Cat. No.: HY-N1428A

Citric acid monohydrate

10 Cited Publications

Customer Review

Based on 10 publication(s) in Google Scholar

Citric acid monohydrate is a natural preservative and food tartness enhancer. Citric acid monohydrate induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and S phase in HaCaT cells. Citric acid monohydrate cause oxidative damage of the liver by means of the decrease of antioxidative enzyme activities. Citric acid monohydrate is also an acidulant, emulsifier, sequestrant and buffering agent widely used across many industries.

For research use only. We do not sell to patients.

Purity: 98.0%
CAS No.: 5949-29-1
Formula: C₆H₁₀O₈
Molecular Weight:210.14

Storage:

Store at room temperature, keep dry and cool.

In solvent -80°C, 1 year , -20°C, 6 months

Citric acid monohydrate Chemical Structure

CAS No.: 5949-29-1

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Biological Activity
- Description
- IC₅₀ & Target
- In Vitro
- In Vivo
Chemical Information
Publications (10)
Solvent & Solubility
- In Vitro
- In Vivo
Purity & Documentation
References
Help & FAQs
Classifications
Bioz

Biological Activity

Description

IC₅₀ & Target

Human Endogenous Metabolite

All Endogenous Metabolite Isoforms :

In Vitro

Citric acid (0-12.5 mM; 24 h) monohydrate shows antiproliferative activity in a dose dependent manner^[3].
Citric acid (12.5 mM; 72 h) monohydrate induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and S phase in a dosedependent manner^[3].
Citric acid (12.5 mM; 48 h) monohydrate increases the expression of FAS, BAX, BID, AIF, EndoG, cytochrome c, PARP, GADD153, GRP78 and caspase-3, -8, -9, and decreases of BCL-2 and BCL-Xl^[3].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Cell Viability Assay^[3]

Cell Line:

HaCaT cells
Concentration:

0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5 mM
Incubation Time:

24 h
Result:

Inhibited the cell viability in a dose dependent manner.

Cell Cycle Analysis^[3]

Cell Line:

HaCaT cells
Concentration:

12.5 mM
Incubation Time:

0, 12, 24, 48, 72 h
Result:

Induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and S phase in a dosedependent manner.

Western Blot Analysis^[3]

Cell Line:

HaCaT cells
Concentration:

12.5 mM
Incubation Time:

12, 24, 48 h
Result:

Increased the expression of FAS, BAX, BID, AIF, EndoG, cytochrome c, PARP, GADD153, GRP78 and caspase-3, -8, -9, and decreased of BCL-2 and BCL-Xl.

In Vivo

Citric acid (120, 240, and 480 mg/kg; i.p.) monohydrate significantly decreases GSH-Px activity and induces an increase in the MDA (malonyldialdehyde) levels in mouse liver^[1].
Citric acid (120, 240, and 480 mg/kg; i.p.) monohydrate induces apoptosis by increases caspase-3 activity in a dose-dependent manner in mouse hepatocytes^[1].
Citric acid (120, 240, and 480 mg/kg; i.p.; weekly for 3 weeks) monohydrate causes renal toxicity in mice^[2].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Animal Model:

20 g male Kunming mice^[2]
Dosage:

120, 240, 480 mg/kg
Administration:

I.p.; weekly for 3 weeks
Result:

T-SOD and GSH-Px activities in the treated groups decreased with increasing doses of citric acid, NOS activity tended to increase, and H2O2 and MDA contents gradually decreased.

Chemical Information

CAS No. 5949-29-1
Appearance Solid
Molecular Weight 210.14
Formula C₆H₁₀O₈
Color White to off-white
SMILES

O=C(CC(C(O)=O)(O)CC(O)=O)O.O
Initial Source

Aspergillus niger
Shipping

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.

Storage

Store at room temperature, keep dry and cool

In solvent	-80°C	1 year
	-20°C	6 months

Publications (10)

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Journal Impact Factor

Nature

Lithocholic acid phenocopies anti-ageing effects of calorie restriction. [Abstract]

2025 Jul;643(8070):192-200. PMID: 39695227
Mol Cancer

Hsa_circ_0038737 promotes PARPi resistance in castration-resistant prostate cancer via IGF2BP3-mediated DNPH1 mRNA stabilization. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 2;24(1):238. PMID: 41039575
Cell Rep Med

Bacterial vesicles from intratumoral L. salivarius enhance PD-1 blockade via FPR1-mediated macrophage polarization in gastric cancer. [Abstract]

2026 Feb 17;7(2):102621. PMID: 41707647
Food Chem

Flavonoid-mediated metabolic underpinning quality variation in red bud-sport pear mutants. [Abstract]

2025 May 31:489:144992. PMID: 40466530
Food Chem

Discovery of novel ascorbic acid derivatives and other metabolites in fruit of Rosa roxburghii Tratt through untargeted metabolomics and feature-based molecular networking. [Abstract]

2023 Mar 30;405(Pt A):134807. PMID: 36370576
Food Res Int

2026 Feb 6.
Life Sci

Homogentisic acid metabolism inhibits papillary thyroid carcinoma proliferation through ROS and p21-induced cell cycle arrest. [Abstract]

2024 Jun 15:347:122682. PMID: 38702025
BMC Complement Med Ther

Hepatotoxicity prediction for traditional Chinese medicine: a two-step in silico framework integrating network and machine learning approaches. [Abstract]

2026 Apr 2;26(1):177. PMID: 41923057
J Sep Sci

Cell Metabolomics Reveals the Hepatotoxic Mechanism of Copper in Normal Rat Liver Cells Using Reversed-Phase and Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography-Quadrupole-Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. [Abstract]

2025 Nov;48(11):e70312. PMID: 41172059
New J Chem

03 Aug 2022.

Solvent & Solubility

In Vitro:

H₂O : 200 mg/mL (951.75 mM; Need ultrasonic)

DMSO : 100 mg/mL (475.87 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)

View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Preparing Stock Solutions

View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Concentration Solvent Mass

1 mg

5 mg

10 mg

Concentration

Solvent

Mass

1 mM

4.7587 mL

23.7937 mL

47.5873 mL

5 mM

0.9517 mL

4.7587 mL

9.5175 mL

10 mM

0.4759 mL

2.3794 mL

4.7587 mL

Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.

Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 1 year; -20°C, 6 months. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 1 year. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 6 months.

* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

Molarity Calculator

Mass (g) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

Mass Mass

Concentration Concentration

Volume Volume

Molecular Weight Molecular Weight

Dilution Calculator

Concentration _(start) × Volume _(start) = Concentration _(final) × Volume _(final)

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Volume _(start) Volume _(start)

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In Vivo:

Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.

Stock Solution Working Solution

For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for In Vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

Protocol 1

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 45% Saline

Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (11.90 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.

Protocol 2

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)

Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (11.90 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.

Protocol 3

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% Corn Oil

Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (11.90 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown). If the continuous dosing period exceeds half a month, please choose this protocol carefully.

Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL Corn oil, and mix evenly.

In Vivo Dissolution Calculator

Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:

Dosage Dosage
mg/kg
Animal Weight (Per Animal) Animal Weight (Per Animal)
g
Dosing Volume (Per Animal) Dosing Volume (Per Animal)
μL
Number of Animals Number of Animals

Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.

Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.

Working solution concentration: 0.22 mg/mL

This product has good water solubility, please refer to the measured solubility data in water/PBS/Saline for details.

The concentration of the stock solution you require exceeds the measured solubility. The following solution is for reference only.If necessary, please contact

MedChemExpress (MCE) .

Purity & Documentation

Select Batch:

Purity: 99.98%

Assay: 99.98%

ee.: 99.98%

Data Sheet (281 KB)
SDS (393 KB)
- English - EN (393 KB)
- Français - FR (393 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (393 KB)
- Norwegian - NO (393 KB)
- Español - ES (393 KB)
- Swedish - SV (393 KB)
- Italian - IT (393 KB)
- Korean - KR (393 KB)
- Portuguese - PT (393 KB)
COA (2659 KB)
Elemental Analysis Report (2659 KB)
HNMR (2659 KB)
CNMR (2659 KB)
RP-HPLC (2659 KB)
NP-HPLC (2659 KB)
MS (2659 KB)
LCMS (2659 KB)
IR (2659 KB)
GC (2659 KB)
OR (2659 KB)
SDS-PAGE (2659 KB)
SEC-HPLC (2659 KB)
Other Report (2659 KB)
Handling Instructions (2659 KB)

References

[1]. Chen X, et al. Study on injury effect of food additive citric acid on liver tissue in mice. Cytotechnology. 2014 Mar;66(2):275-82. [Content Brief]

[2]. Chen X, Lv Q, Liu Y, Deng W. Effects of the food additive, citric acid, on kidney cells of mice. Biotech Histochem. 2015 Jan;90(1):38-44. [Content Brief]

[3]. Ying TH, et al. Citric acid induces cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis of human immortalized keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) via caspase- and mitochondrial-dependent signaling pathways. Anticancer Res. 2013 Oct;33(10):4411-20. [Content Brief]

[4]. Ciriminna R, et al. Citric acid: emerging applications of key biotechnology industrial product. Chem Cent J. 2017 Mar 8;11:22. [Content Brief]

Help & FAQs

How should lyophilized recombinant proteins be reconstituted and stored?

1. Before opening the cap, centrifuge the vial at 13000 rpm for 20-30 seconds. This step will ensure that any lyophilized powder that may have adhered to the cap or walls is collected at the bottom of the vial, minimizing the risk of product loss.

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 1 year; -20°C, 6 months. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 1 year. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 6 months.

Optional Solvent	Concentration Solvent Mass	1 mg	5 mg	10 mg	25 mg
DMSO / H₂O	1 mM	4.7587 mL	23.7937 mL	47.5873 mL	118.9683 mL
	5 mM	0.9517 mL	4.7587 mL	9.5175 mL	23.7937 mL
	10 mM	0.4759 mL	2.3794 mL	4.7587 mL	11.8968 mL
	15 mM	0.3172 mL	1.5862 mL	3.1725 mL	7.9312 mL
	20 mM	0.2379 mL	1.1897 mL	2.3794 mL	5.9484 mL
	25 mM	0.1903 mL	0.9517 mL	1.9035 mL	4.7587 mL
	30 mM	0.1586 mL	0.7931 mL	1.5862 mL	3.9656 mL
	40 mM	0.1190 mL	0.5948 mL	1.1897 mL	2.9742 mL
	50 mM	0.0952 mL	0.4759 mL	0.9517 mL	2.3794 mL
	60 mM	0.0793 mL	0.3966 mL	0.7931 mL	1.9828 mL
	80 mM	0.0595 mL	0.2974 mL	0.5948 mL	1.4871 mL
	100 mM	0.0476 mL	0.2379 mL	0.4759 mL	1.1897 mL

* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

Keywords

Citric acid monohydrate

10 Cited Publications

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Citric acid monohydrate

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Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) Citric acid monohydrate

All Endogenous Metabolite Isoforms

Biological Activity

Chemical Information

Publications (10)

Solvent & Solubility

Purity & Documentation

References

Help & FAQs

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Citric acid monohydrate Related Classifications

HY-N1428A Related Classifications