2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death exhibiting specific morphological and biochemical characteristics, including cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, genomic DNA fragmentation, and exposure of specific phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Cells undergoing apoptosis differ from those dying through necrosis. Necrotic cells are usually recognized by the immune system as a danger signal and, thus, resulting in inflammation; in contrast, apoptotic death is quiet and orderly.

There are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: The intrinsic pathway, also called the Bcl-2-regulated or mitochondrial pathway, is activated by various developmental cues or cytotoxic insults, such as viral infection, DNA damage and growth-factor deprivation, and is strictly controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. The extrinsic or death-receptor pathway is triggered by ligation of death receptors (members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, such as Fas or TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1)) that contain an intracellular death domain, which can recruit and activate caspase-8 through the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD; also known as MORT1) at the cell surface. This recruitment causes subsequent activation of downstream (effector) caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 or -7, without any involvement of the BCL-2 family.

Studies suggest that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-108540
    BCH
    		Inducer 99.83%
    BCH (2-Amino-2-norbornanecarboxylic acid) is a selective and competitive inhibitor of large neutral amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) significantly inhibit cellular uptake of amino acids and mTOR phosphorylation, which induces the suppression of cancer growth and apoptosis.
    BCH
  • HY-19696A
    Tauroursodeoxycholate sodium
    		Inhibitor 98.40%
    Tauroursodeoxycholate (Tauroursodeoxycholic acid; TUDCA) sodium is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inhibitor. Tauroursodeoxycholate significantly reduces expression of apoptosis molecules, such as caspase-3 and caspase-12. Tauroursodeoxycholate also inhibits ERK.
    Tauroursodeoxycholate sodium
  • HY-19543
    Brusatol
    		Activator 99.94%
    Brusatol (NSC 172924) is a unique inhibitor of the Nrf2 pathway that sensitizes a broad spectrum of cancer cells to Cisplatin and other chemotherapeutic agents. Brusatol enhances the efficacy of chemotherapy by inhibiting the Nrf2-mediated defense mechanism. Brusatol can be developed into an adjuvant chemotherapeutic agent. Brusatol increases cellular apoptosis.
    Brusatol
  • HY-N1423
    Glycocholic acid
    		Inducer 99.90%
    Glycocholic acid is a bile acid derivative. Glycocholic acid downregulates MDR1, Bcl-2, MRP1, MRP2 and FXR, upregulates Bax, p53, caspase-9, caspase-3, TGR5 and S1PR2. Glycocholic acid inhibits multidrug resistance and efflux pumps, induces mitochondrial apoptosis, and enhances chemosensitivity. Glycocholic acid modulates related bile acid receptor signaling. Glycocholic acid suppresses growth and conjugation of Enterobacteriaceae and increases their antibiotic susceptibility. Glycocholic acid can be used for the research of colon adenocarcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA).
    Glycocholic acid
  • HY-17422
    Acyclovir
    		Inducer 99.18%
    Acyclovir (Aciclovir) is a potent, orally active antiviral agent. Acyclovir has antiherpetic activity with IC50 values of 0.85 μM and 0.86 μM for HSV-1 and HSV-2, respectively. Acyclovir induces cell cycle perturbation and apoptosis. Acyclovir prevents bacterial infections during induction therapy for acute leukaemia.
    Acyclovir
  • HY-10355
    AKT inhibitor VIII
    		Inducer 98.97%
    AKT inhibitor VIII (AKTi-1/2) is a cell-permeable quinoxaline compound that has been shown to potently, selectively, allosterically, and reversibly inhibit Akt1, Akt2, and Akt3 activity with IC50s of 58 nM, 210 nM, and 2119 nM, respectively.
    AKT inhibitor VIII
  • HY-13271A
    Tubastatin A
    		Inducer 99.07%
    Tubastatin A is a potent and selective HDAC6 inhibitor with an IC50 of 15 nM in a cell-free assay, and is selective (1000-fold more) against all other isozymes except HDAC8 (57-fold more). Tubastatin A also inhibits HDAC10 and metallo-β-lactamase domain-containing protein 2 (MBLAC2).
    Tubastatin A
  • HY-50752
    LY-411575
    		Inducer 98.68%
    LY-411575 is a potent γ-secretase inhibitor with IC50 of 0.078 nM/0.082 nM (membrane/cell-based), and also inhibits Notch S3 cleavage with an IC50 of 0.39 nM.
    LY-411575
  • HY-N0529
    Rosmarinic acid
    		Inducer 99.73%
    Rosmarinic acid is a widespread phenolic ester compound in the plants. Rosmarinic acid inhibits MAO-A, MAO-B and COMT enzymes with IC50s of 50.1, 184.6 and 26.7 μM, respectively.
