2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Caspase

Caspase

Caspase

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Caspase is a family of cysteine proteases that play essential roles in apoptosis (programmed cell death), necrosis, and inflammation. There are two types of apoptotic caspases: initiator (apical) caspases and effector (executioner) caspases. Initiator caspases (e.g., CASP2, CASP8, CASP9, and CASP10) cleave inactive pro-forms of effector caspases, thereby activating them. Effector caspases (e.g., CASP3, CASP6, CASP7) in turn cleave other protein substrates within the cell, to trigger the apoptotic process. The initiation of this cascade reaction is regulated by caspase inhibitors. CASP4 and CASP5, which are overexpressed in some cases of vitiligo and associated autoimmune diseases caused by NALP1 variants, are not currently classified as initiator or effector in MeSH, because they are inflammatory enzymes that, in concert with CASP1, are involved in T-cell maturation.

Caspase Isoform Specific Products:

Caspase Isoform Comparison
Cat. No. 상품명 효과 Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-N0909
    Notoginsenoside R2
    		Inhibitor 99.80%
    Notoginsenoside R2 (20(S)-Notoginsenoside R2; Ginsenoside Ng-R2) is an orally active notoginsenoside. Notoginsenoside R2 activates P90RSK and Nrf2 via the MEK1/2-ERK1/2 pathway to inhibit 6-OHDA-induced apoptotic damage in nerve cells. Notoginsenoside R2 upregulates SOX8/β-catenin by reducing miR-27a, thereby suppressing Aβ25-35-induced neuronal apoptosis and inflammatory responses. Notoginsenoside R2 alleviates lipid accumulation and mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetic nephropathy by inhibiting c-Src. Notoginsenoside R2 alleviates hepatic fibrosis by inducing hepatic stellate cell senescence and inhibiting the inflammatory microenvironment via JAK/STAT3 suppression. Notoginsenoside R2 can be used in research related to Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, diabetic nephropathy and hepatic fibrosis.
    Notoginsenoside R2
  • HY-125857A
    Cytochrome C (equine heart)
    Cytochrome C (equine heart) is composed of 104 amino acids and is a nuclear-encoded mitochondrial protein. Cytochrome C (equine heart) is involved in mitochondrial electron transport and intrinsic type II apoptosis. Cytochrome C (equine heart) can act as a single electron carrier.
    Cytochrome C (equine heart)
  • HY-171767
    SK2188
    		Inducer 99.87%
    SK2188 is a highly efficient and selective PROTAC degrader targeting AURKA (DC50 = 3.9 nM). SK2188 induces DNA damage and cell apoptosis. SK2188 indirectly degrades MYCN, inhibits tumor cell proliferation, and provides insights into the study of MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma (Pink: AURKA ligand: MK-5108 (HY-13252); Blue: Thalidomide (HY-14658); Black: Linker: Amino-PEG4-alcohol (HY-W008005)).
    SK2188
  • HY-W040329R
    2'-Deoxyadenosine (Standard)
    		Activator
    2'-Deoxyadenosine (Standard) is the analytical standard of 2'-Deoxyadenosine (HY-W040329). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. 2′-Deoxyadenosine is an adenine nucleoside that inhibits glucose-stimulated insulin release. 2′-Deoxyadenosine inhibits glucose-stimulated increases seen in islet cyclic AMP (cAMP) accumulation. 2'-Deoxyadenosine activates caspase-3 and promotes apoptosis. 2'-Deoxyadenosine inhibits the activity of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase (SAHH). 2'-Deoxyadenosine inhibits the growth of various cells. 2'-Deoxyadenosine has an anticancer effect on colon cancer.
    2'-Deoxyadenosine (Standard)
  • HY-13721
    Phenoxodiol
    		Activator 99.89%
    Phenoxodiol (Idronoxil), a synthetic analog of Genestein, activates the mitochondrial caspase system, inhibits XIAP (an apoptosis inhibitor), and sensitizes the cancer cells to Fas-mediated apoptosis. Phenoxodiol also inhibits DNA topoisomerase II by stabilizing the cleavable complex. Phenoxodiol induces cell cycle arrest in the G1/S phase of the cell cycle and upregulates p21WAF1 via a p53 independent manner.
    Phenoxodiol
  • HY-169259
    HDAC9-IN-1
    		Modulator
    HDAC9-IN-1 is a selective class IIa HDAC inhibitor that binds to HDAC9 with an IC50 of 40 nM. HDAC9-IN-1 potently inhibits HDACs 4 and 7 while showing weak activity against HDAC6 (IC50 values: 180 nM (HDAC4), 190 nM (HDAC7), 970 nM (HDAC6)). HDAC9-IN-1 significantly inhibits several human cancer cells, induces apoptosis and DNA damage in human cancer cells, and modulates caspase-related proteins and p38 in human cancer cells. HDAC9-IN-1 can be used for the research of oral cancer, breast cancer, gastric cancer.
    HDAC9-IN-1
  • HY-P2091
    Ac-YVAD-pNA
    		98.01%
    Ac-YVAD-pNA is a specific Caspase-1 substrate. Ac-YVAD-pNA can be used to detect Caspase-1 activity. Caspase-1 is a key mediator of inflammatory processes.
    Ac-YVAD-pNA
  • HY-P6440
    Met-12
    		Inhibitor 99.66%
    Met-12 is a small peptide inhibitor of the Fas receptor. Met-12 can inhibit Fas receptor-mediated photoreceptor cell apoptosis, reduce Caspase activation. Met-12 can be used in the research of photoreceptor.
    Met-12
  • HY-139702
    α5β1 integrin agonist-1
    		Activator 99.67%
    α5β1 integrin agonist-1 is an α5β1 integrin agonist, with an EC50 of 1.5 nM. α5β1 integrin agonist-1 inhabits α4β1 integrin (IC50 = 2.99 μM) in Jurkat/VCAM-1 adhesion assayα5β1 integrin agonist-1 induces concentration-dependent apoptosis and activates the caspase 3/7 pathway in α5β1 integrin-expressing K562 cancer cells. α5β1 integrin agonist-1 can be used for the study of cancer.
    α5β1 integrin agonist-1
  • HY-P1380A
    Difopein TFA
    		Activator
    Difopein TFA is a 14-3-3 protein inhibitor. Difopein TFA acts as an apoptosis inducer, regulates apoptosis-related proteins, downregulates Bcl-2, upregulates Bax, activates caspase-9 and caspase-3, and induces nuclear fragmentation, membrane-enclosed apoptotic bodies and DNA ladder formation. Difopein TFA serves as a tumor growth inhibitor, which inhibits the proliferation of glioma cells and induces their apoptosis in in vivo nude mouse models. Difopein TFA is applicable to glioma-related research.
    Difopein TFA
  • HY-118020A
    Loliolide
    		Inhibitor 99.92%
    Loliolide (Loliolid) is a β-carotene metabolite. Loliolide reduces caspase 3, 8, 9 expression, enhances PI3K, AKT, SIRT1, inhibits ROS, apoptosis, and blocks NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation. Loliolide protects mitochondria, reduces oxidative stress, and increases cell viability in neuroblastoma cells. Loliolide can be used for the research of UV-induced skin damage and Parkinson’s disease.
    Loliolide
  • HY-19676
    Pralnacasan
    		Inhibitor 99.83%
    Pralnacasan (VX-740) is a potent, selective, non-peptide and orally active interleukin-1β converting enzyme (ICE, caspase 1) inhibitor with a Ki of 1.4 nM. Pralnacasan inhibits proinflammatory cytokines IL-18, IL-1β , and IFN-γ. Pralnacasan has the potential for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis treatment.
    Pralnacasan
  • HY-125305
    Z-AEVD-FMK
    		Inhibitor
    Z-AEVD-FMK is a caspase-10 inhibitor. Z-AEVD-FMK can inhibit the activation of Bid and the release of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) in mitochondria in cells, resulting in a significant decrease in the number of apoptotic cells.
    Z-AEVD-FMK
  • HY-155374
    PP5-IN-1
    		Activator 99.47%
    PP5-IN-1 is a competitive and selective serine/threonine protein phosphatase 5 (PP5) inhibitor with a Ki value of 244 nM. PP5-IN-1 induces extrinsic apoptosis (Apoptosis), disrupts the integrity of complex II, and activates Caspase 8. PP5-IN-1 can be used in research related to clear cell renal cell carcinoma.
    PP5-IN-1
  • HY-N0699
    Daphnoretin
    		Activator 99.83%
    Daphnoretin (Dephnoretin; Thymelol) is a protein kinase C (PKC) activator that inhibits the expression of hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen (HBsAg) and exhibits antiviral activity. Daphnoretin exerts its antitumor effects by inhibiting the activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and triggers the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. Daphnoretin alleviates chondrocyte apoptosis and inflammatory responses by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Daphnoretin regulates the differentiation and maturation of dendritic cells, inhibits their immunostimulatory function by downregulating the phosphorylation level of JNK, and thus exerts a protective effect in skin graft rejection.
    Daphnoretin
  • HY-P10387
    RSM3
    		Modulator
    RSM3 is a METTL3-METTL14 complex inhibitor with a Kd of 3.10 μM for the METTL3-METTL14 complex. RSM3 reduces the m6A modification level of SLC31A1 and the global RNA methylation level. RSM3 upregulates programmed cell death-related genes, enhances cell apoptosis, inhibits pro-cancer signals and suppresses tumor growth. RSM3 is applicable to the research of preeclampsia and cancer.
    RSM3
  • HY-129440
    N-(p-Coumaroyl) Serotonin
    		Inhibitor 99.03%
    N-(p-Coumaroyl) Serotonin is an orally active polyphenol found in safflower seeds with potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antitumor activities. N-(p-Coumaroyl) Serotonin suppresses NF‑κB, TLR4/MyD88 and MAPK signaling, activates NQO1/HO‑1 pathways, and inhibits pro‑inflammatory cytokines, iNOS and COX‑2 and ROS production. N-(p-Coumaroyl) Serotonin induces S‑phase arrest and apoptosis in glioblastoma cells, reduces atherosclerotic lesions, and alleviates renal and vascular injuries. N-(p-Coumaroyl) Serotonin acts as a vasodilator, regulates calcium dynamics. N-(p-Coumaroyl) Serotonin can be used for the research of neurodegenerative diseases, atherosclerosis, glioblastoma, and acute renal failure.
    N-(p-Coumaroyl) Serotonin
  • HY-114243
    DpC
    		Activator 98.73%
    DpC is a selective, orally active iron chelator with anticancer activity. DpC acts on signaling pathway-related targets such as JNK, NF-κB, and its activity is competitively inhibited by another iron chelator Dp44mT (HY-18973). By chelating intracellular iron and copper ions in tumor cells to form redox-active complexes, DpC induces oxidative stress, activates the JNK, NF-κB pathways and downregulates IκBα, upregulates the expressions of neuroglobin and cytoglobin, activates caspase 3/9 to induce tumor cell apoptosis. It also overcomes P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance through a lysosome-targeting mechanism, and exhibits broad-spectrum synergistic effects when combined with various chemotherapeutic agents. DpC inhibits tumor metastasis and increases TNF-α levels in the tumor microenvironment to enhance endogenous immune responses. DpC is applicable to the research of various malignancies including neuroblastoma, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer, and breast cancer.
    DpC
  • HY-109076
    Tigilanol tiglate
    		Activator
    Tigilanol tiglate (EBC-46) is a protein kinase C (PKC)/C1 domain activator. Tigilanol tiglate is associated with mitochondrial/endoplasmic reticulum (ER) dysfunction, leading to activation of the unfolded protein response (UPRmt/ER) and subsequent induction of ATP depletion, organelles expansion, Caspase activation, gasdermin E cleavage, and terminal necrosis. Tigilanol tiglate, as a small anti-tumor molecule with immunomodulatory effects, can be used in the study of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and soft tissue sarcoma.
    Tigilanol tiglate
  • HY-N6843
    Arnicolide D
    		Activator 99.69%
    Arnicolide D is a sesquiterpene lactone that can be isolated from Centipeda minima. Arnicolide D is cytotoxic to tumor cells and can induce cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and oncosis in tumor cells. Arnicolide D has anti-tumor activity.
    Arnicolide D
Cat. No. 상품명 / Synonyms Species Source
Cat. No. 상품명 / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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Download Caspase Signaling Pathway Map.

Upon binding to their cognate ligand, death receptors such as Fas and TRAILR can activate initiator Caspases (Pro-caspase 8 and Pro-caspase 10) through dimerization mediated by adaptor proteins such as FADD and TRADD. Active Caspase 8 and Caspase 10 then cleave and activate the effector Caspase 3, 6 and 7, leading to apoptosis. ROS/DNA damage and ER stress trigger Caspase 2 activation. Active Caspase 2 cleaves and activates Caspase 3 and initiates apoptosis directly. Caspase 2, 8 and 10 can also cleave Bid, stimulate mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) and initiate the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Following MOMP, mitochondrial intermembrane space proteins such as Smac and Cytochrome C are released into the cytosol. Cytochrome C interacts with Apaf-1, triggering apoptosome assembly, which activates Caspase 9. Active Caspase 9, in turn, activates Caspase 3, 6 and 7, leading to apoptosis. Mitochondrial release of Smac facilitates apoptosis by blocking the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins. 

 

Following the binding of TNF to TNFR1, TNFR1 binds to TRADD, which recruits RIPK1, TRAF2/5 and cIAP1/2 to form TNFR1 signaling complex I. Formation of the complex IIa and complex IIb is initiated either by RIPK1 deubiquitylation mediated by CYLD or by RIPK1 non-ubiquitylation due to depletion of cIAPs. The Pro-caspase 8 homodimer in complex IIa and complex IIb generates active Caspase 8. This active Caspase 8 in the cytosol then carries out cleavage reactions to activate downstream executioner caspases and thus induce classical apoptosis[1][2]. 

 

Reference:

[1]. Thomas C, et al. Caspases in retinal ganglion cell death and axon regeneration. Cell Death Discovery volume 3, Article number: 17032 (2017).
[2]. Brenner D, et al. Regulation of tumour necrosis factor signalling: live or let die. Nat Rev Immunol. 2015 Jun;15(6):362-74.

Caspase Isoform Comparison

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