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Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) is an oligomer of β-(1→4)-linked D-glucosamine. Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) activates AMPK and inhibits inflammatory signaling pathways including NF-κB and MAPK pathways.
Fructo-oligosaccharide DP10/GF9 belongs to fructooligosaccharides (FOS) with degree of polymerization (DP=10). Fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) are composed of 9 fructose units linked by (2→1)-β-glycosidic bonds and having a single D-glucosyl unit at the non-reducing end .
Fructo-oligosaccharide DP9/GF8 belongs to fructooligosaccharides (FOS) with degree of polymerization (DP=9). Fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) are composed of 8 fructose units linked by (2→1)-β-glycosidic bonds and having a single D-glucosyl unit at the non-reducing end .
Fructo-oligosaccharide DP8/GF7 belongs to fructooligosaccharides (FOS) with degree of polymerization (DP=8). Fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) are composed of 7 fructose units linked by (2→1)-β-glycosidic bonds and having a single D-glucosyl unit at the non-reducing end .
Fructo-oligosaccharide DP7/GF6 belongs to fructooligosaccharides (FOS) with degree of polymerization (DP=7). Fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) are composed of 6 fructose units linked by (2→1)-β-glycosidic bonds and having a single D-glucosyl unit at the non-reducing end .
Fructo-oligosaccharide DP11/GF10 belongs to fructooligosaccharides (FOS) with degree of polymerization (DP=11). Fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) are composed of 10 fructose units linked by (2→1)-β-glycosidic bonds and having a single D-glucosyl unit at the non-reducing end .
Fructo-oligosaccharide DP12/GF11 belongs to fructooligosaccharides (FOS) with degree of polymerization (DP=12). Fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) are composed of 11 fructose units linked by (2→1)-β-glycosidic bonds and having a single D-glucosyl unit at the non-reducing end .
Endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (Endo S2) is a key enzyme involved in the processing of free oligosaccharides in the cytosol. Endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase catalyzes hydrolysis of N-linked oligosaccharides .
GM1a Ganglioside oligosaccharide is a semisynthetic form of ganglioside GM1. Ganglioside GM1 is the natural receptor for cholera toxin and plays an important role not only in general growth regulation but also in the coupling of hormone-induced responses .
N-Acetyllactosamine (LacNAc), a nitrogen-containing disaccharide, is an important component of various oligosaccharides such as glycoproteins and sialyl Lewis X. N-Acetyllactosamine can be used as the starting material for the synthesis of various oligosaccharides. N-Acetyllactosamine has prebiotic effects .
PNGase F, a glycosidase, catalyzes the cleavage of an internal glycoside bond in an oligosaccharide. PNGase F removes nearly all N-linked oligosaccharides from glycoproteins. PNGase F can release N-glycans from glycoproteins in glycoanalytical workflows .
GDP-L-fucose is a nucleotide sugar that is a key substrate for the biosynthesis of fucose oligosaccharides, providing the fucose moiety for the oligosaccharides.The formation of GDP-L-fucose occurs through two pathways, the major ab initio metabolic pathway and the minor remedial metabolic pathway .
GDP-L-fucose disodium is a nucleotide sugar that is a key substrate for the biosynthesis of fucose oligosaccharides. GDP-L-fucose disodium provides the fucose moiety for the oligosaccharides. The formation of GDP-L-fucose disodium occurs through two pathways, the major de novo metabolic pathway and the minor remedial metabolic pathway .
Raffinose (Melitose), a non-digestible short-chain oligosaccharide, is a trisaccharide composed of galactose, glucose, and fructose and can be found in many plants. Raffinose (Melitose) can be hydrolyzed to D-galactose and sucrose by the enzyme α-galactosidase (α-GAL) .
Endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (ENGase) is cytosolic deglycosylating enzyme that hydrolyzes the N-linked oligosaccharides. Endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase can be used for glycan analysis on glycoproteins and preparation of precursors for glycosylated compounds, is often used in biochemical studies .
Lacto-N-triose II is a core structural unit of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). Lacto-N-triose II owns nutraceutical potentials and can be used in the production of complex HMOs .
Celloheptaose is an oligosaccharide, consisting of seven glucose residues. Celloheptaose is the substrate of Polysaccharide monooxygenases (PMOs), to generate oxidized cellulo-oligosaccharides .
NA2 Glycan is NA2 N-linked oligosaccharide. NA2 is the asialo-substructure of A2 glycan. NA2 glycan can be isolated from mammalian serum glycoproteins, such as serum IgG .
Blood group A pentasaccharide (A-Pentasaccharide), an oligosaccharide in urine, can inhibit the binding of anti-A antibody to blood group A substance .
6′-Galactosyllactose is the main oligosaccharide that makes up galactose, a component of human milk. 6′-Galactosyllactose can synthesize human milk oligosaccharides and synthetic galactosyllactose with 3′-Galactosyllactose and 4′-Galactosyllactose, and reduce inflammation in human T84, NCM-460 and H4 cells and intestinal tissues .
3-Fucosyllactose (3-Fucosyl-D-lactose) is one of the major fucosylated oligosaccharides found in human breast milk. 3-Fucosyllactose shows prebiotic, immunomodulator, neonatal brain development, and antimicrobial function .
Blood group A antigen tetraose type 5 (A-Tetrasaccharide) is a tetrasaccharide and a blood group specific oligosaccharide, inhibits the binding of anti-A antibody to blood group A substance. Blood group A antigen tetraose type 5 can be isolated from polar bear milk samples .
Isoglobotetraose (Globoisotetraose) is the oligosaccharide moiety of human glycosphingolipids. Synthesis process: globotetraose (GalNAcβ1→3Galα1→4Galβ1→4Glc) and isoglobotetraose (GalNAcβ1→3Galα1→3Galβ1→4Glc) .
Ac4GalNAlk is a weakly alkyne-labeled reagent for metabolic oligosaccharide engineering (MOE) that can be used to detect protein glycosylation. MOE reagents can be activated by cellular biosynthetic machinery into nucleotide sugars, which can be further traced through the introduction of glycoproteins in bioorthogonal chemistry. Ac4GalNAlk promotes nucleotide-sugar biosynthesis and increases bioorthogonal cell surface markers .
6'-Sialyllactose is a sialylated human milk oligosaccharide that can promote the proliferation of bifidobacteria and shaping the gut microbiota. 6'-Sialyllactose also inhibits toll-like receptor 4 signaling and protects against the development of necrotizing enterocolitis .
2'-Fucosyllactose (2'-FL) is an oligosaccharide that could be derived from human milk. 2'-Fucosyllactose regulates the expression of CD14, alleviates colitis and regulates the gut microbiome. 2'-Fucosyllactose stimulates T cells to increase IFN-γ production and decreases IL-6, IL-17, and TNF-α production of cytokines .
Lacto-N-tetraose is the significant core structure of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) naturally existing in human milk. Lacto-N-tetraose is consist of galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, and glucose moieties. Lacto-N-tetraose has prebiotic effect, immune regulatory effect, anti-inflammatory effects, intestinal cell responses regulatory effect, antibacterial activity and antiviral activity. Lacto-N-tetraose has been widely added to infant formula .
Endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase D (Endo F3) cleaves free or Asparagine-linked triantennary oligosaccharides or α1-6 fucosylated biantennary oligosaccharides, as well as triamnnosyl chitobiose core structures .
β1-3 Galactosidase is a highly specific exoglycosidase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal β1-3-linked galactose from oligosaccharides and glycoprotein substrates, at a much lower rate, β1-6 linked galactose residues from oligosaccharides .
Maltopentaose is the shortest chain oligosaccharide that can be classified as maltodextrin and is also used in a study to investigate glycation and phosphorylation of α-lactalbumin.
Chitopentaose pentahydrochloride is a chitosan oligosaccharide with anti-inflammatory effect. Chitopentaose pentahydrochloride is a substrate of gene encoding chitinase B (FjchiB) .
Isomaltotetraose is one of isomalto-oligosaccharide (IMO), the main hydrolysis end products of DexKQ . Isomaltotetraose can induce dextranase synthesis .
Heparinase (Heparinase I) degrades heparin to oligosaccharide or unsaturated disaccharide. Heparinase can be used in the preparation of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) .
Manninotriose is a novel and important player in the RFO(Raffinose family oligosaccharides) metabolism of red dead deadnettle; potential to improve the side effects of MTX for ALL treatment.
Chitohexaose hexahydrochloride is a chitosan oligosaccharide with anti-inflammatory effect. Chitohexaose hexahydrochloride binds to the active sites of TLR4 and inhibits LPS induced inflammation .
Lacto-N-difucohexaose I (LNDFH I), a linker, could be used to combine oligosaccharides containing Lewis b sugar chain to water insoluble polysaccharide .
D(+)-Raffinose pentahydrate (D-Raffinose pentahydrate) is a trisaccharide composed of galactose, glucose, and fructose that occurs naturally in a variety of vegetables and grains. D(+)-Raffinose pentahydrate is a functional oligosaccharide.
Chitoheptaose heptahydrochloride is a chitosan oligosaccharide with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic and cardioprotective activities. Chitoheptaose heptahydrochloride significantly enhances the growth and photosynthesis parameters of wheat seedlings .
Endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase F2 (Endo F2), a highly specific endoglycosidase, cleaves within the chitobiose core of asparagine-linked complex biantennary and high mannose oligosaccharides from glycoproteins and glycopeptides. Endo F2 cleaves biantennary glycans at a rate approximately 20 times greater than high mannose glycans. The activity of Endo F2 is identical on biantennary structures with and without core fucosylation. Endo F2 is not active on hybrid or tri- and tetra-antennary oligosaccharides .
Stachyose tetrahydrate, a functional oligosaccharide, acts as a prebiotic. Stachyose tetrahydrate can prevent indirectly colon cancer cell growth by promoting the proliferation of probiotics or producing beneficial materials in the intestine .
β-N-Acetylhexosaminidase (EC 3.2.1.52) is an exoglycosidase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing β-N-acetylgalactosamine and glucosamine residues in oligosaccharides for epigenetic applications .
α1-6 Mannosidase, Xanthomonas phaseoli is a highly specific exoglycosidase that removes unbranched α1-6 linked mannose residues from oligosaccharides .
Uridine diphosphate glucose is the precursor of glucose-containing oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animal tissues and in some microorganisms. Uridine diphosphate glucose is an agonist of the P2Y14 receptor, a neuroimmune system GPCR 1.
Endoglycoceramidase II (EGCase II) is an endo-β-glucosidase releasing the complete glycan from ceramide in glycosphingolipids. Endoglycoceramidase II Catalyzes the hydrolysis of the β-glycosidic linkage between oligosaccharides and ceramides in various glycosphingolipids .
UDP-xylose is a natural product that could be isolated from Cryptococcus laurentii (NRRL Y-1401). UDP-xylose is a sugar donor for the synthesis of glycoproteins, polysaccharides, various metabolites, and oligosaccharides in plants, vertebrates, and fungi .
α1-2 Fucosidase (EC 3.2.1.51) is a highly specific exoglycosidase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of linear α1-2 linked fucose residues from oligosaccharides .
β1-4 Galactosidase, E. coli is a highly specific exoglycosidase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing β1-4 linked galactose residues from oligosaccharides .
Uridine 5′-diphosphoglucose- 13C (disodium) is the 13C labeled Uridine 5′-diphosphoglucose disodium salt. Uridine 5′-diphosphoglucose disodium salt (UDP-D-Glucose disodium salt) is the precursor of glucose-containing oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, glycop
Cellooctaose is an oligosaccharide, consisting of eight glucose residues. Cellooctaose is a low-cost polysaccharides in fermentation to hold on Lactococcus lactis recombinant strain growth. Cellooctaose is the substrate of beta-glucosidase (E.C. 3.2.1.21) .
UDP-β-D-glucose disodium is a the stereoisomer of UDP-α-D-glucose. UDP-β-D-glucose disodium is an oligosaccharide that can be used to synthesize glycoproteins and glycolipids. UDP-β-D-glucose disodium can be used as a substrate .
Endo H, Streptomyces picatus (Endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase H), isolated from Streptomyces plicatus, hydrolyzes the central glycosidic bond of the β1, 4-di-N-acetylchitobiose core in asparagine-linked oligosaccharides .
Aldose 1-epimerase (mutarotases) is a key enzyme of carbohydrate metabolism catalysing the interconversion of the α- and β-anomers of hexose sugars such as glucose and galactose. Aldose 1-epimerase is essential for normal carbohydrate metabolism and the production of complex oligosaccharides .
UDP-xylose disodium is a natural product that could be isolated from Cryptococcus laurentii (N RRL Y-1401). UDP-xylose disodium is a sugar donor for the synthesis of glycoproteins, polysaccharides, various metabolites, and oligosaccharides in plants, vertebrates, and fungi ..
β1-3,4 Galactosidase is a highly specific exoglycosidase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal β1-3 and β1-4 linked galactose residues from oligosaccharides .
α1-3,6 Galactosidase, Xanthomonas manihotis is a highly specific exoglycosidase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of α1-3 and α1-6 linked galactose residues from oligosaccharides .
Pullulanase (R-enzyme) is a starch debranching enzyme, is often used in biochemical studies. Pullulanase hydrolyses the α-1,6 glucosidic linkages in starch, amylopectin, pullulan, and related oligosaccharides. Pullulanase converts polysaccharide into small fermentative sugars during saccharification .
Uridine 5′-diphosphoglucose disodium salt (UDP-D-Glucose disodium salt) is the precursor of glucose-containing oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animal tissues and in some microorganisms. Uridine-5′-diphosphoglucose is an agonist of the P2Y14 receptor, a neuroimmune system GPCR .
Chitosanase is a glycosyl hydrolase that catalyzes the endo hydrolysis of β-1,4-glycosidic bonds of partially acetylated chitosan to release chitosan oligosaccharides (COS). Chitosanases can convert high molecular weight chitosan into functional chitooligosaccharides with low molecular weight .
α1-3,4 Fucosidase, Bifidobacterium bifidum is a broad specificity exoglycosidase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing α1-3 and α1-4 linked fucose residues from oligosaccharides and glycoproteins .
α1-3,4,6 Galactosidase is a broad specificity exoglycosidase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing α1-3, α1-4 and α1-6-linked galactose residues from oligosaccharides .
Endo-1,3-β-glucanase specifically hydrolyzes β-1,3-glycosidic bonds randomly along the β-glucan chain, and the final product is mainly glucan oligosaccharide. Endo-1,3-β-glucanase is produced by a variety of fungi, is often used in biochemical studies .
Sialidase (α2-3-6-8-9) is a broadly specific sialidase that cuts linear and branched non-reducing terminal sialic acid residues from glycoproteins, glycopeptides, and oligosaccharides. Sialidase (α2-3-6-8-9) can be used for in vitro and in vivo polysaccharide analysis and characterization as well as complete glycoprotein remodeling .
Lichenase, Microorganism (endo-1,3:1,4-β-D-Glucanase) is a specific, endo-(1-3),(1-4)-β-D-glucan 4-glucanohydrolase. Lichenase, Microorganism solubilizes β-glucans from cereal grains and gives gluco-oligosaccharides (GOS). Lichenase, Microorganism can be used in the degradation of polysaccharides in the cell walls .
β1-3,4,6 Galactosidase is a broad specificity exoglycosidase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing β1-3 β1-4 and β1-6 linked galactose residues from oligosaccharides, with β1-6 linked galactose residues at a slower rate .
Uridine 5′-diphosphoglucose- 13C6 (disodium) is the 13C labeled Uridine 5′-diphosphoglucose disodium salt[1]. Uridine 5′-diphosphoglucose disodium salt (UDP-D-Glucose disodium salt) is the precursor of glucose-containing oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animal tissues and in some microorganisms. Uridine-5′-diphosphoglucose is an agonist of the P2Y14 receptor, a neuroimmune system GPCR[2].
Chitoheptaose is a chitosan oligosaccharide. Chitoheptaose is capable of extracting exoskeletons from crustaceans, such as the shells of crabs, shrimp and lobsters. Chitoheptaose has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activities and can be used in the study of myocarditis. Chitoheptaose has cardioprotective effects and improves cardiac parameters (left ventricular internal size, end-systolic and end-diastolic, ejection fraction and shortening fraction), inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β) in vanishing models .
α1-2,4,6 Fucosidase O (EC 3.2.1.51) is a broad specificity exoglycosidase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal α1-2, α1-4 and α1-6 linked fucose residues from oligosaccharides, with α1-6 fucose residues more efficiently .
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) is an endotoxin derived from the outer leaflet of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Lipopolysaccharides consists of an antigen O-specific chain, a core oligosaccharide and lipid A. Lipopolysaccharides is a pathogenic associated molecular pattern (PAMP) that activates the immune system. Lipopolysaccharides activates TLR-4 on immune cells . This product is derived from Escherichia coli O55:B5. Lipopolysaccharides induces secretion of cell migrasome .
7-Amino-4-methylcoumarin belongs to a group of coumarins. 7-Amino-4-methylcoumarin can be isolated from an endophytic fungus Xylaria sp., has broad antimicrobial activity. 7-Amino-4-methylcoumarin is additionally commonly used as an important laser dye emitting in the blue region, as well as a fluorescent probe enabling analyses of glycoproteins’ monosaccharides and N-linked oligosaccharides. The excitation wavelength and emission wavelength are 351 nm and 430 nm, respectively .
Lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFPI) is a human milk oligosaccharide (HMO), possessing antiviral and antibacterial activity. Lacto-N-fucopentaose I can reduce capsid protein VP1 to block virus adsorption, promote CDK2 and reduce cyclin E to recover cell cycle S phase block. Lacto-N-fucopentaose I inhibits ROS production and apoptosis in virus-infected cells. Lacto-N-fucopentaose I can also regulate intestinal microbiota to affect immune system development .
Chitinase (EC 3.2.1.14) has partial lysozyme activity and is widely found in bacteria, fungi, animals and some plants. Chitinase belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase family. Chitinase catalyzes chito-oligosaccharide hydrolysis. Chitinases also can serve as prognostic biomarkers of disease progression. Chitinase can be used in the research of pathogenesis of various human fibrotic and inflammatory disorders, particularly those of the lung (idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, sarcoidosis, and asthma) and the gastrointestinal tract (inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) and colon cancer) .
Lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT) is an endogenous metabolite. Lacto-N-neotetraose can inhibit TNF-α induced IL-8 secretion in immature epithelial cells. Lacto-N-neotetraose has anti-inflammatory avtivity, and can improve the wound closure .
7-Amino-4-methylcoumarin belongs to a group of coumarins. 7-Amino-4-methylcoumarin can be isolated from an endophytic fungus Xylaria sp., has broad antimicrobial activity. 7-Amino-4-methylcoumarin is additionally commonly used as an important laser dye emitting in the blue region, as well as a fluorescent probe enabling analyses of glycoproteins’ monosaccharides and N-linked oligosaccharides. The excitation wavelength and emission wavelength are 351 nm and 430 nm, respectively .
PNGase F, a glycosidase, catalyzes the cleavage of an internal glycoside bond in an oligosaccharide. PNGase F removes nearly all N-linked oligosaccharides from glycoproteins. PNGase F can release N-glycans from glycoproteins in glycoanalytical workflows .
GDP-L-fucose disodium is a nucleotide sugar that is a key substrate for the biosynthesis of fucose oligosaccharides. GDP-L-fucose disodium provides the fucose moiety for the oligosaccharides. The formation of GDP-L-fucose disodium occurs through two pathways, the major de novo metabolic pathway and the minor remedial metabolic pathway .
Endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (ENGase) is cytosolic deglycosylating enzyme that hydrolyzes the N-linked oligosaccharides. Endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase can be used for glycan analysis on glycoproteins and preparation of precursors for glycosylated compounds, is often used in biochemical studies .
beta-1,3-Galactosyltransferase (WbgO) (CgtB) acts on N-glycan substrates. beta-1,3-Galactosyltransferase (WbgO) catalyzes the formation of type 1 chains on oligosaccharide, glycopeptide, and glycoprotein substrates, including itself .
Endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (Endo A) is an Endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidases (ENGases) from Arthrobacter protophormiae. Endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (Endo A) can transfer a high-mannose type oligosaccharide to monosaccharides such as N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and glucose to form a new oligosaccharide. Endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (Endo A) catalyzes glycopeptide synthesis by using Man3GlcNAc-oxazoline .
Heparinase (Heparinase I) degrades heparin to oligosaccharide or unsaturated disaccharide. Heparinase can be used in the preparation of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) .
Carbohydrate Sulfotransferase 10 (EC:2.8.2.-) can catalyze sulphate transfer to position 3 of terminal glucuronic acid of both protein- and lipid-linked oligosaccharides .
N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase III (EC:2.4.1.144 MGAT3) transfers a GlcNAc residue to the beta-linked mannose of the trimannosyl core of N-linked oligosaccharides and produces a bisecting GlcNAc .
Endoglycoceramidase II (EGCase II) is an endo-β-glucosidase releasing the complete glycan from ceramide in glycosphingolipids. Endoglycoceramidase II Catalyzes the hydrolysis of the β-glycosidic linkage between oligosaccharides and ceramides in various glycosphingolipids .
Fucosyltransferase 9 (EC:2.4.1.152, FUT9) catalyzes the last step in the biosynthesis of Lewis antigen, the addition of a fucose to precursor polysaccharides. Fucosyltransferase 9 synthesizes the LeX oligosaccharide (CD15) .
β-1,3-N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase 4 (EC:2.4.1.149, B3GNT4) is involved in the synthesis of poly-N-acetyllactosamine and has activity for type 2 oligosaccharides .
ST6 Gal Sialyltransferase 2 (EC:2.4.3.1, ST6GAL2) catalyzes the transfer of sialic acid from CMP to an oligosaccharide substrate. ST6 Gal Sialyltransferase 2 plays an important role in schizophrenic research .
Pullulanase (R-enzyme) is a starch debranching enzyme, is often used in biochemical studies. Pullulanase hydrolyses the α-1,6 glucosidic linkages in starch, amylopectin, pullulan, and related oligosaccharides. Pullulanase converts polysaccharide into small fermentative sugars during saccharification .
Chitosanase is a glycosyl hydrolase that catalyzes the endo hydrolysis of β-1,4-glycosidic bonds of partially acetylated chitosan to release chitosan oligosaccharides (COS). Chitosanases can convert high molecular weight chitosan into functional chitooligosaccharides with low molecular weight .
Endo-1,3-β-glucanase specifically hydrolyzes β-1,3-glycosidic bonds randomly along the β-glucan chain, and the final product is mainly glucan oligosaccharide. Endo-1,3-β-glucanase is produced by a variety of fungi, is often used in biochemical studies .
Chitoheptaose is a chitosan oligosaccharide. Chitoheptaose is capable of extracting exoskeletons from crustaceans, such as the shells of crabs, shrimp and lobsters. Chitoheptaose has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activities and can be used in the study of myocarditis. Chitoheptaose has cardioprotective effects and improves cardiac parameters (left ventricular internal size, end-systolic and end-diastolic, ejection fraction and shortening fraction), inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β) in vanishing models .
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) is an endotoxin derived from the outer leaflet of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Lipopolysaccharides consists of an antigen O-specific chain, a core oligosaccharide and lipid A. Lipopolysaccharides is a pathogenic associated molecular pattern (PAMP) that activates the immune system. Lipopolysaccharides activates TLR-4 on immune cells . This product is derived from Escherichia coli O55:B5. Lipopolysaccharides induces secretion of cell migrasome .
Endo-1,3-β-glucanase specifically hydrolyzes β-1,3-glycosidic bonds randomly along the β-glucan chain, and the final product is mainly glucan oligosaccharide. Endo-1,3-β-glucanase is produced by a variety of fungi, is often used in biochemical studies .
Endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (ENGase) is cytosolic deglycosylating enzyme that hydrolyzes the N-linked oligosaccharides. Endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase can be used for glycan analysis on glycoproteins and preparation of precursors for glycosylated compounds, is often used in biochemical studies .
Heparinase (Heparinase I) degrades heparin to oligosaccharide or unsaturated disaccharide. Heparinase can be used in the preparation of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) .
Pullulanase (R-enzyme) is a starch debranching enzyme, is often used in biochemical studies. Pullulanase hydrolyses the α-1,6 glucosidic linkages in starch, amylopectin, pullulan, and related oligosaccharides. Pullulanase converts polysaccharide into small fermentative sugars during saccharification .
Chitosanase is a glycosyl hydrolase that catalyzes the endo hydrolysis of β-1,4-glycosidic bonds of partially acetylated chitosan to release chitosan oligosaccharides (COS). Chitosanases can convert high molecular weight chitosan into functional chitooligosaccharides with low molecular weight .
Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) is an oligomer of β-(1→4)-linked D-glucosamine. Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) activates AMPK and inhibits inflammatory signaling pathways including NF-κB and MAPK pathways.
Fructo-oligosaccharide DP10/GF9 belongs to fructooligosaccharides (FOS) with degree of polymerization (DP=10). Fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) are composed of 9 fructose units linked by (2→1)-β-glycosidic bonds and having a single D-glucosyl unit at the non-reducing end .
Fructo-oligosaccharide DP9/GF8 belongs to fructooligosaccharides (FOS) with degree of polymerization (DP=9). Fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) are composed of 8 fructose units linked by (2→1)-β-glycosidic bonds and having a single D-glucosyl unit at the non-reducing end .
Fructo-oligosaccharide DP8/GF7 belongs to fructooligosaccharides (FOS) with degree of polymerization (DP=8). Fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) are composed of 7 fructose units linked by (2→1)-β-glycosidic bonds and having a single D-glucosyl unit at the non-reducing end .
Fructo-oligosaccharide DP7/GF6 belongs to fructooligosaccharides (FOS) with degree of polymerization (DP=7). Fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) are composed of 6 fructose units linked by (2→1)-β-glycosidic bonds and having a single D-glucosyl unit at the non-reducing end .
Fructo-oligosaccharide DP11/GF10 belongs to fructooligosaccharides (FOS) with degree of polymerization (DP=11). Fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) are composed of 10 fructose units linked by (2→1)-β-glycosidic bonds and having a single D-glucosyl unit at the non-reducing end .
Fructo-oligosaccharide DP12/GF11 belongs to fructooligosaccharides (FOS) with degree of polymerization (DP=12). Fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) are composed of 11 fructose units linked by (2→1)-β-glycosidic bonds and having a single D-glucosyl unit at the non-reducing end .
GM1a Ganglioside oligosaccharide is a semisynthetic form of ganglioside GM1. Ganglioside GM1 is the natural receptor for cholera toxin and plays an important role not only in general growth regulation but also in the coupling of hormone-induced responses .
N-Acetyllactosamine (LacNAc), a nitrogen-containing disaccharide, is an important component of various oligosaccharides such as glycoproteins and sialyl Lewis X. N-Acetyllactosamine can be used as the starting material for the synthesis of various oligosaccharides. N-Acetyllactosamine has prebiotic effects .
GDP-L-fucose is a nucleotide sugar that is a key substrate for the biosynthesis of fucose oligosaccharides, providing the fucose moiety for the oligosaccharides.The formation of GDP-L-fucose occurs through two pathways, the major ab initio metabolic pathway and the minor remedial metabolic pathway .
GDP-L-fucose disodium is a nucleotide sugar that is a key substrate for the biosynthesis of fucose oligosaccharides. GDP-L-fucose disodium provides the fucose moiety for the oligosaccharides. The formation of GDP-L-fucose disodium occurs through two pathways, the major de novo metabolic pathway and the minor remedial metabolic pathway .
Raffinose (Melitose), a non-digestible short-chain oligosaccharide, is a trisaccharide composed of galactose, glucose, and fructose and can be found in many plants. Raffinose (Melitose) can be hydrolyzed to D-galactose and sucrose by the enzyme α-galactosidase (α-GAL) .
Lacto-N-triose II is a core structural unit of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). Lacto-N-triose II owns nutraceutical potentials and can be used in the production of complex HMOs .
Celloheptaose is an oligosaccharide, consisting of seven glucose residues. Celloheptaose is the substrate of Polysaccharide monooxygenases (PMOs), to generate oxidized cellulo-oligosaccharides .
Blood group A pentasaccharide (A-Pentasaccharide), an oligosaccharide in urine, can inhibit the binding of anti-A antibody to blood group A substance .
6′-Galactosyllactose is the main oligosaccharide that makes up galactose, a component of human milk. 6′-Galactosyllactose can synthesize human milk oligosaccharides and synthetic galactosyllactose with 3′-Galactosyllactose and 4′-Galactosyllactose, and reduce inflammation in human T84, NCM-460 and H4 cells and intestinal tissues .
3-Fucosyllactose (3-Fucosyl-D-lactose) is one of the major fucosylated oligosaccharides found in human breast milk. 3-Fucosyllactose shows prebiotic, immunomodulator, neonatal brain development, and antimicrobial function .
Blood group A antigen tetraose type 5 (A-Tetrasaccharide) is a tetrasaccharide and a blood group specific oligosaccharide, inhibits the binding of anti-A antibody to blood group A substance. Blood group A antigen tetraose type 5 can be isolated from polar bear milk samples .
Isoglobotetraose (Globoisotetraose) is the oligosaccharide moiety of human glycosphingolipids. Synthesis process: globotetraose (GalNAcβ1→3Galα1→4Galβ1→4Glc) and isoglobotetraose (GalNAcβ1→3Galα1→3Galβ1→4Glc) .
Ac4GalNAlk is a weakly alkyne-labeled reagent for metabolic oligosaccharide engineering (MOE) that can be used to detect protein glycosylation. MOE reagents can be activated by cellular biosynthetic machinery into nucleotide sugars, which can be further traced through the introduction of glycoproteins in bioorthogonal chemistry. Ac4GalNAlk promotes nucleotide-sugar biosynthesis and increases bioorthogonal cell surface markers .
6'-Sialyllactose is a sialylated human milk oligosaccharide that can promote the proliferation of bifidobacteria and shaping the gut microbiota. 6'-Sialyllactose also inhibits toll-like receptor 4 signaling and protects against the development of necrotizing enterocolitis .
2'-Fucosyllactose (2'-FL) is an oligosaccharide that could be derived from human milk. 2'-Fucosyllactose regulates the expression of CD14, alleviates colitis and regulates the gut microbiome. 2'-Fucosyllactose stimulates T cells to increase IFN-γ production and decreases IL-6, IL-17, and TNF-α production of cytokines .
Lacto-N-tetraose is the significant core structure of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) naturally existing in human milk. Lacto-N-tetraose is consist of galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, and glucose moieties. Lacto-N-tetraose has prebiotic effect, immune regulatory effect, anti-inflammatory effects, intestinal cell responses regulatory effect, antibacterial activity and antiviral activity. Lacto-N-tetraose has been widely added to infant formula .
Maltopentaose is the shortest chain oligosaccharide that can be classified as maltodextrin and is also used in a study to investigate glycation and phosphorylation of α-lactalbumin.
Chitopentaose pentahydrochloride is a chitosan oligosaccharide with anti-inflammatory effect. Chitopentaose pentahydrochloride is a substrate of gene encoding chitinase B (FjchiB) .
Isomaltotetraose is one of isomalto-oligosaccharide (IMO), the main hydrolysis end products of DexKQ . Isomaltotetraose can induce dextranase synthesis .
Manninotriose is a novel and important player in the RFO(Raffinose family oligosaccharides) metabolism of red dead deadnettle; potential to improve the side effects of MTX for ALL treatment.
Chitohexaose hexahydrochloride is a chitosan oligosaccharide with anti-inflammatory effect. Chitohexaose hexahydrochloride binds to the active sites of TLR4 and inhibits LPS induced inflammation .
Lacto-N-difucohexaose I (LNDFH I), a linker, could be used to combine oligosaccharides containing Lewis b sugar chain to water insoluble polysaccharide .
Chitoheptaose heptahydrochloride is a chitosan oligosaccharide with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic and cardioprotective activities. Chitoheptaose heptahydrochloride significantly enhances the growth and photosynthesis parameters of wheat seedlings .
Stachyose tetrahydrate, a functional oligosaccharide, acts as a prebiotic. Stachyose tetrahydrate can prevent indirectly colon cancer cell growth by promoting the proliferation of probiotics or producing beneficial materials in the intestine .
Uridine diphosphate glucose is the precursor of glucose-containing oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animal tissues and in some microorganisms. Uridine diphosphate glucose is an agonist of the P2Y14 receptor, a neuroimmune system GPCR 1.
UDP-xylose is a natural product that could be isolated from Cryptococcus laurentii (NRRL Y-1401). UDP-xylose is a sugar donor for the synthesis of glycoproteins, polysaccharides, various metabolites, and oligosaccharides in plants, vertebrates, and fungi .
Cellooctaose is an oligosaccharide, consisting of eight glucose residues. Cellooctaose is a low-cost polysaccharides in fermentation to hold on Lactococcus lactis recombinant strain growth. Cellooctaose is the substrate of beta-glucosidase (E.C. 3.2.1.21) .
Aldose 1-epimerase (mutarotases) is a key enzyme of carbohydrate metabolism catalysing the interconversion of the α- and β-anomers of hexose sugars such as glucose and galactose. Aldose 1-epimerase is essential for normal carbohydrate metabolism and the production of complex oligosaccharides .
UDP-xylose disodium is a natural product that could be isolated from Cryptococcus laurentii (N RRL Y-1401). UDP-xylose disodium is a sugar donor for the synthesis of glycoproteins, polysaccharides, various metabolites, and oligosaccharides in plants, vertebrates, and fungi ..
Uridine 5′-diphosphoglucose disodium salt (UDP-D-Glucose disodium salt) is the precursor of glucose-containing oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animal tissues and in some microorganisms. Uridine-5′-diphosphoglucose is an agonist of the P2Y14 receptor, a neuroimmune system GPCR .
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) is an endotoxin derived from the outer leaflet of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Lipopolysaccharides consists of an antigen O-specific chain, a core oligosaccharide and lipid A. Lipopolysaccharides is a pathogenic associated molecular pattern (PAMP) that activates the immune system. Lipopolysaccharides activates TLR-4 on immune cells . This product is derived from Escherichia coli O55:B5. Lipopolysaccharides induces secretion of cell migrasome .
Lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFPI) is a human milk oligosaccharide (HMO), possessing antiviral and antibacterial activity. Lacto-N-fucopentaose I can reduce capsid protein VP1 to block virus adsorption, promote CDK2 and reduce cyclin E to recover cell cycle S phase block. Lacto-N-fucopentaose I inhibits ROS production and apoptosis in virus-infected cells. Lacto-N-fucopentaose I can also regulate intestinal microbiota to affect immune system development .
Lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT) is an endogenous metabolite. Lacto-N-neotetraose can inhibit TNF-α induced IL-8 secretion in immature epithelial cells. Lacto-N-neotetraose has anti-inflammatory avtivity, and can improve the wound closure .
MAN1B1, integral to glycoprotein quality control, trims a single alpha-1,2-linked mannose from Man(9)GlcNAc(2), producing Man(8)GlcNAc(2). In the ERQC, elevated enzyme concentrations allow further trimming to Man(5-6)GlcNAc(2). This enzymatic function is crucial for glycoprotein processing and quality control in the endoplasmic reticulum, ensuring proper folding and maturation. MAN1B1 Protein, Human (HEK293, His) is the recombinant human-derived MAN1B1 protein, expressed by HEK293 , with C-6*His labeled tag. The total length of MAN1B1 Protein, Human (HEK293, His) is 594 a.a., with molecular weight of 58-80 kDa.
The MAN1A2 protein is crucially involved in the maturation of Asn-linked oligosaccharides, which in turn trims α-1,2-linked mannose residues from Man(9)GlcNAc(2) to generate Man(5)GlcNAc(2). During glycosylation, MAN1A2 plays a key role in the progressive trimming of mannose residues that are essential for generating mature glycan structures. MAN1A2 Protein, Human (HEK293, His) is the recombinant human-derived MAN1A2 protein, expressed by HEK293 , with N-His labeled tag. The total length of MAN1A2 Protein, Human (HEK293, His) is 584 a.a., with molecular weight of ~69 KDa.
The MGAT2 protein plays an important role in protein N-glycosylation, catalyzing the transfer of GlcNAc to the free terminal mannose in nascent N-linked glycan chains. This forms a second branch of the complex glycan and is critical for glycoprotein maturation and functional diversity. MGAT2 Protein, Human (HEK293, His) is the recombinant human-derived MGAT2 protein, expressed by HEK293 , with C-6*His labeled tag. The total length of MGAT2 Protein, Human (HEK293, His) is 418 a.a., with molecular weight of ~50.0 kDa.
Uridine 5′-diphosphoglucose- 13C6 (disodium) is the 13C labeled Uridine 5′-diphosphoglucose disodium salt[1]. Uridine 5′-diphosphoglucose disodium salt (UDP-D-Glucose disodium salt) is the precursor of glucose-containing oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animal tissues and in some microorganisms. Uridine-5′-diphosphoglucose is an agonist of the P2Y14 receptor, a neuroimmune system GPCR[2].
Uridine 5′-diphosphoglucose- 13C (disodium) is the 13C labeled Uridine 5′-diphosphoglucose disodium salt. Uridine 5′-diphosphoglucose disodium salt (UDP-D-Glucose disodium salt) is the precursor of glucose-containing oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, glycop
Ac4GalNAlk is a weakly alkyne-labeled reagent for metabolic oligosaccharide engineering (MOE) that can be used to detect protein glycosylation. MOE reagents can be activated by cellular biosynthetic machinery into nucleotide sugars, which can be further traced through the introduction of glycoproteins in bioorthogonal chemistry. Ac4GalNAlk promotes nucleotide-sugar biosynthesis and increases bioorthogonal cell surface markers .
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