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Glutathione Peroxidase (GSH-Px; EC 1.11.1.9) belongs to the peroxidase family and is commonly used in biochemical research. Glutathione Peroxidase can catalyze reduced glutathione (GSH) to form a disulfide bridge with another glutathione molecule, convert it into oxidized glutathione (GSSG), and react with hydrogen peroxide or lipid peroxide reaction, reducing it to H2O. Glutathione Peroxidase is an effective antioxidant against oxidative stress .
L-Glutathione reduced-d2(GSH-d2; γ-L-Glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine-d2) is deuterated-labeled L-Glutathione reduced (HY-D0187). L-Glutathione reduced is an endogenous antioxidant and oxygen free radical scavenger.
L-Glutathione reduced- 13C2, 15N is the 13C- and 15N-labeled L-Glutathione reduced. L-Glutathione reduced (GSH) is an endogenous antioxidant and is capable of scavenging oxygen-derived free radicals.
HBPC-GSH is a glyoxalase (Glo) inhibitor (cGloI IC50=0.6 μM; cGloII IC50=1.6 μM), a glutathione derivative. HBPC-GSH can be used in antimalarial research .
Ophthalmic acid, an analogue of GSH, is a marker of oxidative stress and hepatic GSH consumption. Ophthalmic acid is an inhibitor of Glyoxalase I reaction .
Gamma-glutamylcysteine (γ-Glutamylcysteine), a dipeptide containing cysteine and glutamic acid, is a precursor to glutathione (GSH). Gamma-glutamylcysteine is a cofactor for glutathione peroxidase (GPx) to increase GSH levels .
Mal-Pc is a versatile molecular photosensitizer designed based phthalocyanine and maleimides. Mal-Pc can react with GSH to deplete GSH and reduce aggregation, thereby improving ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species)-mediated effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in cancer cells .
7-Fluorobenzofurazan-4-sulfonic acid ammonium is a fluorescent label. 7-Fluorobenzofurazan-4-sulfonic acid ammonium can be used for detecting dissolved thiol-disulfide (e.g., Cys, GSH) .
Methylisothiazolinone hydrochloride is the constituent of the biocide Kathon CG. Methylisothiazolinone hydrochloride is an isothiazolone derivative widely used as a preservative. Methylisothiazolinone hydrochloride is also a moderate sensitizer and reacts with GSH .
Irisquinone, a natural product, is an anticancer agent. Irisquinone is also a radiation sensitizer for cancer. Irisquinone reduces GSH level and inhibits the repair of DNA singular strand breaks .
3-HTC is a chemical fluorescent probe. 3-HTC reacts reversibly with thiols and disulfides, and can be used to measure dynamic GSH/GSSH ratios in vitro as well as to monitor the reversible redox status of whole cell lysates (λmax: 448 nm in its reduced thiolate form, and a λmax 370-410 nm for the oxidized mixed disulfide) .
Picoplatin (AMD473) is a platinum-based antineoplastic agent. Picoplatin is specifically to circumvent thiol-mediated drug resistance by sterically hindering its reaction with glutathione (GSH) while still retaining the ability to form cytotoxic lesions with DNA .
(±)9-HpODE is a long chain lipid hydroperoxide, is a product of linoleic acid peroxidation. (±)9-HpODE can induce oxidation of intracellular glutathione (GSH). (±)9-HpODE also exhibits antimicrobial activity against various fungal and bacterial pathogens .
Melarsoprol (Arsobal), a melaminophenylarsine-type trivalent organic arsenical, is an important drug for African trypanosomiasis. Melarsoprol is also active against leukemia cell lines and plasma cells from myeloma patients. Melarsoprol increases the biliary output of GSH in rats .
Isophysalin A is a physalin with alpha and beta unsaturated ketone components. Isophysalin A binds to GSH and targets multiple cysteine residues on IKKβ. Isophysalin A also inhibits inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and nitric oxide (NO) production, showing anti-inflammatory activity .
Glutathione ethyl ester is a cell-permeable GSH donor and provides an efficient supply of GSH to the oocyte. Glutathione ethyl ester shows positive effect on the in vitro production of embryos by enhancement of the antioxidative defense .
NAPQI is the toxic metabolite of Acetaminophen (HY-66005). NAPQI is also an inhibitor of enzymes in the vitamin K cycle. NAPQI is rapidly detoxified by glutathione (GSH), but in situations of GSH deficiency, excess NAPQI reacts with cysteine residues in proteins, causing cell death and toxicity in the liver .
Methylisothiazolinone-d3 (hydrochloride) is the deuterium labeled Methylisothiazolinone (hydrochloride). Methylisothiazolinone hydrochloride is the constituent of the biocide Kathon CG. Methylisothiazolinone hydrochloride is an isothiazolone derivative widely used as a preservative. Methylisothiazolinone hydrochloride is also a moderate sensitizer and reacts with GSH.
Diethyl maleate is a maleate ester resulting from the formal condensation of both carboxy groups of maleic acid with ethanol. Diethyl maleate (DEM), a thiol-reactive α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound, depletes glutathione (GSH) in exposed cells .
SDOX is the Doxorubicin (DOX) proagent. The loaded DOX proagents (SDOX) which can release the parent agents DOX triggered by excessive GSH in tumor cells, minimize the unexpected side effects on normal tissues without compromising the potency .
Topoisomerase II inhibitor 14 (compound 2f) is a potent inhibtor of Topoisomerase II, with anticancer activity. Topoisomerase II inhibitor 14 induces apoptosis, and arrests cell cycle at S phase. Topoisomerase II inhibitor 14 exhibits antioxidant effect and decreases the level of GSH, MDA, and NO .
α-Terthienylmethanol is a terthiophene isolated from the n-hexane fraction of E. prostrata. α-Terthienylmethanol has potent cytotoxic activity against human endometrial cancer cells (Hec1A and Ishikawa) (IC50 < 1 μM). α-Terthienylmethanol increases the intracellular level of ROS and decreases that of GSH .
Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is an orally active and brain-penetrant Nrf2 activator and induces upregulation of antioxidant gene expression. Dimethyl fumarate induces necroptosis in colon cancer cells through GSH depletion/ROS increase/MAPKs activation pathway, and also induces cell autophagy. Dimethyl fumarate can be used for multiple sclerosis research .
Argininosuccinic acid participates in the fourth step of the urea cycle, with being cleaved to arginine and fumaric acid by argininosuccinic acid lyase (ASL). Argininosuccinic acid reduces reduced glutathione (GSH) level, and increases the production of reactive oxygen species in cerebral cortex and striatum. Argininosuccinic acid causes lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation, and induces oxidative stress in the developing rat brain .
Zofenopril Calcium (SQ26991) is an orally active angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor with antioxidant activity and cardioprotective effects. Zofenopril Calcium reduces ROS production and GSH consumption and helps inhibit foam cell formation, thus slowing the progression of atherosclerosis. Zofenopril Calcium prevents cardiac damage caused by chronic Doxorubicin (HY-15142A).
Argininosuccinic acid disodium participates in the fourth step of the urea cycle and is cleaved into arginine and fumarate by argininosuccinate lyase (ASL). Argininosuccinic acid disodium reduces reduced glutathione (GSH) concentrations and increases reactive oxygen species production in the cerebral cortex and striatum. Argininosuccinic acid disodium causes lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation and also induces oxidative stress in the developing rat brain .
Seratrodast (AA 2414), an orally active antiasthmatic agent, is a thromboxane A2 receptor (TP) antagonist and ferroptosis inhibitor. Seratrodast reduces lipid ROS production, modulates the systemic xc-/GSH/GPX4 axis, and inhibits JNK phosphorylation and p53 expression. Seratrodast exhibits anti-asthmatic and anti-epileptic activity .
Theaflavin-3-gallate, a black tea theaflavin monomer, is regarded as the biologically important active component of black tea and provides health benefits. Theaflavin-3-gallate acts as prooxidants and induces oxidative stress in the carcinoma cells. Theaflavin-3-gallate reacts directly with reduced glutathione (GSH) in a time- and concentration-dependent manner .
Theaflavin-3'-gallate, a black tea theaflavin monomer, is regarded as the biologically important active component of black tea and provides health benefits. Theaflavin-3'-gallate acts as prooxidants and induces oxidative stress in the carcinoma cells. Theaflavin-3'-gallate reacts directly with reduced glutathione (GSH) in a time- and concentration-dependent manner .
3-tert-Butyl-4-methoxyphenol is a PROTAC linker, belongs to alkyl/ether class, with insecticidal activity. 3-tert-Butyl-4-methoxyphenol also induced increased activities of glutathione (GSH) S-transferase and epoxide hydrolase in the liver and forestomach tissues of A/HeJ mice, regulating the carcinogen metabolism system .
L-Buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine is a cell-permeable, potent, fast acting and irreversible inhibitor of g-glutamylcysteine synthetase and depletes cellular glutathione levels. The IC50 value of L-Buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine on melanoma, breast and ovarian tumor specimens are 1.9 μM, 8.6 μM, and 29 μM, respectively.
L-Theanine (L-Glutamic Acid γ-ethyl amide) is a non-protein amino acid contained in green tea leaves, which blocks the binding of L-glutamic acid to glutamate receptors in the brain, and with neuroprotective, anticancer and anti-oxidative activities. L-Theanine can pass through the blood–brain barrier and is orally active .
N-Acetyl-D-cysteine has antioxidant activities and scavenges ROS through the reaction with its thiol group, but cannot enter the glutathione metabolic pathway .
Nitecapone (OR-462) is an orally active and short-acting catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor with gastroprotective and antioxidant properties. Nitecapone (OR-462) scavenges reactive oxygen and nitric radicals and prevents lipid peroxidation .
L-Buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine hydrochloride is a cell-permeable, potent, fast acting, orally active and irreversible inhibitor of g-glutamylcysteine synthetase and depletes cellular glutathione levels. The IC50 value of L-Buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine on melanoma, breast and ovarian tumor specimens are 1.9 μM, 8.6 μM, and 29 μM, respectively .
Anti-inflammatory agent 31 (enone 17) is a kind of andrographolide derivatives, is a anti-inflammatory agent. Anti-inflammatory agent 31 inhibits NF-κB activation by upstream blockade of PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2 MAPK activation. Anti-inflammatory agent 31 shows recovery effective of the intracellular GSH levels and protective effect on liver .
Argininosuccinic acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of Argininosuccinic acid. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Argininosuccinic acid participates in the fourth step of the urea cycle, with being cleaved to arginine and fumaric acid by argininosuccinic acid lyase (ASL). Argininosuccinic acid reduces reduced glutathione (GSH) level, and increases the production of reactive oxygen species in cerebral cortex and striatum. Argininosuccinic acid causes lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation, and induces oxidative stress in the developing rat brain .
N-Acetyl-L-cysteine ethyl ester is an esterified form of N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC). N-Acetyl-L-cysteine ethyl ester exhibits enhanced cell permeability, and produce NAC and cysteine. N-Acetyl-L-cysteine ethyl ester increases circulating hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and can be used as an H2S producer. N-Acetyl-L-cysteine ethyl ester has the potential to substitute NAC as a mucolytic agent, and as a GSH-related antioxidant .
Dimethyl fumarate-d2 is the deuterium labeled Dimethyl fumarate[1]. Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is an orally active and brain-penetrant Nrf2 activator and induces upregulation of antioxidant gene expression. Dimethyl fumarate induces necroptosis in colon cancer cells through GSH depletion/ROS increase/MAPKs activation pathway, and also induces cell autophagy. Dimethyl fumarate can be used for multiple sclerosis research[2][3].
2,4-Difluorophenylethynylcobalamin is a potential B12 antivitamin via binding to human B12 -processing enzyme CblC with high affinity (KD=130 nm). 2,4-Difluorophenylethynylcobalamin withstood tailoring by CblC, and stabilizes the ternary complex with the cosubstrate glutathione (GSH) . 2,4-Difluorophenylethynylcobalamin is a click chemistry reagent, it contains an Alkyne group and can undergo copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAc) with molecules containing Azide groups.
CPT-Se3, a selenoproagent of Camptothecin (CPT), shows improved potency in killing cancer cells and inhibiting tumor growth. CPT–Se3 decreases the GSH/GSSG ratio and total thiols, elevates the ROS level in Hep G2 cells, and eventually induces apoptosis of cancer cells. CPT-Se3 shows cytotoxicity against HeLa, Hep G2, A549, and SMMC-7721 cells (IC50= 2.19-4.7 μM) .
CPT-Se4, a selenoproagent of Camptothecin (CPT), shows improved potency in killing cancer cells and inhibiting tumor growth. CPT-Se4 decreases the GSH/GSSG ratio and total thiols, elevates the ROS level in Hep G2 cells, and eventually induces apoptosis of cancer cells. CPT-Se4 shows cytotoxicity against HeLa, Hep G2, A549, and SMMC-7721 cells (IC50= 2.54-6.4 μM) .
Anticancer agent 154 (Compound 8h) increases the levels of reactive oxygen species and leads to mitochondrial damage. Anticancer agent 154 induces cell apoptosis and DNA damage. Anticancer agent 154 also induces ferroptosis by reducing the GSH level and GPX4 expression and increasing the lipid peroxidation level. Anticancer agent 154 inhibits cancer cell (HT29, H1975, A549, and MCF-7) proliferation with IC50s of 1.0-1.9 μM .
AChE/Aβ-IN-4 is a dual inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and β-amyloid (Aβ) aggregation, with the IC50 values of 1.72 ± 0.18 μM and 1.42 ± 0.3 μM, respectively. AChE/Aβ-IN-4 plays an impotant role in neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease .
Gamma-glutamylcysteine (γ-Glutamylcysteine) TFA, an intermediate in glutathione (GSH) synthesis, is a dipeptide served as an essential cofactor for the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Gamma-glutamylcysteine TFA also upregulates the level of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and reduces the levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β). Gamma-glutamylcysteine TFA attenuates the changes in metalloproteinase activity in oligomeric Aβ40-treated astrocytes .
Sudoxicam is a reversible and orally active COX antagonist and a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) from the enol-carboxamide class. Sudoxicam has potent anti-inflammatory, anti-edema and antipyretic activity .
Oxyfedrine, a vasodilator, is an orally active β-adrenoreceptor agonist. Oxyfedrine decreases the tonicity of coronary vessels. Oxyfedrine can be used in the research of cardiovascular disease .
Oxyfedrine hydrochloride, a vasodilator, is an orally active β-adrenoreceptor agonist. Oxyfedrine decreases the tonicity of coronary vessels. Oxyfedrine hydrochloride can be used in the research of cardiovascular disease .
G6PD activator AG1 is a potent and selective glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activator with an EC50 of 3 µΜ . G6PD activator AG1 reduces hemolysis of human erythrocytes .
AI-3 is a potent ARE (antioxidant response element) activator. AI-3 increases the NQO1 at the transcript levels and protein expression levels. AI-3 has the potential for the research of oxidative stress related diseases .
I-152 is a conjugate containing N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) and cysteamine (MEA). I-152 activates NRF2 and ATF4 signals. I-152 has anti-proliferative properties .
NIR-Thiol dinitrobenzenesulfonate has both absorption and emission in the NIR region. NIR-Thiol dinitrobenzenesulfonate responds to thiol with a large turn-on NIR fluorescence signal upon excitation in the NIR region. NIR-Thiol dinitrobenzenesulfonate is capable of imaging endogenously produced thiol in living cells and mice .
