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Hexane-2,5-dione (2,5-HD) is an orally active, CNS-penetrant cytotoxic agent. Hexane-2,5-dione reduces BCL-2 and β-catenin/TCF transcriptional activity, increases BAX and active caspase-3expression, and promotes apoptosis. Hexane-2,5-dione causes an accumulation of neurofilaments within axons in rats. Hexane-2,5-dione can be used for the research of neurodegenerative diseases.
For research use only. We do not sell to patients.
Hexane-2,5-dione (2,5-HD) is an orally active, CNS-penetrant cytotoxic agent. Hexane-2,5-dione reduces BCL-2 and β-catenin/TCF transcriptional activity, increases BAX and active caspase-3expression, and promotes apoptosis. Hexane-2,5-dione causes an accumulation of neurofilaments within axons in rats. Hexane-2,5-dione can be used for the research of neurodegenerative diseases[1][2][3][4][5][6].
In Vitro
Hexane-2,5-dione (16-256 μM; 24 h) induces morphological changes consistent with apoptosis in primary human ovarian granulosa cells[1]. Hexane-2,5-dione (16-256 μM; 24 h) induces dose-dependent apoptosis in primary human ovarian granulosa cells[1]. Hexane-2,5-dione (16-256 μM; 24 h) downregulates BCL-2 and upregulates BAX and CASPASE-3 mRNA in a dose-dependent manner in primary human ovarian granulosa cells[1]. Hexane-2,5-dione (64-256 μM; 24 h) downregulates BCL-2 protein and upregulates BAX and active CASPASE-3 (p17 subunit) protein in a dose-dependent manner in primary human ovarian granulosa cells[1]. 2,5-Hexanedione (100 mM; 16 h) modifies purified bovine brain tubulin to create a pro-assembly component with enhanced nucleating activity, marked by a 19-fold reduction in assembly critical concentration and altered α-tubulin structure[3]. 2,5-Hexanedione (2,5-HD) cross-links microtubules in vitro, which reduces their ability to support kinesin-based transport[3]. Hexane-2,5-dione (20-60 mM; 24 h) induces G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest in rat ovarian granulosa cells, accompanied by altered expression of cell cycle-related genes p21, Cdk2, and Ccnd1[5]. Hexane-2,5-dione (40-60 mM; 24 h) alters apoptosis-related protein expression in rat ovarian granulosa cells, decreasing Bcl-2 and increasing Bax, Caspase3, and Caspase9[5]. Hexane-2,5-dione (60 mM; 24 h) alters mRNA and miRNA expression profiles in rat ovarian granulosa cells, with differentially expressed genes significantly enriched in cell cycle and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways[5]. Hexane-2,5-dione (20-60 mM; 24 h) dose-dependently inhibits the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in rat ovarian granulosa cells, reducing mRNA expression of key receptors and transcription factors, and altering protein expression of β-catenin, GSK3β, p-β-catenin, and Dvl3[5]. Hexane-2,5-dione (20-60 mM; 24 h) dose-dependently reduces nuclear localization of β-catenin in rat ovarian granulosa cells[5]. Hexane-2,5-dione (10 mM; 6-12 h) reduces cell viability in COV434 human ovarian granulosa cells[5]. Hexane-2,5-dione (10-160 mM; 6-12 h) does not significantly affect viability in rat ovarian granulosa cells[5]. Hexane-2,5-dione (10-20 mM; 6 h) dose-dependently inhibits β-catenin/TCF transcriptional activity in COV434 human ovarian granulosa cells[5]. Hexane-2,5-dione (20-60 mM; 24 h) alters expression of Wnt pathway-related miRNAs in rat ovarian granulosa cells, downregulating rno-miR-214-3p, rno-miR-138-5p, rno-miR-199a-3p, rno-miR-145-5p, and rno-miR-143-3p[5].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
Induced morphological changes consistent with apoptosis in primary human ovarian granulosa cells. Induced dose-dependent apoptosis. Showed total apoptotic rates reaching 7.8%, 26.8%, and 56.3%, at 16, 64, 256 μM, respectively.
Downregulated BCL-2 protein and upregulated BAX and active CASPASE-3 (p17 subunit) protein in a dose-dependent manner. Showed no no significant effect on these protein levels at 16 μM.
Caused 27% body weight loss. Exhibited a mean neuropathy score of 5, corresponding to moderate to marked hindlimb paralysis. Induced numerous neurofilament-packed axonal swellings and scattered axonal degeneration in thoracic and lumbar spinal cord anterior fasciculi. Caused testicular damage including giant cell formation, spermatogenesis arrest, and pyknotic changes in Sertoli and germinal cell nuclei. Reached pyrrole adduct concentrations of 7.5 nmol/mg protein in serum, 3.7 nmol/mg protein in brain stem axonal cytoskeletal protein, and 4.7 nmol/mg protein in spinal cord axonal cytoskeletal protein for the 3.5 mmol/kg/day, 17-day group. Reached pyrrole adduct concentrations of 3.1 nmol/mg protein in serum, 1.7 nmol/mg protein in brain stem axonal cytoskeletal protein, and 2.2 nmol/mg protein in spinal cord axonal cytoskeletal protein for the 2.5 mmol/kg/day, 38-day group. Showed covalent crosslinking of axonal cytoskeletal protein of 6.4% in brain stem and 12.2% in spinal cord for the 3.5 mmol/kg/day, 17-day group. Showed covalent crosslinking of axonal cytoskeletal protein of 9.9% in brain stem and 11.6% in spinal cord for the 2.5 mmol/kg/day, 38-day group.
Altered assembly of purified testis tubulin starting 2 weeks after exposure. Decreased seminiferous tubule fluid formation by 3 weeks. Induced large, basally located Sertoli cell vacuoles in stages I, XII, XIII, and XIV as the first histopathological signs of injury, followed by sloughing and loss of germ cells by 4-5 weeks. Altered the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium, with decreased prevalence of certain stages and increased prevalence of others. Rendered seminiferous tubules devoid of differentiating germ cells but containing proliferating spermatogonia by 8-12 weeks after a 3-5 week exposure, with this atrophic state persisting for greater than 70 weeks post-exposure. Caused progressively more severe histopathological alterations in the testis with higher dose-rates, which positively correlated with the extent of microtubule assembly abnormality in purified testicular tubulin. Induced germ cell death via apoptosis, with DNA fragmentation ladders most prominent 5 weeks into exposure, and increased germ cell apoptosis detected as early as 2 weeks into treatment. Altered the ratio of soluble stem cell factor (sSCF) to membrane-bound stem cell factor (mSCF) in the testis, which correlated temporally with the onset of atrophy. Resulted in only 1% seminiferous tubule repopulation after 23 days of exposure, compared to greater than 90% repopulation in rats given depot GnRH agonist therapy for 10 weeks immediately post-exposure.
Animal Model:
LAC Porton rats (male, 7-9 weeks of age at end of experimental periods)[4]
Dosage:
250; 500 mg/kg/day
Administration:
i.g.; single dose (acute); daily for 15 days (high chronic); daily for 21 days (low chronic)
Result:
Caused significant region-dependent decreases in cerebral glucose utilization in high-acute-dose group, with cortical regions, inferior colliculus, and hippocampus most affected, and decreased regional unidirectional glucose flux and permeability-surface area product for glucose influx relative to controls, with no significant changes in regional cerebral blood flow. Caused significant region-dependent decreases in cerebral glucose utilization in high-chronic-dose group, with inferior colliculus most affected, and significant increases in PS_in in thalamus, hypothalamus, and medulla-pons, with significant region-dependent increases in cerebral blood flow in thalamus, postcingulate cortex, and auditory cortex, and increased regional brain glucose contents relative to controls. Showed no significant changes in cerebral glucose utilization in low-chronic-dose group, but caused significant region-dependent changes in J_in and PS_in in substantia nigra, auditory cortex, superior colliculus, cerebellum, and medulla-pons.
Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
Storage
Store at room temperature 3 years
In solvent
-80°C
2 years
-20°C
1 year
Solvent & Solubility
In Vitro:
DMSO : 200 mg/mL (1752.23 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)
Preparing Stock Solutions
ConcentrationSolventMass
1 mg
5 mg
10 mg
1 mM
8.7612 mL
43.8059 mL
87.6117 mL
5 mM
1.7522 mL
8.7612 mL
17.5223 mL
10 mM
0.8761 mL
4.3806 mL
8.7612 mL
View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table
*Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles. Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 1 year; -20°C, 6 months. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 1 year. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 6 months.
For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for in vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day. The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.
This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μLDMSO stock solution (50.0 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of Saline: Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution.
Protocol 2
Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)
Solubility: ≥ 5 mg/mL (43.81 mM); Clear solution
This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μLDMSO stock solution (50.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C, storage for one week): 2 g SBE-β-CD powder is dissolved in 10 mL Saline, completely dissolve until clear.
Protocol 3
Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% Corn Oil
Solubility: ≥ 5 mg/mL (43.81 mM); Clear solution
This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 5 mg/mL (saturation unknown). If the continuous dosing period exceeds half a month, please choose this protocol carefully.
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μLDMSO stock solution (50.0 mg/mL) to 900 μLCorn oil, and mix evenly.
In Vivo Dissolution Calculator
Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:
Dosage
mg/kg
Animal weight (per animal)
g
Dosing volume (per animal)
μL
Number of animals
Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.
Please enter your animal formula composition:
%
DMSO+
%
+
%
Tween-80
+
%
Saline
Recommended: Keep the proportion of DMSO in working solution below 2% if your animal is weak.
The co-solvents required include: DMSO,
. All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE).
, Tween 80. All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE).
Calculation results:
Working solution concentration:
mg/mL
Method for preparing stock solution:
mg
drug dissolved in
μL
DMSO (Stock solution concentration: mg/mL).
The concentration of the stock solution you require exceeds the measured solubility. The following solution is for reference only. If necessary, please contact MedChemExpress (MCE).
Method for preparing in vivo working solution for animal experiments: Take
μL DMSO stock solution, add
μL .
μL , mix evenly, next add
μL Tween 80, mix evenly, then add
μL Saline.
Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution
If the continuous dosing period exceeds half a month, please choose this protocol carefully.
Please ensure that the stock solution in the first step is dissolved to a clear state, and add co-solvents in sequence. You can use ultrasonic heating (ultrasonic cleaner, recommended frequency 20-40 kHz), vortexing, etc. to assist dissolution.
*Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles. Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 1 year; -20°C, 6 months. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 1 year. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 6 months.
Species cross-reactivity must be investigated individually for each product. Many human cytokines will produce a nice response in mouse cell lines, and many mouse proteins will show activity on human cells. Other proteins may have a lower specific activity when used in the opposite species.
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