

      This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

      Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.

      Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C, storage for one week): 2 g SBE-β-CD powder is dissolved in 10 mL Saline, completely dissolve until clear.

    For the following dissolution methods, please prepare the working solution directly. It is recommended to prepare fresh solutions and use them promptly within a short period of time.
    The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

    • Protocol 1

      Add each solvent one by one:  PBS

      Solubility: 8.33 mg/mL (71.77 mM); Clear solution; Need ultrasonic and warming and heat to 60°C

    In Vivo Dissolution Calculator
    Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:

    Dosage

    mg/kg

    Animal weight
    (per animal)

    g

    Dosing volume
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    μL

    Number of animals

    Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.
    Please enter your animal formula composition:
    %
    DMSO +
    % 
    +
    %
    Tween-80 +
    %
    Saline
    Recommended: Keep the proportion of DMSO in working solution below 2% if your animal is weak.
    The co-solvents required include: DMSO, . All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE). , Tween 80. All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE).
    Calculation results:
    Working solution concentration: mg/mL
    Method for preparing stock solution: mg drug dissolved in μL  DMSO (Stock solution concentration: mg/mL).
    The concentration of the stock solution you require exceeds the measured solubility. The following solution is for reference only. If necessary, please contact MedChemExpress (MCE).
    Method for preparing in vivo working solution for animal experiments: Take μL DMSO stock solution, add μL . μL , mix evenly, next add μL Tween 80, mix evenly, then add μL Saline.
     If the continuous dosing period exceeds half a month, please choose this protocol carefully.
    Please ensure that the stock solution in the first step is dissolved to a clear state, and add co-solvents in sequence. You can use ultrasonic heating (ultrasonic cleaner, recommended frequency 20-40 kHz), vortexing, etc. to assist dissolution.
    Purity & Documentation

    Purity: 99.91%

    SDS (537 KB)

    COA (244 KB) HNMR (107 KB) RP-HPLC (209 KB)

    Handling Instructions (2659 KB)
    References

    Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

    * Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
    Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 1 year; -20°C, 6 months. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 1 year. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 6 months.

    Optional Solvent Concentration Solvent Mass 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg
    H2O / DMSO 1 mM 8.6155 mL 43.0775 mL 86.1549 mL 215.3873 mL
    5 mM 1.7231 mL 8.6155 mL 17.2310 mL 43.0775 mL
    10 mM 0.8615 mL 4.3077 mL 8.6155 mL 21.5387 mL
    15 mM 0.5744 mL 2.8718 mL 5.7437 mL 14.3592 mL
    20 mM 0.4308 mL 2.1539 mL 4.3077 mL 10.7694 mL
    25 mM 0.3446 mL 1.7231 mL 3.4462 mL 8.6155 mL
    30 mM 0.2872 mL 1.4359 mL 2.8718 mL 7.1796 mL
    40 mM 0.2154 mL 1.0769 mL 2.1539 mL 5.3847 mL
    50 mM 0.1723 mL 0.8615 mL 1.7231 mL 4.3077 mL
    60 mM 0.1436 mL 0.7180 mL 1.4359 mL 3.5898 mL
    80 mM 0.1077 mL 0.5385 mL 1.0769 mL 2.6923 mL
    DMSO 100 mM 0.0862 mL 0.4308 mL 0.8615 mL 2.1539 mL

    * Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

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    Fumaric acid Related Classifications

    Help & FAQs
    • Do most proteins show cross-species activity?

      Species cross-reactivity must be investigated individually for each product. Many human cytokines will produce a nice response in mouse cell lines, and many mouse proteins will show activity on human cells. Other proteins may have a lower specific activity when used in the opposite species.

    Keywords:

    Fumaric acid110-17-8NF-κBp38 MAPKEnvironmental PollutantsEndogenous MetaboliteNuclear factor-κBNuclear factor-kappaBEnvironmental ContaminantsDMFAnti-inflammatoryNIH/3T3Gestational hypertension ratInhibitorinhibitorinhibit

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