Reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide anion (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radical (HO•), consist of radical and non-radical oxygen species formed by the partial reduction of oxygen. Cellular ROS are generated endogenously during mitochondrial oxidative metabolism as well as in cellular response to xenobiotics, cytokines, and bacterial invasion.
ROS also activates MAPK pathways by the direct inhibition of MAPK phosphatases. Through PTEN, the PI3K pathway is subject to reversible redox regulation by ROS generated by growth factor stimulation. The activation of autophagy may be a cellular defense mechanism in response to ROS.
Pelargonidin chloride is an anthocyanidin and also is a scavenger of nitric oxide radical and has antioxidant activities. Pelargonidin inhibits cell viability and induces cell cycle arrest at sub-G1 phase. Pelargonidin chloride increases the mRNA and protein expression of HO-1, NQO1, Nrf2. Pelargonidin chloride improves Aβ-induced memory and learning impairment.
2-Acetonaphthone is a synthetic fragrance material. 2-Acetonaphthone increases ROS under UVA/sunlight, leading to endoplasmic reticulum stress and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential. 2-Acetonaphthone can be used as an adulterant in a variety of cosmetics. 2-Acetonaphthone can be used for the study of skin keratinization
Neoandrographolide is a diterpenoid compound isolated from Andrographis paniculata. Neoandrographolide inhibits osteoclasts differentiation and bone resorption through inhibition of MAPK/NF-κB/PI3K/AKT/GSK3β/PPAR/CAMK signaling pathway. Neoandrographolide inhibits apoptosis in rat embryonic ventricular cardiomyocytes. Neoandrographolide inhibits iNOS and the generation of ROS, activates eNOS, exhibiting anti-inflammatory and hypolipidemic activity.
Tamarixetin (4'-O-Methyl Quercetin) is an orally active natural flavonoid derivative of quercetin and caseinolytic protease p (ClpP) inhibitor with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antitumor effects. Tamarixetin inhibits the hydrolytic activity of ClpP to the fluorescent substrate Suc-LY-AMC with an IC50 of 49.73 μM, which can be used for the study of Staphylococcus aureusinfection. Tamarixetin inhibits tumor cell growth, induces apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest. Tamarixetin prevents cardiac hypertrophy by inhibiting the NFAT and AKT pathways.
Chondroitin sulfate (Chondroitin polysulfate) sodium (from bovine)) is a sulfated linear polysaccharide extracted from bovine sources, belonging to glycosaminoglycans. Chondroitin sulfate sodium (from bovine) inhibits osteoclast-mediated bone resorption and exhibits antioxidant activity, which is negatively correlated with molecular weight. Chondroitin sulfate sodium (from bovine) can be used in studies related to osteoarthritis.
3',4'-Dihydroxyacetophenone (3,4-DHAP) is a phenolic compound with oral bioavailability, possessing potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and cardiovascular protective activities. 3',4'-Dihydroxyacetophenone inhibits mushroom Tyrosinase activity with an IC50 of 10 μM, thereby suppressing melanogenesis. 3',4'-Dihydroxyacetophenone inhibits platelet aggregation in platelet-rich plasma. 3',4'-Dihydroxyacetophenone reduces ROS levels in human umbilical vein endothelial cells treated with high glucose, upregulates the expression of Nrf2, HO-1 and PARP-1 in cells, and promotes the nuclear translocation of Nrf2. 3',4'-Dihydroxyacetophenone induces autophagy and apoptosis. 3',4'-Dihydroxyacetophenone inhibits seed germination/growth in most plants. 3',4'-Dihydroxyacetophenone can be used in the research of cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, diabetes, obesity, skin pigmentation disorders, and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.
