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  4. Citric acid

Citric acid is a natural preservative and food tartness enhancer. Citric acid induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and S phase in HaCaT cells. Citric acid cause oxidative damage of the liver by means of the decrease of antioxidative enzyme activities. Citric acid is also an acidulant, emulsifier, sequestrant and buffering agent widely used across many industries.

For research use only. We do not sell to patients.

CAS No. : 77-92-9

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10 mM * 1 mL in DMSO
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Citric acid Related Antibodies

Top Publications Citing Use of Products

32 Publications Citing Use of MCE Citric acid

Cell Proliferation/Viability Assay
WB
Bio/Physico-chemical Assay
Cell Imaging/Staining

    Citric acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Adv Sci (Weinh). 2025 Nov 7:e18323.  [Abstract]

    Immunoblot analysis of FDX1 and mitochondrial marker TOMM20 in OSRC2 cells treated for 24 h with either FAC (Ammonium iron(III) citrate) 0–4 μM.

    Citric acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Adv Sci (Weinh). 2025 May 21:e2505359.  [Abstract]

    Ferroptosis was induced by erastin or FAC (Ammonium iron(III) citrate; 0-1600 μM) with different doses, and cell viability was analyzed by the CCK-8 after cells were treated for 2 days.

    Citric acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Adv Sci (Weinh). 2025 May 21:e2505359.  [Abstract]

    Intracellular ROS was assessed using the DCFH-DA probe after being treated with 30 µM erastin or 500 µM FAC (Ammonium iron(III) citrate) for 4 h.

    Citric acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Adv Sci (Weinh). 2025 May 21:e2505359.  [Abstract]

    Intracellular Fe2+ levels under 30 µM erastin or 500 µM FAC (Ammonium iron(III) citrate) treatment for 4 h were detected with the RhoNox-1(1μM; 1 h) fluorescent probe.

    Citric acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Adv Sci (Weinh). 2025 May 21:e2505359.  [Abstract]

    Representative images of ferroptotic cells among iPSC-RPE cells, De-iPSC-RPE cells, and iRPE cells treated with 30 µM erastin or 500 µM FAC (Ammonium iron(III) citrate) for 2 days.

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    • Biological Activity

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    Description

    Citric acid is a natural preservative and food tartness enhancer. Citric acid induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and S phase in HaCaT cells. Citric acid cause oxidative damage of the liver by means of the decrease of antioxidative enzyme activities. Citric acid is also an acidulant, emulsifier, sequestrant and buffering agent widely used across many industries[1][2][3][4].

    In Vitro

    Citric acid (0-12.5 mM; 24 h) shows antiproliferative activity in a dose dependent manner[3].
    Citric acid (12.5 mM; 72 h) induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and S phase in a dosedependent manner[3].
    Citric acid (12.5 mM; 48 h) increases the expression of FAS, BAX, BID, AIF, EndoG, cytochrome c, PARP, GADD153, GRP78 and caspase-3, -8, -9, and decreases of BCL-2 and BCL-Xl[3].

    MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

    Citric acid Related Antibodies

    Cell Viability Assay[3]

    Cell Line: HaCaT cells
    Concentration: 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5 mM
    Incubation Time: 24 h
    Result: Inhibited the cell viability in a dose dependent manner.

    Cell Cycle Analysis[3]

    Cell Line: HaCaT cells
    Concentration: 12.5 mM
    Incubation Time: 0, 12, 24, 48, 72 h
    Result: Induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and S phase in a dose-dependent manner.

    Western Blot Analysis[3]

    Cell Line: HaCaT cells
    Concentration: 12.5 mM
    Incubation Time: 12, 24, 48 h
    Result: Increased the expression of FAS, BAX, BID, AIF, EndoG, cytochrome c, PARP, GADD153, GRP78 and caspase-3, -8, -9, and decreased of BCL-2 and BCL-Xl.
    In Vivo

    Citric acid (120, 240, and 480 mg/kg; i.p.) significantly decreases GSH-Px activity and induces an increase in the MDA (malonyldialdehyde) levels in mouse liver[1].
    Citric acid (120, 240, and 480 mg/kg; i.p.) induces apoptosis by increases caspase-3 activity in a dose-dependent manner in mouse hepatocytes[1].
    Citric acid (120, 240, and 480 mg/kg; i.p.; weekly for 3 weeks) causes renal toxicity in mice[2].

    MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

    Animal Model: 20 g male Kunming mice[2]
    Dosage: 120, 240, 480 mg/kg
    Administration: i.p.; weekly for 3 weeks
    Result: T-SOD and GSH-Px activities in the treated groups decreased with increasing doses of citric acid, NOS activity tended to increase, and H2O2 and MDA contents gradually decreased.
    Clinical Trial
    Molecular Weight

    192.12

    Formula

    C6H8O7
    CAS No.
    Appearance

    Solid

    Color

    White to off-white

    SMILES

    OC(CC(CC(O)=O)(C(O)=O)O)=O
    Structure Classification
    Initial Source
    Shipping

    Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
    Storage

    Store at room temperature 3 years

    In solvent -80°C 2 years
    -20°C 1 year
    Solvent & Solubility
    In Vitro: 

    DMSO : 100 mg/mL (520.51 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)

    H2O : 100 mg/mL (520.51 mM; Need ultrasonic)

    Preparing
    Stock Solutions
    Concentration Solvent Mass 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg
    1 mM 5.2051 mL 26.0254 mL 52.0508 mL
    5 mM 1.0410 mL 5.2051 mL 10.4102 mL
    View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

    * Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
    Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 1 year; -20°C, 6 months. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 1 year. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 6 months.

    * Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

    • Molarity Calculator

    • Dilution Calculator

    Mass (g) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

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    Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)

    This equation is commonly abbreviated as: C1V1 = C2V2

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    In Vivo:

    Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.

    For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
    To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for in vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
    The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

    • Protocol 1

      Add each solvent one by one:  10% DMSO    40% PEG300    5% Tween-80    45% Saline

      Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (13.01 mM); Clear solution

      This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

      Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.

      Preparation of Saline: Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution.
    • Protocol 2

      Add each solvent one by one:  10% DMSO    90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)

      Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (13.01 mM); Clear solution

      This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

      Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.

      Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C, storage for one week): 2 g SBE-β-CD powder is dissolved in 10 mL Saline, completely dissolve until clear.

    For the following dissolution methods, please prepare the working solution directly. It is recommended to prepare fresh solutions and use them promptly within a short period of time.
    The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

    • Protocol 1

      Add each solvent one by one:  PBS

      Solubility: 100 mg/mL (520.51 mM); Clear solution; Need ultrasonic

    In Vivo Dissolution Calculator
    Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:

    Dosage

    mg/kg

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    Dosing volume
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    Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.
    Calculation results:
    Working solution concentration: mg/mL
    This product has good water solubility, please refer to the measured solubility data in water/PBS/Saline for details.
    The concentration of the stock solution you require exceeds the measured solubility. The following solution is for reference only.If necessary, please contact MedChemExpress (MCE).
    Purity & Documentation

    Purity: 99.93

    SDS (393 KB)

    COA (248 KB) HNMR (129 KB) RP-HPLC (230 KB) MS (299 KB)

    Handling Instructions (2659 KB)
    References

    Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

    * Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
    Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 1 year; -20°C, 6 months. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 1 year. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 6 months.

    Optional Solvent Concentration Solvent Mass 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg
    DMSO / H2O 1 mM 5.2051 mL 26.0254 mL 52.0508 mL 130.1270 mL
    5 mM 1.0410 mL 5.2051 mL 10.4102 mL 26.0254 mL
    10 mM 0.5205 mL 2.6025 mL 5.2051 mL 13.0127 mL
    15 mM 0.3470 mL 1.7350 mL 3.4701 mL 8.6751 mL
    20 mM 0.2603 mL 1.3013 mL 2.6025 mL 6.5064 mL
    25 mM 0.2082 mL 1.0410 mL 2.0820 mL 5.2051 mL
    30 mM 0.1735 mL 0.8675 mL 1.7350 mL 4.3376 mL
    40 mM 0.1301 mL 0.6506 mL 1.3013 mL 3.2532 mL
    50 mM 0.1041 mL 0.5205 mL 1.0410 mL 2.6025 mL
    60 mM 0.0868 mL 0.4338 mL 0.8675 mL 2.1688 mL
    80 mM 0.0651 mL 0.3253 mL 0.6506 mL 1.6266 mL
    100 mM 0.0521 mL 0.2603 mL 0.5205 mL 1.3013 mL

    * Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

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    Citric acid Related Classifications

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    • Do most proteins show cross-species activity?

      Species cross-reactivity must be investigated individually for each product. Many human cytokines will produce a nice response in mouse cell lines, and many mouse proteins will show activity on human cells. Other proteins may have a lower specific activity when used in the opposite species.

    Keywords:

    Citric acid77-92-9Environmental PollutantsBacterialEndogenous MetaboliteApoptosisEnvironmental Contaminantsantioxidativeapoptosisrenal toxicityMDA levelsmOxidative damageG2/M phaseS phaseHaCaT cellsInhibitorinhibitorinhibit

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