Proglumide is a nonpeptide and orally active cholecystokinin (CCK)-A/B receptors antagonist. Proglumide selective blocks CCK’s effects in the central nervous system (CNS). Proglumide has ability to inhibit gastric secretion and to protect the gastroduodenal mucosa. Proglumide also has antiepileptic and antioxidant activities .
Proglumide sodium is a nonpeptide and orally active cholecystokinin (CCK)-A/B receptors antagonist. Proglumide sodium selective blocks CCK’s effects in the central nervous system (CNS). Proglumide sodium has ability to inhibit gastric secretion and to protect the gastroduodenal mucosa. Proglumide sodium also has antiepileptic and antioxidant activities .
Proglumide hemicalcium is a nonpeptide and orally active cholecystokinin (CCK)-A/B receptors antagonist. Proglumide hemicalcium selective blocks CCK’s effects in the central nervous system (CNS). Proglumide hemicalcium has ability to inhibit gastric secretion and to protect the gastroduodenal mucosa. Proglumide hemicalcium also has antiepileptic and antioxidant activities .
S116836, a potent, orally active BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor, blocks both wild-type as well as T315I Bcr-Abl. S116836 arrests the cells in the G0/G1 phase of cell cycle, induces apoptosis, increases ROS production, and decreases GSH production in BaF3/WT and BaF3/T315I cells. S116836 also inhibits SRC, LYN, HCK, LCK and BLK, and receptor tyrosine kinases such as FLT3, TIE2, KIT, PDGFR-β. Antitumor activies . S116836 is a click chemistry reagent, it contains an Alkyne group and can undergo copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAc) with molecules containing Azide groups.
7-Fluorobenzofurazan-4-sulfonic acid ammonium is a fluorescent label. 7-Fluorobenzofurazan-4-sulfonic acid ammonium can be used for detecting dissolved thiol-disulfide (e.g., Cys, GSH) .
3-HTC is a chemical fluorescent probe. 3-HTC reacts reversibly with thiols and disulfides, and can be used to measure dynamic GSH/GSSH ratios in vitro as well as to monitor the reversible redox status of whole cell lysates (λmax: 448 nm in its reduced thiolate form, and a λmax 370-410 nm for the oxidized mixed disulfide) .
NIR-Thiol dinitrobenzenesulfonate has both absorption and emission in the NIR region. NIR-Thiol dinitrobenzenesulfonate responds to thiol with a large turn-on NIR fluorescence signal upon excitation in the NIR region. NIR-Thiol dinitrobenzenesulfonate is capable of imaging endogenously produced thiol in living cells and mice .
Glutathione Peroxidase (GSH-Px; EC 1.11.1.9) belongs to the peroxidase family and is commonly used in biochemical research. Glutathione Peroxidase can catalyze reduced glutathione (GSH) to form a disulfide bridge with another glutathione molecule, convert it into oxidized glutathione (GSSG), and react with hydrogen peroxide or lipid peroxide reaction, reducing it to H2O. Glutathione Peroxidase is an effective antioxidant against oxidative stress .
L-Cystine dihydrochloride can be used as a cell culture component and is a sulfur-containing precursor of glutathione (GSH) synthesis. L-Cystine dihydrochloride homeostasis is also important for GSH functions .
Glutathione ethyl ester is a cell-permeable GSH donor and provides an efficient supply of GSH to the oocyte. Glutathione ethyl ester shows positive effect on the in vitro production of embryos by enhancement of the antioxidative defense .
L-Cystine dihydrochloride can be used as a cell culture component and is a sulfur-containing precursor of glutathione (GSH) synthesis. L-Cystine dihydrochloride homeostasis is also important for GSH functions .
Gamma-glutamylcysteine (γ-Glutamylcysteine), a dipeptide containing cysteine and glutamic acid, is a precursor to glutathione (GSH). Gamma-glutamylcysteine is a cofactor for glutathione peroxidase (GPx) to increase GSH levels .
