Polyphenols

Isoprenaline (Isoproterenol) hydrochloride is a non-selective, orally active β-adrenergic receptor agonist. Isoprenaline has potent peripheral vasodilator, bronchodilator, and cardiac stimulating activities. Isoprenaline can be used for the research of bradycardia and bronchial asthma.

Resveratrol (trans-Resveratrol; SRT501) is a CNS-penetrant natural polyphenolic phytoalexin that possesses anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, and anti-cancer properties. Resveratrol (SRT 501) has a wide spectrum of targets including mTOR, JAK, β-amyloid, Adenylyl cyclase, IKKβ, DNA polymerase. Resveratrol also is a specific SIRT1 activator. Resveratrol is a potent pregnane X receptor (PXR) inhibitor. Resveratrol is an Nrf2 activator, ameliorates aging-related progressive renal injury in mice model. Resveratrol increases production of NO in endothelial cells.

Curcumin (Diferuloylmethane), a natural phenolic compound, is a p300/CREB-binding protein-specific inhibitor of acetyltransferase, represses the acetylation of histone/nonhistone proteins and histone acetyltransferase-dependent chromatin transcription. Curcumin is a photosensitizer against microorganisms. Curcumin shows inhibitory effects on NF-κB and MAPKs, and has diverse pharmacologic effects including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiproliferative and antiangiogenic activities. Curcumin induces stabilization of Nrf2 protein through Keap1 cysteine modification.

Norepinephrine (Levarterenol; L-Noradrenaline) is a potent adrenergic receptor (AR) agonist. Norepinephrine activates α₁, α₂, β₁ receptors.

(-)-Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG) is a major polyphenol in green tea, which can inhibit cell proliferation and induce cell apoptosis. (-)-Epigallocatechin Gallate inhibits glutamate dehydrogenase 1/2 (GDH1/2, GLUD1/2) activity. (-)-Epigallocatechin Gallate has a potent anticancer, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties against various types of cancers such as colorectal cancer, myeloid leukemia, thyroid carcinoma.

2,2'-Biphenol (o,o'-Biphenol) is an anti-inflammatory agent and the major non-protein-bound phenolic metabolite activated by rat bone marrow homogenate and hydrogen peroxide. 2,2'-Biphenol inhibits lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (HY-D1056)-induced COX-2 mRNA and protein expression. 2,2'-Biphenol suppresses the binding of AP-1 and NF-κB to their respective consensus sequences. 2,2'-Biphenol is applicable to research related to inflammation.

2',4-Dihydroxychalcone is an orally active natural chalcone flavonoid. 2',4-Dihydroxychalcone restores intestinal barrier integrity by upregulating tight junction proteins, regulates intestinal flora balance and alleviates inflammation. 2',4-Dihydroxychalcone induces GPX4 degradation, ferroptosis and apoptosis, triggers cell cycle arrest, and exhibits broad anti-tumor activity. 2',4-Dihydroxychalcone also possesses antifungal activity, antileishmanial activity, and reduces the hemolytic effect and virulence of Vibrio vulnificus.

Theasinensin C is an orally effective renin inhibitor and gut microbiota modulator, with an IC₅₀ of 40.21 μM against renin activity. Theasinensin C selectively enriches Akkermansia muciniphila in the gut microbiota, enhances the Akkermansia muciniphila-mediated hydrolysis of the PTS domain of mucin, drives the accumulation of luminal glutamine and serine, and regulates the gut-kidney-liver glutamine/serine metabolic signaling pathway to promote creatine biosynthesis. Theasinensin C improves cognitive function, reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines, alleviates neuropathological changes and restores intestinal barrier integrity. Theasinensin C can be used in research related to hypertension and neuroinflammation induced by high-fructose diet.

Luteolin (Luteoline), a flavanoid compound, is a potent Nrf2 inhibitor. Luteolin has anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer properties, including the induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, and the inhibition of metastasis and angiogenesis, in several cancer cell lines, including human non-small lung cancer cells.

Urolithin A, a gut-microbial metabolite of ellagic acid, exerts anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and antioxidant properties. Urolithin A induces autophagy and apoptosis, suppresses cell cycle progression, and inhibits DNA synthesis.

Vancomycin hydrochloride is an antibiotic for the treatment of bacterial infections. It acts by inhibiting the second stage of cell wall synthesis of susceptible bacteria. Vancomycin also alters the permeability of the cell membrane and selectively inhibits ribonucleic acid synthesis.

Kaempferol (Kempferol), a flavonoid found in many edible plants, inhibits estrogen receptor α expression in breast cancer cells and induces apoptosis in glioblastoma cells and lung cancer cells by activation of MEK-MAPK. Kaempferol can be uesd for the research of breast cancer.

Genistein, a soy isoflavone, is a multiple tyrosine kinases (e.g., EGFR) inhibitor which acts as a chemotherapeutic agent against different types of cancer, mainly by altering apoptosis, the cell cycle, and angiogenesis and inhibiting metastasis.

Apigenin (4',5,7-Trihydroxyflavone) is a competitive CYP2C9 inhibitor with a K_i of 2 μM.

L-DOPA (Levodopa) is an orally active metabolic precursor of neurotransmitters dopamine. L-DOPA can cross the blood-brain barrier and is converted into dopamine in the brain. L-DOPA has anti-allodynic effects and the potential for Parkinson's disease.

Baicalein (5,6,7-Trihydroxyflavone) is a xanthine oxidase inhibitor with an IC₅₀ value of 3.12 μM.

Fisetin is a natural flavonol found in many fruits and vegetables with various benefits, such as antioxidant, anticancer, neuroprotection effects.

Chlorogenic acid is a major phenolic compound in Lonicera japonica Thunb. It is an orally active antioxidant activity, antibacterial, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, neuroprotective, anti-obesity, antiviral, anti-microbial, anti-hypertension compound.

Daunorubicin (Daunomycin) hydrochloride is a topoisomerase II inhibitor with potent anti-tumor activity. Daunorubicin hydrochloride inhibits DNA and RNA synthesis. Daunorubicin hydrochloride is a cytotoxin that inhibits cancer cell viability and induces apoptosis and necrosis. Daunorubicin hydrochloride is also an anthracycline antibiotic. Daunorubicin hydrochloride can be used in the research of infection and variety of cancers, including leukemia, non-Hodgkin lymphomas, Ewing's sarcoma, Wilms' tumor.

Rutin (Rutoside) is a flavonoid found in many plants and shows a wide range of biological activities including anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antioxidant, neuroprotective, nephroprotective, hepatoprotective and reducing Aβ oligomer activities. Rutin is also a CBR1 inhibitor, which can cross the blood brain barrier. Rutin attenuates vancomycin-induced renal tubular cell apoptosis via suppression of apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress.