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(-)-Hydroxycitric acid lactone (Garcinia lactone) is an anti-obesity agent and a popular weight loss food supplement. (-)-Hydroxycitric acid lactone is a potent inhibitor of ATP-citrate lyase. (-)-Hydroxycitric acid lactone catalyzes the extramitochondrial cleavage of citrate to oxaloacetate and acetyl-CoA, limits the availability of acetyl-CoA units required for fatty acid synthesis .
N-(3-Hydroxytetradecanoyl)-DL-homoserine lactone (N-(3-oxodecanoyl)-homoserine lactone) is a member of N-Acyl homoserine lactone (AHL) from V. alginolyticus strains. N-(3-Hydroxytetradecanoyl)-DL-homoserine lactone is used for biofilm formation and has antibacterial activity .
Massoia lactone ((±)-Massoia lactone) is a coconut and creamy fragrant compound mianly isolated from Cryptocarya massoy. Massoia lactone is also a fragrant biosurfactant produced by a fungus Aureobasidium pullulans .
N-(3-Oxotetradecanoyl)-DL-homoserine lactone, a member of N-Acyl homoserine lactone (AHL) from gram-negative bacteria, is a quorum sensing (QS) signaling molecule .
N-(3-Oxooctanoyl)-DL-homoserine lacton is a member of N-Acyl homoserine lactone (AHL) from gram-negative bacteria, with stereochemistry-dependent growth regulatory activity for roots .
Pravastatin lactone is a potent HMG-CoA inhibitor. Pravastatin Lactone is a metabolite of pravastatin. Pravastatin lactone reduces blood cholesterol levels by inhibiting cholesterol synthesis .
Prostaglandin F2α 1,11-lactone is a prostaglandin.
Prostaglandin F2α 1,11-lactone is absorbed by the eye. Prostaglandin F2α 1,
11-Lactone has metabolic stability on the corneal surface and conjunctiva.
Prostaglandin F2α 1,11-lactone can be used in the treatment of glaucoma
.
PGF2α 1,15-lactone (Prostaglandin F2α 1,15-lactone) is a lipid-soluble internal ester of PGF2α. PGF2α 1,15-lactone decreases menstrual cycle lengths in non-pregnant rhesus monkeys. PGF2α 1,15-lactone terminates early pregnancy in the monkey .
(±)5-HETE lactone is the racemate of 5-HETE lactone. 5-HETE lactone is a metabolite generated by a series of enzymatic reactions of arachidonic acid, and is also a substrate of paraoxonase-1 (PON1). 5-HETE lactone can be used in the study of B cell activation .
Atorvastatin lactone-d5 is a deuterated form of Atorvastatin lactone (HY-101873). Atorvastatin lactone is a proagent form of atorvastatin. Atorvastatin is an orally active 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor[1].
D-(+)-Glucono-1,5-lactone-1- 13C is the 13C labeled D-(+)-Glucono-1,5-lactone. D-(+)-Glucono-1,5-lactone is a polyhydroxy (PHA) that is capable of metal chelating, moisturizing and antioxidant activ[1][2].
D-Saccharic acid 1,4-lactone hydrate is a potent β-glucuronidase inhibitor (IC50=48.4 μM). D-Saccharic acid 1,4-lactone hydrate can be used as a standard agent compared with novel β-glucuronidase inhibitors. D-Saccharic acid 1,4-lactone hydrate possesses anticarcinogenic, detoxifying, and antioxidant properties .
Atorvastatin lactone (Standard) is the analytical standard of Atorvastatin lactone. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Atorvastatin lactone is a proagent form of atorvastatin. Atorvastatin is an orally active 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor .
Bromoenol lactone ((6E)-Bromoenol lactone) is a suicide-based irreversible, selective, potent inhibitor of calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2β) with an IC50 value of approximately 7 μM, which inhibits antigen-stimulated mast cell exocytosis without blocking Ca 2+ influx .
L-Gulono-1,4-lactone is a substrate of L-gulono-1,4-lactone oxidoreductase, which catalyzes the last step of the biosynthesis of L-ascorbic (Vatamin) C. In other words, L-Gulono-1,4-lactone is a direct precursor of vitamin C in animals, in plants and in some protists.
Ortho-hydroxy atorvastatin lactone-d5 is deuterium labeled 2-Hydroxy atorvastatin lactone. 2-Hydroxy atorvastatin lactone is a metabolite of Atorvastatin. Atorvastatin is an orally active HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, has the ability to effectively decrease blood lipids[1][2].
N-Heptanoyl-L-homoserine lactone is a member of N-acyl-homoserine lactone family. N-acyl-homoserine lactones (AHL) can regulate gene expression in gram-negative bacteria, such as Echerichia and Salmonella, and are involved in quorum sensing, cell to cell communication among bacteria.
N-butyryl-L-Homoserine lactone-d5 is the deuterium labeled N-Butanoyl-L-homoserine lactone. N-Butanoyl-L-homoserine lactone (C4-HSL) is a cleavable ADC linker used in the synthesis of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). N-Butanoyl-L-homoserine lactone has antibacterial activity and is used in antibacterial biofilm[1]. N-Butanoyl-L-homoserine lactone aptamers blocks qurom sensing and inhibits biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa[2][3].
N-(Ketocaproyl)-DL-homoserine lactone is a natural, very active ligand of LuxR. N-(Ketocaproyl)-DL-homoserine lactone is a quorum sensing (QS) autoinducer .
N-Butanoyl-L-homoserine lactone (C4-HSL) is a cleavable ADC linker used in the synthesis of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). N-Butanoyl-L-homoserine lactone has antibacterial activity and is used in antibacterial biofilm . N-Butanoyl-L-homoserine lactone aptamers blocks qurom sensing and inhibits biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa .
(4Z)-Lachnophyllum lactone is a enyne derivative. (4Z)-Lachnophyllum lactone shows growth inhibitory activity against Lemna paucicostata (IC50=104 μM), which is a problematic and invasive weed . (4Z)-Lachnophyllum lactone is a click chemistry reagent, it contains an Alkyne group and can undergo copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAc) with molecules containing Azide groups.
Pitavastatin lactone is a major metabolite of Pitavastatin in humans. Pitavastatin is a potent competitive inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase little metabolized in hepatic microsomes .
α-Angelica lactone is a naturally occurring anticarcinogen and an vinylogous nucleophile. α-Angelica lactone can give the chiral δ-amino γ,γ-disubstituted butenolide carbonyl derivatives and exhibitselectrophilic trapping at the γ-carbon. α-Angelica lactone exerts strong chemoprotective effects by selective enhancement of glutathione-S-thansferase (GST) and UDP-glucononosyltransferase (UGT) detoxification enzymes .
N-Tetradecanoyl-L-homoserine lactone is a short-chained N-acyl homoserine lactone (AHL). Diatoms are frequently found in association with Proteobacteria, many members of which employ cell-to-cell communication via AHLs in aquatic habitats .
N-Hexanoyl-L-homoserine lactone is a short-chained N-acyl homoserine lactone (AHL). Diatoms are frequently found in association with Proteobacteria, many members of which employ cell-to-cell communication via AHLs in aquatic habitats .
N-Butanoyl-DL-homoserine lactone ((Rac)-C4-HSL) is a racemic mixture of N-Butanoyl-D-homoserine lactone and N-Butanoyl-L-homoserine lactone. N-Butanoyl-L-homoserine lactone is a cleavable ADC linker used in the synthesis of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). N-Butanoyl-L-homoserine lactone has antibacterial activity and is used in antibacterial biofilm. N-Butanoyl-L-homoserine lactone aptamers blocks qurom sensing and inhibits biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa .
L-Homoserine lactone hydrochloride is a biochemical reagent that can be used as a biological material or organic compound for life science related research.
Atorvastatin lactone is a proagent form of atorvastatin. Atorvastatin is an orally active 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor .
N-octanoyl-L-Homoserine lactone is a small diffusible signaling molecule involved in quorum sensing, thereby controlling gene expression and affecting cellular metabolism. N-octanoyl-L-Homoserine lactone can be used for the infection prevention and regulation of virulence in cystic fibro.
N-Hexanoyl-DL-homoserine lactone is a bacterial quorum sensing molecule produced in the rhizosphere. N-Hexanoyl-DL-homoserine lactone, a bacterial quorum sensing signal, induces transcriptional changes in Arabidopsis and may contribute to tuning plant growth to the microbial composition of the rhizosphere .
Tilifodiolide ((-)-Tilifodiolide) is a lactone, which can be isolated from the roots of Salvia tiliaefolia. Tilifodiolide has anti-inflammatory activity in mice model .
N-decanoyl-L-homoserine lactone (C10-HSL) is a N-acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL) N-decanoyl-L-homoserine lactone can inhibit primary root growth in Arabidopsis. N-decanoyl-L-homoserine lactone triggers a transient and immediate increase in the concentrations of cytosolic free Ca 2+ and reactive oxygen species (ROS), increases the activity of mitogen-activated protein kinase 6 (MPK6), and induces nitric oxide (NO) production in Arabidopsis roots .
(+)-cis-Khellactone is a lactone, that can be isolated from Cordyceps. (+)-cis-Khellactone has potential medicinal properties, including anti-inflammatory, vasodilator and spasmolytic effects .
Latanoprost lactone diol is an intermediate in the synthesis of Latanoprost. Latanoprost is a prostaglandin F2α analogue and an agonist for the FP prostanoid receptor, and lowers intraocular-pressure (IOP) .
4-Hydroxy Atorvastatin lactone is a metabolite of Atorvastatin (HY-B0589). Atorvastatin is an orally active HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, has the ability to effectively decrease blood lipids .
MAC glucuronide α-hydroxy lactone-linked SN-38 (Topoisomerase I inhibitor) is a stabilized lactone MAC glucuronide α-hydroxy lactone-linked SN-38 agent linker. MAC glucuronide α-hydroxy lactone-linked SN-38 is cytotoxic across L540cy cells and Ramos cells with IC50 values of 99 and 105 ng/mL, respectively .
(R)-Bromoenol lactone ((R)-BEL) is an irreversible, chiral, mechanism-based inhibitor of calcium-independent phospholipase γ (iPLA2γ). (R)-BEL inhibits human recombinant iPLA2γ with an IC50 of approximately 0.6 µM .
Olmesartan lactone impurity is a cyclic ester impurity of Olmesartan. Olmesartan is an angiotensin II receptor (AT1R) antagonist and has the potential for high blood pressure study .
N-(3-Oxobutanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone (3-oxo-C4-HSL) is a carbapenem antibiotic biosynthesis autoregulator in Erwinia carotovora ATCC 39048. N-(3-Oxobutanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone induces expression of rhiI in R. leguminosarum .
N-tridecanoyl-L-Homserine lactone is a biochemical reagent that can be used as a biological material or organic compound for life science related research.
N-hexadecanoyl-L-Homoserine lactone is a biochemical reagent that can be used as a biological material or organic compound for life science related research.
2-Hydroxy atorvastatin lactone is a metabolite of Atorvastatin. Atorvastatin is an orally active HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, has the ability to effectively decrease blood lipids .
N-Phenylacetyl-L-homoserine lactone is a small diffusible signaling molecule that strongly antagonizes or super-activates the quorum sensing of Vibrio fischeri .
N-dodecanoyl-L-Homoserine lactone (C12-HSL) is a quorum sensing (QS) signaling molecule. N-dodecanoyl-L-Homoserine lactone (C12-HSL) aptamers blocks qurom sensing and inhibits biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa .
N-cis-octadec-9Z-enoyl-L-Homoserine lactone is a potent inhibitor of AhyI. AhyI (expressing acylhomoserine lactone) is responsible for the biosynthesis of autoinducer-1 (AI-1), commonly referred to as a quorum sensing (QS) signaling molecule, which plays an essential role in bacterial communication. N-cis-octadec-9Z-enoyl-L-Homoserine lactone is a competitive inhibitor of AI-1 biosynthesis .
3-Oxo-24,25,26,27-tetranortirucall-7-ene-23(21)-lactone is a tetranortirucallane-type triterpenoid that can be isolated from Dysoxylum lenticellatum. 3-Oxo-24,25,26,27-tetranortirucall-7-ene-23(21)-lactone has vasodilative effect with diastolic degree of 43.5% at 10 渭g/mL .
(S)-Bromoenol lactone ((S)-BEL) is an irreversible, chiral, mechanism-based inhibitor of calcium-independent phospholipase A2β (iPLA2β) that inhibits the vasopressin-induced release of arachidonate from cultured rat aortic smooth muscle (A10) cells with an IC50 of 2 µM .
Costunolide ((+)-Costunolide) is a naturally occurring sesquiterpene lactone, with antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, bone remodeling, neuroprotective, hair growth promoting, anticancer, and antidiabetic properties. Costunolide can induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis on breast cancer cells .
2,3,5-Tri-O-benzyl-D-ribono-1,4-lactone is a purine nucleoside analog. Purine nucleoside analogs have broad antitumor activity targeting indolent lymphoid malignancies. Anticancer mechanisms in this process rely on inhibition of DNA synthesis, induction of apoptosis, etc .
N-3-Oxo-hexadecanoyl-L-Homoserine lactone is a signaling molecule to coordinate group behaviors at high densities in many bacteria. N-3-Oxo-hexadecanoyl-L-Homoserine lactone adsorbs to and promotes the remodeling of lipid membranes in ways that could underpin cell-cell or host-cell interactions .
Brassinolide-d5 (Brassin lactone-d5) is the deuterated labeled Brassinolide (HY-N0273). Citric acid is a natural preservative and food tartness enhancer. Citric acid induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and S phase in HaCaT cells. Citric acid cause oxidative damage of the liver by means of the decrease of antioxidative enzyme activities. Citric acid causes renal toxicity in mice .
N-3-oxo-dodecanoyl-L-Homoserine lactone (3-oxo-C12-HSL) is a bacterial quorum-sensing signaling molecule produced by P. aeruginosa and strains of the B. cepacia complex .Quorum sensing is a regulatory system used by bacteria for controlling gene expression in response to increasing cell density.N-3-oxo-dodecanoyl-L-Homoserine lactone induces the production of IL-8 in 16HBE human bronchial epithelial cells .
3-Oxo-21α-methoxy-24,25,26,27-tetranortirucall-7-ene-23(21)-lactone is a cytotoxic tirucallane C26 triterpenoid isolated from the stem barks of Aphanamixis grandifolia .
N-3-oxo-hexadec-11Z-enoyl-L-Homoserine lactone is a biochemical reagent that can be used as a biological material or organic compound for life science related research.
Quorum sensing is a regulatory system used by bacteria to control gene expression in response to increased cell density. This regulatory process manifests itself in a variety of phenotypes, including biofilm formation and virulence factor production. Coordinated gene expression is achieved through the production, release and detection of small diffusible signaling molecules called autoinducers. N-acylated homoserine lactones (AHLs) comprise a class of such autoinducers, each of which generally consists of a fatty acid coupled to a homoserine lactone (HSL). Modulation of bacterial quorum-sensing signaling systems to suppress pathogenesis represents a new approach to antimicrobial research for infectious diseases. AHLs differ in acyl length (C4-C18), C3 substitution (hydrogen, hydroxyl, or oxo group), and the presence or absence of one or more carbon-carbon double bonds in the fatty acid chain. These differences confer signaling specificity through the affinity of the LuxR family of transcriptional regulators. C18-HSL, one of four lipophilic long acyl side chain AHLs produced by the LuxI AHL synthase homolog SinI, is involved in quorum-sensing signaling in strains of Rhizobium meliloti (a nitrogen-fixing bacterial symbiont of the legume M. sativa) . C18-HSL and other hydrophobic AHLs tend to localize in the relatively lipophilic environment of bacterial cells and cannot diffuse freely across the cell membrane. Long-chain N-acyl homoserine lactones can be exported from cells by efflux pumps, or can be transported between communicating cells by extracellular outer membrane vesicles.
Isoatriplicolide tiglate is a bioactive sesquiterpene lactone. Isoatriplicolide tiglate can be isolated from Paulownia coreana. Isoatriplicolide tiglate has neuroprotective effect .
Vernolide-B has cytoxicity (ED50s: 3.78, 5.88, 6.42 μg/mL for KB, NCI-661, and HeLa cells respectively). Vernolide B is sesquiterpene lactone that can be isolated from Vernonia cinerea .
Quorum sensing is a regulatory system used by bacteria to control gene expression in response to increased cell density. This regulatory process manifests itself in a variety of phenotypes, including biofilm formation and virulence factor production. Coordinated gene expression is achieved through the production, release and detection of small diffusible signaling molecules called autoinducers. N-acylated homoserine lactones (AHLs) comprise a class of such autoinducers, each of which generally consists of a fatty acid coupled to a homoserine lactone (HSL). Modulation of bacterial quorum-sensing signaling systems to suppress pathogenesis represents a new approach to antimicrobial research for infectious diseases. AHLs differ in acyl length (C4-C18), C3 substitution (hydrogen, hydroxyl, or oxo group), and the presence or absence of one or more carbon-carbon double bonds in the fatty acid chain. These differences confer signaling specificity through the affinity of the LuxR family of transcriptional regulators. C11-HSL has a rare odd-numbered acyl carbon chain and may be a minor quorum-sensing signaling molecule in Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains.
Eupalinilide B is a guaiane type sesquiterpene lactone that can be found in Eupatorium lindleyanum. Eupalinilide B shows potent cytotoxicity against P-388 and A-549 tumor cell lines .
Quorum sensing is a regulatory system used by bacteria to control gene expression in response to increased cell density. This regulatory process manifests itself in a variety of phenotypes, including biofilm formation and virulence factor production. Coordinated gene expression is achieved through the production, release and detection of small diffusible signaling molecules called autoinducers. N-acylated homoserine lactones (AHLs) comprise a class of such autoinducers, each of which generally consists of a fatty acid coupled to a homoserine lactone (HSL). Modulation of bacterial quorum-sensing signaling systems to suppress pathogenesis represents a new approach to antimicrobial research for infectious diseases. AHLs differ in acyl length (C4-C18), C3 substitution (hydrogen, hydroxyl, or oxo group), and the presence or absence of one or more carbon-carbon double bonds in the fatty acid chain. These differences confer signaling specificity through the affinity of the LuxR family of transcriptional regulators. C9-HSL is a rare odd-numbered acyl carbon chain produced by wild-type Erwinia carotovora strain SCC 3193 grown in nutrient-rich Luria-Bertani broth (LB) medium.
N-(3-Oxopentanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone is an autoinducer, a kind of chemical signal molecule which passively diffuses across the bacterial envelope and accumulates intracellularly at high bacterial densities. It may bind to a protein related to the LuxR protein of V. fischeri and causes cell density-dependent gene expression. N-(3-Oxopentanoyl)-L-homoserine can be used for research of quorum sensing .
Telekin is an eucalyptus-type sesquiterpene lactone compound found in Carpesium divaricatum. Telekin can activate mitochondria-mediated cell apoptosis and has anticancer activity .
Tomentosin is a antiphlogistic sesquiterpene lactone that can be isolated from Inula falconeri.Tomentosin induces apoptosis and inhibits proliferation, migration and invasion of pancreatic cancer cells .
Minimolide F is a sesquiterpene lactone. Minimolide F has inhibitory activity against human nasopharyngeal cancer cells. Minimolide F can be used for the research of cancer .
Eupahualin C is a sesquiterpene lactone that can be isolated from Eupatorium hualienense. Eupahualin C shows cytotoxicity to K562 and U2OS cancer cells .
2-O-Benzoyl-3-O-t-butyldiphenylsilyl-L-threono lactone is a purine nucleoside analog. Purine nucleoside analogs have broad antitumor activity targeting indolent lymphoid malignancies. Anticancer mechanisms in this process rely on inhibition of DNA synthesis, induction of apoptosis, etc .
Zedoarondiol, a sesquiterpene lactone compound, with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Zedoarondiol can be used for atherosclerosis research .
N-cis-Tetradec-9Z-enoyl-L-homoserine lactone (C14-9Z-HSL) is an autoinducer in C. rodentium, that serves as signal molecule, coordinates the gene expression and behaviors through diffusion into cells of different bacterial species .
4,15-Isoatriplicolide methylacrylate is a germacrane-type sesquiterpene lactone. 4,15-Isoatriplicolide methylacrylate also is a cytotoxic agent. 4,15-Isoatriplicolide methylacrylate has cytotoxic activity for MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line .
3,5-Bis-O-(4-methylbenzoyl)-2-C-methyl-D-ribonic acid gama-lactone is a purine nucleoside analog. Purine nucleoside analogs have broad antitumor activity targeting indolent lymphoid malignancies. Anticancer mechanisms in this process rely on inhibition of DNA synthesis, induction of apoptosis, etc .
3β-Hydroxyurs-11-en-28,13β-olide (11,12-Dehydroursolic acid lactone) is a triterpenoid that can be found in Fadogia tetraquetra var. tetraquetra . 3β-Hydroxyurs-11-en-28,13β-olide shows antibacterial activity .
Dehydroleucodine is a sesquiterpene lactone isolated from Artemisia douglasiana. Dehydroleucodine is a mast cell stabilizer that inhibits tmast cell degranulation induced by compound 48/80. Dehydroleucodine inudces cells apoptosis, and has gastric ulcer inhibition and antileukemic effects .
Goniothalenol is a styryl lactone that can be isolated from Goniothalamus griffithii. Goniothalenol exhibits cytatoxic activity against A2780, HCT-8, KB and MCF-7 cell lines .
Bonducellpin D is a furanoditerpenoid lactone isolated from Caesalpinia minax. Bonducellpin D exhibits broad-spectrum inhibition potential against SARS-CoV M pro and MERS-CoV M pro, with an Ki of 467.11 and 284.86 nM, respectively. Bonducellpin D also exhibits moderate anti-cancer activity in vitro .
8α-Hydroxyhirsutinolide is a sesquiterpene lactone. 8α-Hydroxyhirsutinolide inhibits TNF-α-induced NF-κB activity (IC50: 1.9 μM) and NO production. 8α-Hydroxyhirsutinolide can be isolated from Vernonia cinerea .
Epirosmanol is a nature diterpene lactone from S. officinalis. Epirosmanol shows anti-cancer activity and inhibits melanin biosynthesis against melanoma cells. Epirosmanol also exhibits DPPH radical scavenging activity .
Ginkgolide B (BN-52021), a terpene lactone, is a potent platelet activating factor antagonist. Ginkgolide B protects endothelial cells via the activation of PXR from injuries induced by xeno- and endobiotics. Ginkgolide B can pass through the brain-blood barrier. Ginkgolide B has anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and anti-apoptotic activity. Ginkgolide B has marked neuroprotective effects against ischemia-induced impairments .
Bakkenolide D is the main component of bakkenolide in Petasites tricholobus. Bakkenolide has anti-allergic effects and can be used in the study of allergic rhinitis .
TEI-9647, a Vitamin D3Lactone analogue, is a potent and specific vitamin D receptor (VDR) antagonist. TEI-9647 inhibits VDR/VDRE-mediated genomic actions of 1α,25(OH)2D3. TEI-9647 inhibits bone resorption and HL-60 cell differentiation induced by of 1α,25(OH)2D3. TEI-9647 has the potential for suppressing the excessive bone resorption and osteoclast formation in Paget's disease .
Glucose dehydrogenase, recombinant Microorganisms is a oxidoreductase. Glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) catalyzes the oxidation of β-D-glucose to β-D-glucono-1,5-lactone with simultaneous reduction of the cofactor NADP + to NADPH or, to a lesser extent, NAD + to NADH. Glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) accepts both NAD + and NADP + as cofactors and can be used for the regeneration of NADH and NADPH .
Quorum sensing is a regulatory system used by bacteria to control gene expression in response to increased cell density. The control of bacterial infection by quenching the quorum sensing system of bacteria is a promising research area. The expression of specific target genes, such as transcriptional regulators belonging to the LuxIR protein family, is coordinated by the synthesis of diffusible acyl homoserine lactone (AHL) molecules. N-butyryl-L-Homocysteine thio-lactone is an analog of N-butyryl-L-homoserine lactone, a small, diffusible signaling molecule involved in quorum sensing, thereby controlling gene expression and cellular metabolism . N-butyryl-L-homocysteine thiolactone induces violacein expression in Viola viola mutants that normally fail to produce AHL.
ω-Pentadecalactone is a fragrance ingredient. ω-Pentadecalactone is a member of the fragrance structural group macrocyclic lactone and lactide derivative .
Shizukanolide, a sesquiterpene lactone, can be isolated from Chloranthus japonicus (Chloranthaceae). The dehydro-compound of Shizukanolide, shows moderate antifungal activity .
Eupalinolide K, a sesquiterpene lactones compound from Eupatorium lindleyanum, is a STAT3 inhibitor. Eupalinolide K is a Michael reaction acceptor (MRA) .
Strychnistenolide is a sesquiterpene lactone that can be isolated from the roots of Lindera strychnifolia. Strychnistenolide exists as a single stereoisomer in CHCl3, but exomeric in pyridine .
(-)-Cleistenolide is a α,β-unsaturated δ-lactone isolated from Cleistochlamys kirkii Oliver. (-)-Cleistenolide has antibacterial and antitumor activity .
Corianin is a sesquiterpene lactone that can be isolated from the fruits of Coriaria ruscifolia. Corianin shows antibacterial activity against S. aureus and S. epidermis .
Human enteropeptidase-IN-3 is an enteropeptidase inhibitor. Human enteropeptidase-IN-3 exhibits enteropeptidase activity and long duration of inhibitory state. Human enteropeptidase-IN-3 can be used for intetinal digestive related diseases research .
Scandenolide is a sesquiterpene lactone that can be found in Philippines medicinal plant Mikania cordata. Scandenolide inhibits leukotriene and platelet activating factor synthesis in leukocytes .
Umirolimus, a macrocyclic triene lactone Rapamycin derivative, is powerful immunosuppressant and anti-inflammatory agent. Umirolimus has highly lipophilicity and can be used agent-eluting stent (DES) applications .
Bufotalin is a steroid lactone isolated from Venenum Bufonis with potently antitumor activities. Bufotalin induces cancer cell apoptosis and also induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress activation .
Hymeglusin, as a fungal β-lactoneantibiotic, is a HMG-CoA synthase inhibitor (IC50 = 0.12 μM). Hymeglusin covalently modifies the active Cys 129 residue of the enzyme .
Platycoside M1 is a A-ring lactone triterpenoid saponin that can be isolaoted from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum. Platycosides are the main active constituents of P. grandiflorus with multiple pharmacological activities .