Ophthalmic acid, an analogue of GSH, is a marker of oxidative stress and hepatic GSH consumption. Ophthalmic acid is an inhibitor of Glyoxalase I reaction .
Irisquinone, a natural product, is an anticancer agent. Irisquinone is also a radiation sensitizer for cancer. Irisquinone reduces GSH level and inhibits the repair of DNA singular strand breaks .
(±)9-HpODE is a long chain lipid hydroperoxide, is a product of linoleic acid peroxidation. (±)9-HpODE can induce oxidation of intracellular glutathione (GSH). (±)9-HpODE also exhibits antimicrobial activity against various fungal and bacterial pathogens .
Isophysalin A is a physalin with alpha and beta unsaturated ketone components. Isophysalin A binds to GSH and targets multiple cysteine residues on IKKβ. Isophysalin A also inhibits inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and nitric oxide (NO) production, showing anti-inflammatory activity .
NAPQI is the toxic metabolite of Acetaminophen (HY-66005). NAPQI is also an inhibitor of enzymes in the vitamin K cycle. NAPQI is rapidly detoxified by glutathione (GSH), but in situations of GSH deficiency, excess NAPQI reacts with cysteine residues in proteins, causing cell death and toxicity in the liver .
α-Terthienylmethanol is a terthiophene isolated from the n-hexane fraction of E. prostrata. α-Terthienylmethanol has potent cytotoxic activity against human endometrial cancer cells (Hec1A and Ishikawa) (IC50 < 1 μM). α-Terthienylmethanol increases the intracellular level of ROS and decreases that of GSH .
Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is an orally active and brain-penetrant Nrf2 activator and induces upregulation of antioxidant gene expression. Dimethyl fumarate induces necroptosis in colon cancer cells through GSH depletion/ROS increase/MAPKs activation pathway, and also induces cell autophagy. Dimethyl fumarate can be used for multiple sclerosis research .
Argininosuccinic acid participates in the fourth step of the urea cycle, with being cleaved to arginine and fumaric acid by argininosuccinic acid lyase (ASL). Argininosuccinic acid reduces reduced glutathione (GSH) level, and increases the production of reactive oxygen species in cerebral cortex and striatum. Argininosuccinic acid causes lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation, and induces oxidative stress in the developing rat brain .
Argininosuccinic acid disodium participates in the fourth step of the urea cycle and is cleaved into arginine and fumarate by argininosuccinate lyase (ASL). Argininosuccinic acid disodium reduces reduced glutathione (GSH) concentrations and increases reactive oxygen species production in the cerebral cortex and striatum. Argininosuccinic acid disodium causes lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation and also induces oxidative stress in the developing rat brain .
Theaflavin-3-gallate, a black tea theaflavin monomer, is regarded as the biologically important active component of black tea and provides health benefits. Theaflavin-3-gallate acts as prooxidants and induces oxidative stress in the carcinoma cells. Theaflavin-3-gallate reacts directly with reduced glutathione (GSH) in a time- and concentration-dependent manner .
Theaflavin-3'-gallate, a black tea theaflavin monomer, is regarded as the biologically important active component of black tea and provides health benefits. Theaflavin-3'-gallate acts as prooxidants and induces oxidative stress in the carcinoma cells. Theaflavin-3'-gallate reacts directly with reduced glutathione (GSH) in a time- and concentration-dependent manner .
3-tert-Butyl-4-methoxyphenol is a PROTAC linker, belongs to alkyl/ether class, with insecticidal activity. 3-tert-Butyl-4-methoxyphenol also induced increased activities of glutathione (GSH) S-transferase and epoxide hydrolase in the liver and forestomach tissues of A/HeJ mice, regulating the carcinogen metabolism system .
L-Theanine (L-Glutamic Acid γ-ethyl amide) is a non-protein amino acid contained in green tea leaves, which blocks the binding of L-glutamic acid to glutamate receptors in the brain, and with neuroprotective, anticancer and anti-oxidative activities. L-Theanine can pass through the blood–brain barrier and is orally active .
Argininosuccinic acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of Argininosuccinic acid. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Argininosuccinic acid participates in the fourth step of the urea cycle, with being cleaved to arginine and fumaric acid by argininosuccinic acid lyase (ASL). Argininosuccinic acid reduces reduced glutathione (GSH) level, and increases the production of reactive oxygen species in cerebral cortex and striatum. Argininosuccinic acid causes lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation, and induces oxidative stress in the developing rat brain .
Gamma-glutamylcysteine (γ-Glutamylcysteine) TFA, an intermediate in glutathione (GSH) synthesis, is a dipeptide served as an essential cofactor for the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Gamma-glutamylcysteine TFA also upregulates the level of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and reduces the levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β). Gamma-glutamylcysteine TFA attenuates the changes in metalloproteinase activity in oligomeric Aβ40-treated astrocytes .
Glutathione synthase/GSS protein catalyzes the ATP-dependent synthesis of glutathione from gamma-glutamylcysteine and glycine. Glutathione synthetase/GSS Protein, Human (His) is the recombinant human-derived Glutathione synthetase/GSS protein, expressed by E. coli , with C-6*His labeled tag. The total length of Glutathione synthetase/GSS Protein, Human (His) is 473 a.a., with molecular weight of ~55.0 kDa.
Gamma-GCS protein is a key enzyme in sulfur metabolism and initiates glutathione synthesis by catalyzing the incorporation of L-cysteine and L-glutamic acid. This important molecule critical for cellular antioxidant defense is synthesized through a critical 1/2 step facilitated by γ-GCS. Gamma-GCS Protein, E.coli (His-SUMO) is the recombinant E. coli-derived Gamma-GCS protein, expressed by E. coli , with N-His, N-SUMO labeled tag. The total length of Gamma-GCS Protein, E.coli (His-SUMO) is 518 a.a., with molecular weight of ~74.3 kDa.
The ADH5 protein catalyzes the oxidation of long-chain primary alcohols and S-(hydroxymethyl) glutathione. It also oxidizes long-chain omega-hydroxy fatty acids, producing intermediate aldehydes and end products. However, it is ineffective in oxidizing ethanol. ADH5 is crucial for clearing cytotoxic formaldehyde, which causes DNA damage. ADH5 Protein, Human (GST) is the recombinant human-derived ADH5 protein, expressed by E. coli , with N-GST labeled tag. The total length of ADH5 Protein, Human (GST) is 374 a.a., .
Methylisothiazolinone-d3 (hydrochloride) is the deuterium labeled Methylisothiazolinone (hydrochloride). Methylisothiazolinone hydrochloride is the constituent of the biocide Kathon CG. Methylisothiazolinone hydrochloride is an isothiazolone derivative widely used as a preservative. Methylisothiazolinone hydrochloride is also a moderate sensitizer and reacts with GSH.
L-Glutathione reduced-d2(GSH-d2; γ-L-Glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine-d2) is deuterated-labeled L-Glutathione reduced (HY-D0187). L-Glutathione reduced is an endogenous antioxidant and oxygen free radical scavenger.
L-Glutathione reduced- 13C2, 15N is the 13C- and 15N-labeled L-Glutathione reduced. L-Glutathione reduced (GSH) is an endogenous antioxidant and is capable of scavenging oxygen-derived free radicals.
Dimethyl fumarate-d2 is the deuterium labeled Dimethyl fumarate[1]. Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is an orally active and brain-penetrant Nrf2 activator and induces upregulation of antioxidant gene expression. Dimethyl fumarate induces necroptosis in colon cancer cells through GSH depletion/ROS increase/MAPKs activation pathway, and also induces cell autophagy. Dimethyl fumarate can be used for multiple sclerosis research[2][3].
