Cat. No.: HY-N1428

Citric acid

40 Cited Publications

Customer Review

Based on 40 publication(s) in Google Scholar

Citric acid is a natural preservative and food tartness enhancer. Citric acid induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and S phase in HaCaT cells. Citric acid cause oxidative damage of the liver by means of the decrease of antioxidative enzyme activities. Citric acid is also an acidulant, emulsifier, sequestrant and buffering agent widely used across many industries.

For research use only. We do not sell to patients.

Purity: 99.93
CAS No.: 77-92-9
Formula: C₆H₈O₇
Molecular Weight:192.12

Storage:

Store at room temperature 3 years.

In solvent -80°C, 2 years , -20°C, 1 year

Citric acid Chemical Structure

CAS No.: 77-92-9

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Biological Activity
- Description
- In Vitro
- In Vivo
- Clinical Trial
Chemical Information
Publications (40)
Solvent & Solubility
- In Vitro
- In Vivo
Purity & Documentation
References
Help & FAQs
Classifications
Bioz

Biological Activity

Description

All Endogenous Metabolite Isoforms :

In Vitro

Citric acid (0-12.5 mM; 24 h) shows antiproliferative activity in a dose dependent manner^[3].
Citric acid (12.5 mM; 72 h) induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and S phase in a dosedependent manner^[3].
Citric acid (12.5 mM; 48 h) increases the expression of FAS, BAX, BID, AIF, EndoG, cytochrome c, PARP, GADD153, GRP78 and caspase-3, -8, -9, and decreases of BCL-2 and BCL-Xl^[3].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Cell Viability Assay^[3]

Cell Line:

HaCaT cells
Concentration:

0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5 mM
Incubation Time:

24 h
Result:

Inhibited the cell viability in a dose dependent manner.

Cell Cycle Analysis^[3]

Cell Line:

HaCaT cells
Concentration:

12.5 mM
Incubation Time:

0, 12, 24, 48, 72 h
Result:

Induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and S phase in a dose-dependent manner.

Western Blot Analysis^[3]

Cell Line:

HaCaT cells
Concentration:

12.5 mM
Incubation Time:

12, 24, 48 h
Result:

Increased the expression of FAS, BAX, BID, AIF, EndoG, cytochrome c, PARP, GADD153, GRP78 and caspase-3, -8, -9, and decreased of BCL-2 and BCL-Xl.

In Vivo

Citric acid (120, 240, and 480 mg/kg; i.p.) significantly decreases GSH-Px activity and induces an increase in the MDA (malonyldialdehyde) levels in mouse liver^[1].
Citric acid (120, 240, and 480 mg/kg; i.p.) induces apoptosis by increases caspase-3 activity in a dose-dependent manner in mouse hepatocytes^[1].
Citric acid (120, 240, and 480 mg/kg; i.p.; weekly for 3 weeks) causes renal toxicity in mice^[2].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Animal Model:

20 g male Kunming mice^[2]
Dosage:

120, 240, 480 mg/kg
Administration:

i.p.; weekly for 3 weeks
Result:

T-SOD and GSH-Px activities in the treated groups decreased with increasing doses of citric acid, NOS activity tended to increase, and H2O2 and MDA contents gradually decreased.

Clinical Trial

NCT Number	Sponsor	Condition	Start Date	Phase A549
NCT01329991	Plexxikon\|		2011-05	PHASE1

Chemical Information

CAS No. 77-92-9
Appearance Solid
Molecular Weight 192.12
Formula C₆H₈O₇
Color White to off-white
SMILES

OC(CC(CC(O)=O)(C(O)=O)O)=O
Structure Classification
- Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids
Initial Source
- Endogenous metabolite
- Human Gut Microbiota Metabolites
- Microorganisms
Shipping

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.

Storage

Store at room temperature 3 years

In solvent	-80°C	2 years
	-20°C	1 year

Publications (40)

All Cell Proliferation/Viability AssayWBBio/Physico-chemical AssayCell Imaging/Staining

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Journal Impact Factor

Nature

Lithocholic acid phenocopies anti-ageing effects of calorie restriction. [Abstract]

2025 Jul;643(8070):192-200. PMID: 39695227
Cell

Stabilizing MARCH7 as a ferro-guardian against ferroptosis. [Abstract]

2026 Apr 27:S0092-8674(26)00388-0. PMID: 42049018
Mol Cancer

Hsa_circ_0038737 promotes PARPi resistance in castration-resistant prostate cancer via IGF2BP3-mediated DNPH1 mRNA stabilization. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 2;24(1):238. PMID: 41039575
Adv Sci (Weinh)

Fe-S Protein FDX1 Triggers Tumor-Intrinsic Innate Immunity via Mitochondrial Nucleic Acids Release to Orchestrate Ferroptosis in CCRCC. [Abstract]

2025 Nov 7:e18323. PMID: 41199656

Citric acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Adv Sci (Weinh). 2025 Nov 7:e18323. [Abstract]

Immunoblot analysis of FDX1 and mitochondrial marker TOMM20 in OSRC2 cells treated for 24 h with either FAC (Ammonium iron(III) citrate) 0–4 μM.
Adv Sci (Weinh)

Iron Overload Mediates the Differential Cell Fate of Astrocytes from Neurons and Its Regulatory Mechanisms in Ischemic Stroke. [Abstract]

2025 Nov 6:e07384. PMID: 41195589
Adv Sci (Weinh)

PHOSPHO1 Suppresses Ferroptosis in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells by Reducing the Levels of Phosphatidylethanolamine Molecular Species. [Abstract]

2025 May 21:e2505359. PMID: 40396905

Citric acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Adv Sci (Weinh). 2025 May 21:e2505359. [Abstract]

Ferroptosis was induced by erastin or FAC (Ammonium iron(III) citrate; 0-1600 μM) with different doses, and cell viability was analyzed by the CCK-8 after cells were treated for 2 days.

Citric acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Adv Sci (Weinh). 2025 May 21:e2505359. [Abstract]

Intracellular ROS was assessed using the DCFH-DA probe after being treated with 30 µM erastin or 500 µM FAC (Ammonium iron(III) citrate) for 4 h.

Citric acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Adv Sci (Weinh). 2025 May 21:e2505359. [Abstract]

Intracellular Fe2+ levels under 30 µM erastin or 500 µM FAC (Ammonium iron(III) citrate) treatment for 4 h were detected with the RhoNox-1(1μM; 1 h) fluorescent probe.

Citric acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Adv Sci (Weinh). 2025 May 21:e2505359. [Abstract]

Representative images of ferroptotic cells among iPSC-RPE cells, De-iPSC-RPE cells, and iRPE cells treated with 30 µM erastin or 500 µM FAC (Ammonium iron(III) citrate) for 2 days.
J Exp Clin Cancer Res

Genomic profiling of a collection of patient-derived xenografts and cell lines identified ixabepilone as an active drug against chemo-resistant osteosarcoma. [Abstract]

2025 Jul 8;44(1):195. PMID: 40624718
Cell Rep Med

Bacterial vesicles from intratumoral L. salivarius enhance PD-1 blockade via FPR1-mediated macrophage polarization in gastric cancer. [Abstract]

2026 Feb 17;7(2):102621. PMID: 41707647
Int J Biol Sci

IL-6 signaling accelerates iron overload by upregulating DMT1 in endothelial cells to promote aortic dissection. [Abstract]

2024 Aug 6;20(11):4222-4237. PMID: 39247821
Food Chem

Flavonoid-mediated metabolic underpinning quality variation in red bud-sport pear mutants. [Abstract]

2025 May 31:489:144992. PMID: 40466530
Food Chem

Discovery of novel ascorbic acid derivatives and other metabolites in fruit of Rosa roxburghii Tratt through untargeted metabolomics and feature-based molecular networking. [Abstract]

2023 Mar 30;405(Pt A):134807. PMID: 36370576
Phytomedicine

Tanshinone IIA promotes ferroptosis in cutaneous melanoma via STAT1-mediated upregulation of PTGS2 expression. [Abstract]

2025 Apr 5:141:156702. PMID: 40222167
Free Radic Biol Med

Inhibiting Arachidonate-5-lipoxygenase expression ameliorates osteoarthritis progression by suppressing ferroptosis via the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. [Abstract]

2026 Mar 16:246:334-349. PMID: 41581577
Regen Biomater

Polyzwitterion-grafted decellularized bovine intercostal arteries as new substitutes of small-diameter arteries for vascular regeneration. [Abstract]

2024 Aug 22:11:rbae098. PMID: 39224131
Food Res Int

2026 Feb 6.
Diabetes

Cooperative Action of Cathepsin K Inhibitor and hUMSC-EVs in Attenuating Ferroptosis Sensitivity for Superior Diabetic Wound Healing. [Abstract]

2026 Jun 1;75(6):1007-1023. PMID: 41979994
Biomed Pharmacother

Celastrol alleviated acute kidney injury by inhibition of ferroptosis through Nrf2/GPX4 pathway. [Abstract]

2023 Oct:166:115333. PMID: 37598476
J Agric Food Chem

Polystyrene Microplastics Induced Hepatocytes Pyroptosis, Apoptosis and Ferroptosis via GSDMD-N-Mediated Mitochondrial Damage. [Abstract]

2026 Apr 29;74(16):13213-13229. PMID: 41980172
Front Immunol

Single-cell sequencing decodes the secrets of the RAP phenomenon of corticotomy. [Abstract]

2024 Oct 1:15:1397727. PMID: 39430747
Biochem Pharmacol

5-Methoxyseselin inhibits neuronal ferroptosis and β-amyloid production in female APP/PS1 transgenic mice. [Abstract]

2026 Jun 25;251(Pt 2):118188. PMID: 42349617
Life Sci

Homogentisic acid metabolism inhibits papillary thyroid carcinoma proliferation through ROS and p21-induced cell cycle arrest. [Abstract]

2024 Jun 15:347:122682. PMID: 38702025
Drug Des Devel Ther

Systematic Pharmacology and Experimental Validation to Reveal the Alleviation of Astragalus membranaceus Regulating Ferroptosis in Osteoarthritis. [Abstract]

2024 Feb 1:18:259-275. PMID: 38318502
Int J Mol Sci

SLC25A28 Ameliorates Hyperoxic Lung Injury by Improving Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation in Alveolar Epithelial Cells. [Abstract]

2026 Apr 8;27(8):3357. PMID: 42074001
mBio

The long noncoding RNA APR attenuates PPRV infection-induced accumulation of intracellular iron to inhibit membrane lipid peroxidation and viral replication. [Abstract]

2025 Mar 24:e0012725. PMID: 40126010
Bioengineered

ADAMTS-13-regulated nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 signaling inhibits ferroptosis to ameliorate cisplatin-induced acute kidney injuy. [Abstract]

2021 Dec;12(2):11610-11621. PMID: 34666603
Front Mol Biosci

NPC1 Deficiency Contributes to Autophagy-Dependent Ferritinophagy in HEI-OC1 Auditory Cells. [Abstract]

2022 Jul 22:9:952608. PMID: 35936782
Insect Biochem Mol Biol

Development of an efficient insecticide substrate and inhibitor screening system of insect P450s using fission yeast. [Abstract]

2023 Jun:157:103958. PMID: 37182814
Biol Trace Elem Res

SIRT1 Regulates Iron Metabolism to Attenuate β-Cell Dedifferentiation by Inhibiting FoxO1 Acetylation. [Abstract]

2025 Jun 13. PMID: 40512369
Bone

The protection of nicotinamide riboside against diabetes mellitus-induced bone loss via OXPHOS. [Abstract]

2025 Jan 28:193:117411. PMID: 39884488
Biol Trace Elem Res

Antagonizing Effects of Chromium Against Iron-Decreased Glucose Uptake by Regulating ROS-Mediated PI3K/Akt/GLUT4 Signaling Pathway in C2C12. [Abstract]

2024 Feb;202(2):701-712. PMID: 37156991
BMC Complement Med Ther

Hepatotoxicity prediction for traditional Chinese medicine: a two-step in silico framework integrating network and machine learning approaches. [Abstract]

2026 Apr 2;26(1):177. PMID: 41923057
PLoS Negl Trop Dis

The phytochemical arbutin exerts potent anti-Toxoplasma effects through activation of cell-autonomous defense mechanisms while attenuating inflammation. [Abstract]

2025 Dec 11;19(12):e0013815. PMID: 41379884
J Sep Sci

Cell Metabolomics Reveals the Hepatotoxic Mechanism of Copper in Normal Rat Liver Cells Using Reversed-Phase and Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography-Quadrupole-Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. [Abstract]

2025 Nov;48(11):e70312. PMID: 41172059
J Biochem Mol Toxicol

Ferroptosis and Lipid Peroxidation Participate in Valproic Acid-Induced Hepatotoxicity via the Long-chain Acyl-CoA Synthetase 4/Glutathione Peroxidase 4 Pathway. [Abstract]

2025 Oct;39(10):e70484. PMID: 40990894
New J Chem

03 Aug 2022.
bioRxiv

2026 Jun 2.
Res Sq

2025 Aug 08.
bioRxiv

Ciclopirox suppresses poxvirus replication by targeting iron metabolism. [Abstract]

2025 Jul 24:2025.07.24.666650. PMID: 40777304
Oxid Med Cell Longev

HO-1 Contributes to Luteolin-Triggered Ferroptosis in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma via Increasing the Labile Iron Pool and Promoting Lipid Peroxidation. [Abstract]

2022 Apr 25;2022:3846217. PMID: 35656025
Research Square Preprint

2021 Jul.

Solvent & Solubility

In Vitro:

DMSO : 100 mg/mL (520.51 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)

H₂O : 100 mg/mL (520.51 mM; Need ultrasonic)

View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Preparing Stock Solutions

View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Concentration Solvent Mass

1 mg

5 mg

10 mg

Concentration

Solvent

Mass

1 mM

5.2051 mL

26.0254 mL

52.0508 mL

5 mM

1.0410 mL

5.2051 mL

10.4102 mL

10 mM

0.5205 mL

2.6025 mL

5.2051 mL

Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.

Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 2 years; -20°C, 1 year. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 2 years. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 year.

* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

Molarity Calculator

Mass (g) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

Mass Mass

Concentration Concentration

Volume Volume

Molecular Weight Molecular Weight

Dilution Calculator

Concentration _(start) × Volume _(start) = Concentration _(final) × Volume _(final)

Concentration _(start) Concentration _(start)

Volume _(start) Volume _(start)

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In Vivo:

Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.

Stock Solution Working Solution

For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for In Vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

Protocol 1

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 45% Saline

Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (13.01 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.

Protocol 2

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)

Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (13.01 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.

Protocol 3

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% Corn Oil

Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (13.01 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown). If the continuous dosing period exceeds half a month, please choose this protocol carefully.

Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL Corn oil, and mix evenly.

Working Solution

For the following dissolution methods, please prepare the working solution directly:

It is recommended to prepare fresh solutions and use them promptly within a short period of time.

The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

Protocol 1

Add each solvent one by one: PBS

Solubility: 100 mg/mL (520.51 mM); Clear solution; Need ultrasonic

In Vivo Dissolution Calculator

Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:

Dosage Dosage
mg/kg
Animal Weight (Per Animal) Animal Weight (Per Animal)
g
Dosing Volume (Per Animal) Dosing Volume (Per Animal)
μL
Number of Animals Number of Animals

Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.

Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.

Working solution concentration: 0.22 mg/mL

This product has good water solubility, please refer to the measured solubility data in water/PBS/Saline for details.

The concentration of the stock solution you require exceeds the measured solubility. The following solution is for reference only.If necessary, please contact

MedChemExpress (MCE) .

Purity & Documentation

Select Batch:

Purity: 99.98%

Assay: 99.98%

ee.: 99.98%

Data Sheet (279 KB)
SDS (394 KB)
- English - EN (394 KB)
- Français - FR (394 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (394 KB)
- Norwegian - NO (394 KB)
- Español - ES (394 KB)
- Swedish - SV (394 KB)
- Italian - IT (394 KB)
- Korean - KR (394 KB)
- Portuguese - PT (394 KB)
COA (2659 KB)
Elemental Analysis Report (2659 KB)
HNMR (2659 KB)
CNMR (2659 KB)
RP-HPLC (2659 KB)
NP-HPLC (2659 KB)
MS (2659 KB)
LCMS (2659 KB)
IR (2659 KB)
GC (2659 KB)
OR (2659 KB)
SDS-PAGE (2659 KB)
SEC-HPLC (2659 KB)
Other Report (2659 KB)
Handling Instructions (2659 KB)

References

[1]. Chen X, et al. Study on injury effect of food additive citric acid on liver tissue in mice. Cytotechnology. 2014 Mar;66(2):275-82. [Content Brief]

[2]. Chen X, Lv Q, Liu Y, Deng W. Effects of the food additive, citric acid, on kidney cells of mice. Biotech Histochem. 2015 Jan;90(1):38-44. [Content Brief]

[3]. Ying TH, et al. Citric acid induces cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis of human immortalized keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) via caspase- and mitochondrial-dependent signaling pathways. Anticancer Res. 2013 Oct;33(10):4411-20. [Content Brief]

[4]. Ciriminna R, et al. Citric acid: emerging applications of key biotechnology industrial product. Chem Cent J. 2017 Mar 8;11:22. [Content Brief]

Help & FAQs

How should lyophilized recombinant proteins be reconstituted and stored?

1. Before opening the cap, centrifuge the vial at 13000 rpm for 20-30 seconds. This step will ensure that any lyophilized powder that may have adhered to the cap or walls is collected at the bottom of the vial, minimizing the risk of product loss.

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 2 years; -20°C, 1 year. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 2 years. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 year.

Optional Solvent	Concentration Solvent Mass	1 mg	5 mg	10 mg	25 mg
DMSO / H₂O	1 mM	5.2051 mL	26.0254 mL	52.0508 mL	130.1270 mL
	5 mM	1.0410 mL	5.2051 mL	10.4102 mL	26.0254 mL
	10 mM	0.5205 mL	2.6025 mL	5.2051 mL	13.0127 mL
	15 mM	0.3470 mL	1.7350 mL	3.4701 mL	8.6751 mL
	20 mM	0.2603 mL	1.3013 mL	2.6025 mL	6.5064 mL
	25 mM	0.2082 mL	1.0410 mL	2.0820 mL	5.2051 mL
	30 mM	0.1735 mL	0.8675 mL	1.7350 mL	4.3376 mL
	40 mM	0.1301 mL	0.6506 mL	1.3013 mL	3.2532 mL
	50 mM	0.1041 mL	0.5205 mL	1.0410 mL	2.6025 mL
	60 mM	0.0868 mL	0.4338 mL	0.8675 mL	2.1688 mL
	80 mM	0.0651 mL	0.3253 mL	0.6506 mL	1.6266 mL
	100 mM	0.0521 mL	0.2603 mL	0.5205 mL	1.3013 mL

* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

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Citric acid

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Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) Citric acid

All Endogenous Metabolite Isoforms

Biological Activity

Chemical Information

Publications (40)

Solvent & Solubility

Purity & Documentation

References