Ponicidin (Rubescensine B) is an orally active RIPK1 inhibitor with a Kd value of 135 nM. Ponicidin inhibits the JAK2/STAT3 pathway to induce apoptosis, activates the PI3K/Akt pathway, upregulates SIRT1 expression, alleviates oxidative stress, suppresses inflammatory responses and necroptosis, and blocks cell cycle progression. Ponicidin induces ROS production to exert antiproliferative and antiviral effects, while also improving cognitive function and reducing Aβ plaque deposition. Ponicidin can be used in studies related to hepatocellular carcinoma, Alzheimer's disease, and gastric cancer.
(+)-Magnoflorine (α-Magnoflorine) iodide is an orally active aporphine alkaloid with multiple biological activities. (+)-Magnoflorine iodide promotes Parkin/PINK1 -mediated mitochondrial autophagy, inhibits the activation of NLRP3/Caspase-1 pathway, regulates the intestinal microbiota, and exhibits significant anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities. (+)-Magnoflorine iodide inhibits JNK and TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathways, activates Sirt1/AMPK pathway, alleviates neuronal oxidative stress and apoptosis. Magnoflorine upregulates miR-410-3p, inhibits HMGB1/NF-κB pathway, and has anti-tumor activity. (+)-Magnoflorine iodide also has significant antifungal activity.
CYPMPO is a spin-trapping reagent. CYPMPO, a cyclic DEPMPO-type nitrone, is evaluated for spin-trapping capabilities toward hydroxyl and superoxide radicals. anti-oxidant and anti-tumor?activity.
TMB dihydrochloride is the dihydrochloride form of TMB (HY-15930). TMB dihydrochloride is a non-toxic, non-mutagenic, colorless dye that is also used as a chromogenic agent in enzyme detection systems based on horseradish peroxidase (HRP). TMB dihydrochloride can function as a photoacoustic probe for reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), reacting with hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, singlet oxygen, and nitrogen dioxide to produce blue oxidation products. TMB dihydrochloride can detect the singlet oxygen produced by the outer membrane of Escherichia coli ATCC 25922.
ε-Poly-L-lysine (Epsilon-polylysine; ε-Polylysine) hydrochloride (MV 2000-5000) is a polycationic antibacterial agent with broad-spectrum activity against Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, fungi, yeasts and specific bacteriophages. ε-Poly-L-lysine hydrochloride (MV 2000-5000) exerts bactericidal effects through mechanisms such as disrupting microbial membranes, inducing ROS production, inhibiting metabolism and spore germination. ε-Poly-L-lysine hydrochloride (MV 2000-5000) also regulates the expression of multiple key genes including sodA, oxyR and recA. ε-Poly-L-lysine hydrochloride (MV 2000-5000) exhibits properties such as low eukaryotic cytotoxicity, thermal stability and pH stability, and supports tissue regeneration and anti-tumor applications. ε-Poly-L-lysine hydrochloride (MV 2000-5000) can be applied in research fields including bacterial and fungal infections, diabetic ulcers, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections.
Adaptaquin is a BBB-penetrable HIF-PHDs inhibitor. Adaptaquin has anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. Adaptaquin can effectively inhibit lipid peroxidation, maintain mitochondrial function, and reduce neuronal death. Adaptaquin can be used in the research of nervous system diseases such as Parkinson's disease.
Triphenyl phosphate is an orally active, blood-brain barrier-permeable aryl organophosphate flame retardant and endocrine disruptor. Triphenyl phosphate disrupts mitochondrial dynamic balance through oxidative stress, induces excessive mitophagy and apoptosis, and ultimately leads to myocardial fibrosis. In the brain, Triphenyl phosphate activates the NF-κB inflammatory pathway by disrupting the gut microbiota, alters tryptophan metabolism and elevates neurotoxins, thereby inducing anxiety- and depression-like behaviors. In the skeletal and reproductive systems, Triphenyl phosphate inhibits osteoblast differentiation and induces germ cell apoptosis by suppressing the MAPK/ERK pathway and activating the JNK signal, respectively. In adipose and placental tissues, Triphenyl phosphate promotes lipid accumulation by activating the PI3K/AKT-PPARγ axis, and disrupts placental metabolism via the MAOA/ROS/NF-κB cascade, impairing neurodevelopment of offspring.