    Rosmarinic acid
  • HY-12067
    R406
    		Inducer
    R406 is an orally available and competitive Syk/FLT3 inhibitor for ATP binding with a Ki of 30 nM, potently inhibits Syk kinase activity in vitro with an IC50 of 41 nM, measured at an ATP concentration corresponding to its Km value. R406 reduces immune complex-mediated inflammation. R406 also inhibits Lyn (IC50=63 nM) and Lck (IC50=37 nM).
    R406
  • HY-90001
    Ritonavir
    		Inducer 99.96%
    Ritonavir (ABT 538) is an inhibitor of HIV protease used to treat HIV infection and AIDS. Ritonavir is also a SARS-CoV 3CLpro inhibitor with an IC50 of 1.61 μM. Ritonavir (ABT 538) can penetrate the blood brain barrier (BBB).
    Ritonavir
  • HY-15676
    Idasanutlin
    		Inducer 99.93%
    Idasanutlin (RG7388) is an orally bioavailable MDM2 inhibitor with an IC50 of 6 nM. Idasanutlin disrupts MDM2-p53 binding, stabilizes and activates p53, triggering cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and reduced cancer cell viability. Idasanutlin reduces EGFR protein expression and phosphorylation, suppresses downstream SHP2, MEK1/2, ERK1/2, AKT, mTOR, p70(S6K1), and S6 signaling. Idasanutlin induces mitochondrial ROS production, drives p38 MAPK phosphorylation, upregulates NOXA, and mediates caspase-3-dependent apoptosis and gasdermin E-mediated pyroptosis. Idasanutlin can be used for the research of TP53-mutant non-small cell lung cancer, T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, colorectal carcinoma, melanoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome, neuroblastoma, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia, osteosarcoma, solid tumors, and hematological tumors.
    Idasanutlin
  • HY-13442A
    Eribulin mesylate
    		Inducer 99.91%
    Eribulin mesylate is an inhibitor for microtubule. Eribulin mesylate inhibits the proliferation of cancer cell LM8 and Dunn, inhibits the cell migration of LM8, arrests the cell cycle at G2/M phase, and induces apoptosis in LM8. Eribulin mesylate exhibits antitumor efficacy in mouse model.
    Eribulin mesylate
  • HY-78131
    Ibuprofen
    		Inducer 99.97%
    Ibuprofen ((±)-Ibuprofen) is a potent, orally active, selective COX-1 inhibitor with an IC50 value of 13 μM. Ibuprofen inhibits cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and induces cell apoptosis. Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent and a nitric oxide (NO) donor. Ibuprofen ((±)-Ibuprofen) can be used in the research of pain, swelling, inflammation, infection, immunology, cancers.
    Ibuprofen
  • HY-153811
    IAG933
    		Activator 99.47%
    IAG933 (YAP-TEAD-IN-3) is an orally available YAP/TAZ-TEAD inhibitor that has anti-tumor effects and promotes apoptosis. IAG933 YAP-TEAD-IN-3 inhibits Avi-human TEAD4217-434, with an IC50 value of 9 nM.
    IAG933
  • HY-13977A
    PKR-IN-C16
    		Inhibitor 99.70%
    PKR-IN-C16 (Compound C16) is a specific double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) inhibitor. PKR-IN-C16 shows promising neuroprotective properties and can rescue acute brain lesions.
    PKR-IN-C16
  • HY-15036
    Diclofenac
    		Inducer 99.92%
    Diclofenac is a potent and nonselective anti-inflammatory agent, acts as a COX inhibitor, with IC50s of 4 and 1.3 nM for human COX-1 and COX-2 in CHO cells, and 5.1 and 0.84 μM for ovine COX-1 and COX-2, respectively. Diclofenac induces apoptosis of neural stem cells (NSCs) via the activation of the caspase cascade.
    Diclofenac
  • HY-N0141
    Parthenolide
    		Inducer 99.91%
    Parthenolide is a sesquiterpene lactone found in the medicinal herb Feverfew. Parthenolide exhibits anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting NF-κB activation; also inhibits HDAC1 protein without affecting other class I/II HDACs.
    Parthenolide
  • HY-B0421
    Mycophenolic acid
    		Inducer 99.94%
    Mycophenolic acid is a potent uncompetitive inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) inhibitor with an EC50 of 0.24 µM. Mycophenolic acid demonstrates antiviral effects against a wide range of RNA viruses including influenza. Mycophenolic acid is an immunosuppressive agent. Antiangiogenic and antitumor effects.
    Mycophenolic acid
  • HY-15828
    Onvansertib
    		Inducer 99.86%
    NMS-1286937 is a potent, selective and orally available PLK1 inhibitor, with an IC50 of 2 nM.
    Onvansertib
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity