Phenylpropanoids

Etoposide (VP-16; VP-16-213) is an anti-cancer chemotherapy agent. Etoposide inhibits topoisomerase II, thus stopping DNA replication. Etoposide induces cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and autophagy.

Chlorogenic acid is a major phenolic compound in Lonicera japonica Thunb. It is an orally active antioxidant activity, antibacterial, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, neuroprotective, anti-obesity, antiviral, anti-microbial, anti-hypertension compound.

Honokiol is a bioactive, biphenolic phytochemical that possesses potent antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenic, and anticancer activities by targeting a variety of signaling molecules. It inhibits the activation of Akt. Honokiol can readily cross the blood brain barrier.

Ferulic acid is a novel fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) inhibitor with IC₅₀s of 3.78 and 12.5 μM for FGFR1 and FGFR2, respectively.

Picropodophyllin (AXL1717) is a selective insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 1 nM.

Psoralen (Ficusin) is a coumarin isolated from the seeds of Fructus Psoraleae. Psoralen exhibits a wide range of biological properties, including anti-cancer, antioxidant, antidepressant, anticancer, antibacterial, and antiviral, et al.

Esculetin is an active ingredient extracted mainly from the bark of Fraxinus rhynchophylla. Esculetin inhibits platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) phenotype switching through inhibition of PI3K/Akt pathway. Esculetin has antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and antitumor activities.

Isoferulic acid (3-Hydroxy-4-methoxycinnamic acid) is an orally active cinnamic acid derivative. Isoferulic acid exhibits hypoglycemic, antiviral, and antioxidant activities. Isoferulic acid can also inhibit fructose- and glucose-mediated protein glycation. Isoferulic acid can be used in the research of diseases such as diabetes.

Rosmarinic acid is a widespread phenolic ester compound in the plants. Rosmarinic acid inhibits MAO-A, MAO-B and COMT enzymes with IC₅₀s of 50.1, 184.6 and 26.7 μM, respectively.

Echinacoside, one of the phenylethanoids isolated from the stems of Cistanche deserticola, effectively inhibits Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Echinacoside elicits neuroprotection by activating Trk receptors and their downstream signal pathways. Antiosteoporotic activity.

Caffeic acid is an inhibitor of both TRPV1 ion channel and 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO).

4-Methylumbelliferone is a hyaluronic acid biosynthesis inhibitor with antitumoral and antimetastatic effects.

Nordihydroguaiaretic acid is a 5-lipoxygenase (5LOX) (IC₅₀=8 μM) and tyrosine kinase inhibitor.

Magnolol, a natural lignan isolated from the stem bark of Magnolia officinalis, is a dual agonist of both RXRα and PPARγ, with EC₅₀ values of 10.4 µM and 17.7 µM, respectively.

Forsythiaside A is an orally active phenylethanoid glycoside isolated from the dried fruits of Forsythia suspensa. Forsythiaside A is also an inhibitor of COX-2 and has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and neuroprotective effects. Forsythiaside A prevents neuroinflammation and apoptosis caused by Aβ_25-35 damage and may be used in Alzheimer's disease (AD) research. Forsythiaside A also activates the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway and inhibits OVA-induced asthma in mice. Forsythiaside A inhibits the interaction between KLRB1 and CLEC2D.

Osthole (Osthol) is a natural antihistamine alternative. Osthole may be a potential inhibitor of histamine H₁ receptor activity. Osthole also suppresses the secretion of HBV in cells.

trans-Cinnamaldehyde can be used to prepare highly polyfunctionalized furan ring by reaction of alkyl isocyanides with dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylate. trans-Cinnamaldehyde can be used to synthesize trans-cinnamaldehyde -β-cyclodextrin complex, an antimicrobial edible coating that increases the shelf life of fresh-cut fruits.

Dicoumarol is an inhibitor of both NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and PDK1 with IC₅₀s of 0.37 and 19.42 μM, respectively.

Caffeic acid phenethyl ester is a NF-κB inhibitor.

p-Coumaric acid (trans-4-Hydroxycinnamic acid) is an isomer of cinnamic acid with oral activity. p-Coumaric acid inhibits cell proliferation and promotes apoptosis. p-Coumaric acid has antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-tumor activities.