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  5. Inosine

Inosine is an endogenous purine nucleoside produced by catabolism of adenosine. Inosine has anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, immunomodulatory and neuroprotective effects. Inosine is an agonist for adenosine A1 (A1R) and A2A (A2AR) receptors.

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CAS No. : 58-63-9

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Based on 16 publication(s) in Google Scholar

Other Forms of Inosine:

Inosine Related Antibodies

Top Publications Citing Use of Products

    Inosine purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Adv Sci (Weinh). 2025 Apr 28:e2409837.  [Abstract]

    Plasma anti-double-stranded DNA antibody levels were measured in the healthy control group (HC), the saline-treated group, the rivaroxaban-treated group, and the Inosine (50 mg/kg, 0.3 mL each time, 3 times a week)-treated group.

    Inosine purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Adv Sci (Weinh). 2025 Apr 28:e2409837.  [Abstract]

    Isolated mouse splenic CD19+ B cells were triggered by IL‐4 and R848 incubated with different concentrations of Inosine (0, 10 µM, 100 µM, 1 mM, 10 mM) for 48 h. Statistical analysis of frequencies of naive B cells, memory B cells, ASC, and plasmablast with different concentrations of inosine.

    Inosine purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Adv Sci (Weinh). 2025 Apr 28:e2409837.  [Abstract]

    Western blot analysis showed that ERK pathway expression was enhanced in mouse spleen B cells after treatment with Inosine (0-10 mM) for 48 hours.

    Inosine purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Adv Sci (Weinh). 2025 Apr 28:e2409837.  [Abstract]

    Expression levels of hif1α mRNA and HIF-1α protein in mouse spleen B cells under different concentrations of Inosine (0, 10 µM, 100 µM, 1 mM, 10 mM).

    Inosine purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Theranostics. 2024 Aug 12;14(12):4874-4893.  [Abstract]

    Percentages of CD25+, CD69+, and CD154+ cells among activated CD4+ T cells in the control group (Ctrl), Inosine (5 nM; 24 h)-treated group (INO), and A2AR inhibitor-treated group (antiA2AR).

    View All Adenosine Receptor Isoform Specific Products:

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    Adenosine A1 receptor (A1R) Adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) Adenosine A2B receptor (A2BR) Adenosine A3 receptor (A3R)

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    Human Endogenous Metabolite Microbial Metabolite

    • Biological Activity

    • Purity & Documentation

    • References

    • Customer Review

    Description

    Inosine is an endogenous purine nucleoside produced by catabolism of adenosine. Inosine has anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, immunomodulatory and neuroprotective effects. Inosine is an agonist for adenosine A1 (A1R) and A2A (A2AR) receptors[1][2][3].

    IC50 & Target[1]

    Human Endogenous Metabolite

     

    A1AR

     

    A2AR

     

    Cellular Effect
    Cell Line Type Value Description References
    C6 IC50
    > 250 μM
    Compound: Inosine
    Cytotoxicity against rat C6 cells assessed as inhibition of cell viability after 48 hrs by MTT assay
    Cytotoxicity against rat C6 cells assessed as inhibition of cell viability after 48 hrs by MTT assay
    		10.1039/C3MD00159H
    DU-145 IC50
    > 250 μM
    Compound: Inosine
    Cytotoxicity against human DU145 cells assessed as inhibition of cell viability after 48 hrs by MTT assay
    Cytotoxicity against human DU145 cells assessed as inhibition of cell viability after 48 hrs by MTT assay
    		10.1039/C3MD00159H
    HaCaT IC50
    > 250 μM
    Compound: Inosine
    Cytotoxicity against human HaCaT cells assessed as inhibition of cell viability after 48 hrs by MTT assay
    Cytotoxicity against human HaCaT cells assessed as inhibition of cell viability after 48 hrs by MTT assay
    		10.1039/C3MD00159H
    L6 IC50
    > 250 μM
    Compound: Inosine
    Cytotoxicity against rat L6 cells assessed as inhibition of cell viability after 48 hrs by MTT assay
    Cytotoxicity against rat L6 cells assessed as inhibition of cell viability after 48 hrs by MTT assay
    		10.1039/C3MD00159H
    MCF7 IC50
    > 250 μM
    Compound: Inosine
    Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells assessed as inhibition of cell viability after 48 hrs by MTT assay
    Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells assessed as inhibition of cell viability after 48 hrs by MTT assay
    		10.1039/C3MD00159H
    Vero IC50
    0.23 nM
    Compound: Inosine
    Anti-Herpes simplex virus type-1 activity in vero cells using plaque inhibition assay
    Anti-Herpes simplex virus type-1 activity in vero cells using plaque inhibition assay
    		[PMID: 10464017]
    In Vitro

    Inosine dose-dependently stimulates cAMP production mediated through the A2AR[2].
    Inosine dose-dependently induces hA2AR-mediated ERK1/2 phosphorylation[2].
    Inosine (100 μM; 24 hours) reduces oxidative stress in MES 23.5 cells cultured with astrocytes[3].

    MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

    Inosine Related Antibodies
    In Vivo

    Note:
    Please do not refer to only one article to determine the experimental conditions. It is recommended to determine the optimal experimental conditions (animal strain, age, dosage, frequency and cycle, detection time and indicators, etc.) through preliminary experiments before the formal experiment.

    Inosine can induce hyperuricemia[5].

    Induction of Hyperuricemia[5]
    Background
    Hyperuricaemia (HUA) occurs because of purine metabolism aberrations and is typically characterized by increased uric acid formation or reduced uric acid excretion. Inosineis a precursor of purine metabolism. Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) and xanthine oxidase (XO) catalyse the conversion of inosine [6]. Inosinecan further catalyzed hypoxanthine, xanthine and uric acid (UA)[7].
    Specific Modeling Methods
    Mice: Alb-CreERT2;Glut9lox/lox (LG9KO) &bulll; 6-week-old
    Administration: 4 g/kg • ig • one time daily at 9: 00-10: 00 A.M. for 3 days
    Note
    (1)Mice was gavaged one time daily at 9:00-10:00 A.M. for 3 days (days 0, 1, and 2) with 4 g/kg inosine (500 mg/ml in 0.5% carboxymethylcellulose aqueous suspension) and euthanized 24 h after the last inosine gavage (day 3).
    (2)Blood was collected from tail bleeds for plasma urate and creatinine measurements before the inosine treatment and 2 h, 6 h after the first gavage, and 24 h after the last gavage before the animals were euthanized.
    (3)Six weeks after inosine gavage, plasma urate and creatinine had normalized.
    Inosine gavage combines with HFD to cause acute renal failure in LG9KO mice.
    Modeling Indicators
    Molecular changes: Inosine elevates plasma urate levels in LG9KO mice. In LG9KO mice fed chow, uricemia transiently rose 2 and 6 h after the first gavage and returned to their basal level 24 h after the last gavage (day 3). In contrast, in HFD-fed LG9KO mice, inosine gavage induced a much higher hyperuricemia at day 3
    Tissue changes: leads to tubular urate and uric acid crystal formation.
    Correlated Product(s): Potassium oxonate (HY-17511)
    Opposite Product(s): /

    MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

    Animal Model: Male/female C57BL/6 mice[2]
    Dosage: 1 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg
    Administration: Intraperitoneal injection, 20 min before formalin treatment
    Result: Reduced flinching behaviour induced by formalin (2 %; 20 μL; intraplantar injection).
    Clinical Trial
    Molecular Weight

    268.23

    Formula

    C10H12N4O5
    CAS No.
    Appearance

    Solid

    Color

    White to off-white

    SMILES

    O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1N2C=NC3=C2N=CNC3=O
    Structure Classification
    Initial Source
    Shipping

    Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
    Storage
    Powder -20°C 3 years
    4°C 2 years
    In solvent -80°C 2 years
    -20°C 1 year
    Solvent & Solubility
    In Vitro: 

    DMSO : 25 mg/mL (93.20 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)

    H2O : 10 mg/mL (37.28 mM; Need ultrasonic)

    Preparing
    Stock Solutions
    Concentration Solvent Mass 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg
    1 mM 3.7281 mL 18.6407 mL 37.2814 mL
    5 mM 0.7456 mL 3.7281 mL 7.4563 mL
    View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

    * Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
    Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 2 years; -20°C, 1 year. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 2 years. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 year.

    * Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

    • Molarity Calculator

    • Dilution Calculator

    Mass (g) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

    Mass
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    Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)

    This equation is commonly abbreviated as: C1V1 = C2V2

    Concentration (start)

    C1

    ×
    Volume (start)

    V1

    =
    Concentration (final)

    C2

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    Volume (final)

    V2

    In Vivo:

    Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.

    For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
    To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for in vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
    The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

    • Protocol 1

      Add each solvent one by one:  10% DMSO    40% PEG300    5% Tween-80    45% Saline

      Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (9.32 mM); Clear solution

      This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

      Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.

      Preparation of Saline: Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution.
    • Protocol 2

      Add each solvent one by one:  10% DMSO    90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)

      Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (9.32 mM); Clear solution

      This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

      Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.

      Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C, storage for one week): 2 g SBE-β-CD powder is dissolved in 10 mL Saline, completely dissolve until clear.

    For the following dissolution methods, please prepare the working solution directly. It is recommended to prepare fresh solutions and use them promptly within a short period of time.
    The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

    • Protocol 1

      Add each solvent one by one:  PBS

      Solubility: 15.56 mg/mL (58.01 mM); Clear solution; Need ultrasonic

    • Protocol 2

      Add each solvent one by one:  50% PEG300    50% Saline

      Solubility: 20 mg/mL (74.56 mM); Clear solution; Need ultrasonic

    In Vivo Dissolution Calculator
    Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:

    Dosage

    mg/kg

    Animal weight
    (per animal)

    g

    Dosing volume
    (per animal)

    μL

    Number of animals

    Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.
    Please enter your animal formula composition:
    %
    DMSO +
    % 
    +
    %
    Tween-80 +
    %
    Saline
    Recommended: Keep the proportion of DMSO in working solution below 2% if your animal is weak.
    The co-solvents required include: DMSO, . All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE). , Tween 80. All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE).
    Calculation results:
    Working solution concentration: mg/mL
    Method for preparing stock solution: mg drug dissolved in μL  DMSO (Stock solution concentration: mg/mL).
    The concentration of the stock solution you require exceeds the measured solubility. The following solution is for reference only. If necessary, please contact MedChemExpress (MCE).
    Method for preparing in vivo working solution for animal experiments: Take μL DMSO stock solution, add μL . μL , mix evenly, next add μL Tween 80, mix evenly, then add μL Saline.
     If the continuous dosing period exceeds half a month, please choose this protocol carefully.
    Please ensure that the stock solution in the first step is dissolved to a clear state, and add co-solvents in sequence. You can use ultrasonic heating (ultrasonic cleaner, recommended frequency 20-40 kHz), vortexing, etc. to assist dissolution.
    Purity & Documentation

    Purity: 99.94%

    SDS (396 KB)

    COA (251 KB) HNMR (266 KB) RP-HPLC (243 KB)

    Handling Instructions (2659 KB)
    References

    Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

    * Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
    Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 2 years; -20°C, 1 year. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 2 years. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 year.

    Optional Solvent Concentration Solvent Mass 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg
    H2O / DMSO 1 mM 3.7281 mL 18.6407 mL 37.2814 mL 93.2036 mL
    5 mM 0.7456 mL 3.7281 mL 7.4563 mL 18.6407 mL
    10 mM 0.3728 mL 1.8641 mL 3.7281 mL 9.3204 mL
    15 mM 0.2485 mL 1.2427 mL 2.4854 mL 6.2136 mL
    20 mM 0.1864 mL 0.9320 mL 1.8641 mL 4.6602 mL
    25 mM 0.1491 mL 0.7456 mL 1.4913 mL 3.7281 mL
    30 mM 0.1243 mL 0.6214 mL 1.2427 mL 3.1068 mL
    DMSO 40 mM 0.0932 mL 0.4660 mL 0.9320 mL 2.3301 mL
    50 mM 0.0746 mL 0.3728 mL 0.7456 mL 1.8641 mL
    60 mM 0.0621 mL 0.3107 mL 0.6214 mL 1.5534 mL
    80 mM 0.0466 mL 0.2330 mL 0.4660 mL 1.1650 mL

    * Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

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    Inosine Related Classifications

    Help & FAQs
    • Do most proteins show cross-species activity?

      Species cross-reactivity must be investigated individually for each product. Many human cytokines will produce a nice response in mouse cell lines, and many mouse proteins will show activity on human cells. Other proteins may have a lower specific activity when used in the opposite species.

    Keywords:

    Inosine58-63-9Adenosine ReceptorEndogenous MetaboliteP1 receptornucleosideadenosinemetabolismhumanmetaboliteneuroprotectiveantinociceptiveantiallodynicantihyperalgesicimmunomodulatoryParkinson's diseaseInhibitorinhibitorinhibit

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