KY386 is a DHX33 helicase inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.019 μM. KY386 inhibits the cell viability of various cancer cells. KY386 induces ferroptosis in cancer cells, and induces apoptosis in some cancer cell lines. KY386 increases the intracellular levels of ROS, LPO and Fe2+, and decreases the level of GSH in cancer cells. KY386 inhibits the growth of gastric cancer and colon cancer xenografts in nude mice. KY386 is applicable to the related research on liver cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, breast cancer, leukemia, renal cancer, prostate cancer, esophageal cancer, cervical cancer, brain cancer (glioblastoma) and melanoma.
CPUY192018 is a potent inhibitor of the Keap1-Nrf2 protein-protein interaction, with an IC50 of 0.63 µM. CPUY192018 exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. CPUY192018 can activate the Nrf2-dependent antioxidant pathway and inhibit the NF-κB-related inflammatory response. CPUY192018 can be used in the research of inflammation-related diseases.
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH; Adrenocorticotrophic hormone) TFA is a polypeptide tropic hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland. Adrenocorticotropic hormone TFA stimulates cortisol secretion from the adrenal cortex via the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Adrenocorticotropic hormone TFA regulates cortisol and androgen production. Adrenocorticotropic hormone TFA can promote the development of spermatogenesis. Adrenocorticotropic hormone TFA can relieve acute inflammation in gout models by inhibiting the polarization of macrophages to M1 type, inhibiting ROS and proinflammatory factor production and protecting mitochondrial function. Adrenocorticotropic hormone TFA can be used for the researches of inflammation, endocrinology, metabolic disease, such as gout and nephrotic syndrome.
5 (6)-Carboxy-2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate is a fluorescein-based reactive oxygen species (ROS) probe and also a MRP2 substrate. 5 (6)-Carboxy-2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate serves as a substrate for intracellular esterases, which cleave its acetate groups to generate a fluorescent product capable of detecting intracellular ROS. 5 (6)-Carboxy-2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate is ATP-dependent and is transported via a single MRP2 binding site; it competes with LTC4 for MRP2 binding sites and inhibits MRP2-mediated LTC4 transport (Ex/Em = 496/525 nm).
Alisol B 23-acetate is an orally active prototerpane-type triterpenoid. Alisol B 23-acetate can be isolated from Alisma orientalis. Alisol B 23-acetate induces Apoptosis, promotes ROS generation, downregulates CDK4/6, MMP-2/9, upregulates cleaved PARP, activates FXR and inhibits Syk. Alisol B 23-acetate has anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activities. Alisol B 23-acetate protects the kidney from ischemia-reperfusion injury. Alisol B 23-acetate has anticancer activity against ovarian cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer, and gastric cancer. Alisol B 23-acetate can be used in the study of atherosclerosis and allergic asthma.
Rehmannioside D is an orally active Sirt7 modulator. Rehmannioside D upregulates Sirt7 expression, inhibits the level of acetylated p53, and blocks the activation of the p53 signaling pathway. Rehmannioside D alleviates liver injury, inflammatory response, collagen deposition and hepatocyte apoptosis. Rehmannioside D is applicable to research related to liver fibrosis.
Gliquidone can bind to the pancreatic β-cells and increases insulin release to regulate blood glucose levels. Gliquidone significantly decreases LPS (HY-D1056)-induced proinflammatory responses and inhibits ERK/STAT3/NF-κB phosphorylation in BV2 microglial cells. Gliquidone can suppress microgliosis, microglial hypertrophy mediated by LPS, and proinflammatory cytokine COX-2 and IL-6 levels in murine model. Gliquidone also exhibits good anticancer activity in lung carcinoma cells. Gliquidone has antioxidant property. Gliquidone can be studied in research for type 2 diabetes and cancers.
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