Withaferin A is a steroidal lactone isolated from Withania somnifera, inhibits NF-kB activation and targets vimentin, with potent antiinflammatory and anticancer activities. Withaferin A is an inhibitor of endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) shedding.
Bryostatin 2 ((+)-Bryostatin 2) is a 20-membered ring lactone that can be found in Bryozoan Eugufa neritina L. Bryostatin 2 has the potential for the research of P-388 lymphocytic
leukemia .
Piptocarphin F (Compound 5) is a sesquiterpene
lactone. Piptocarphin F shows cytotoxic activity on human leukemia cell line
HL-60 (IC50=5.69 μmol*L -1) .
Pironetin is an α/β unsaturated lactone isolated from Streptomyces species. Pironetin binds to α-tubulin and is a potent inhibitor of microtubule polymerization, and has cell cycle arrest and antitumor activity .
Isodeoxyelephantopin is a sesquiterpene lactone isolated from Elephantopus scaber. Isodeoxyelephantopin induces ROS generation, suppresses NF-κB activation. Isodeoxyelephantopin also modulates LncRNA expression and exhibit activities against breast cancer .
Parthenolide is a sesquiterpene lactone found in the medicinal herb Feverfew. Parthenolide exhibits anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting NF-κB activation; also inhibits HDAC1 protein without affecting other class I/II HDACs.
Britannin, isolated from Inula aucheriana, is a sesquiterpene lactone. Britannin induces apoptosis and autophagy by activating AMPK regulated by ROS in liver cancer cells. Britannin has anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory activities .
Tacrolimus monohydrate (FK506 monohydrate), a macrocyclic lactone, binds to FK506 binding protein (FKBP) to form a complex and inhibits calcineurin phosphatase, which inhibits T-lymphocyte signal transduction and IL-2 transcription. Immunosuppressive properties .
Ergolide is a sesquiterpene lactone isolated from the dried flowers of Inula Britannica. Ergolide inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclo-oxygenase-2 expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages through the inactivation of NF-κB .
Bigelovin, a sesquiterpene lactone isolated from Inula hupehensis, is a selective retinoid X receptor α agonist. Bigelovin suppresses tumor growth through inducing apoptosis and autophagy via the inhibition of mTOR pathway regulated by ROS generation .
Tacrolimus (FK506), a macrocyclic lactone, binds to FK506 binding protein (FKBP) to form a complex. Tacrolimus inhibits calcineurin phosphatase, which inhibits T-lymphocyte signal transduction and IL-2 transcription. Immunosuppressive properties .
Avenaciolide is an antifungal bis-γ-lactone found in Aspergillus avenaceus. Avenaciolide has also antibacterial action. Avenaciolide is a specific inhibitor of glutamate transport in rat liver mitochondria. Avenaciolide interferes with the ability of ADP to stimulate the rate of glutamate oxidation .
Obafluorin is a β-Lactone Antibiotic, that can be produced by Pseudomonas fluorescens ATCC 39502. Obafluorin exhibits antibacterial activity against a range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Obafluorin fully inhibits E. coli threonyl-tRNA synthetase .
(-)-11,13-Dehydroeriolin (compound 9), a sesquiterpene lactone, is a nature product that could be isolated from Carpesium abrotanoides L. (-)-11,13-Dehydroeriolin has antiproliferative active. (-)-11,13-Dehydroeriolin can be used in research of cancer .
Spiramycin (Rovamycin) is a macrolide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces ambofaciens with against bacteria and Toxoplasma gondii activities, and also has antiparasitic effect. Spiramycin is composed of a 16-member lactone ring, on which three sugars (mycaminose, forosamine, and mycarose) are attached .
Virginiamycin M1 (Pristinamycin IIA; Ostreogrycin A), produced by Streptomyces virginiae, is an polyunsaturated macrocyclic lactoneantibiotic and acts as a component of Virginiamycin (HY-112665) . Virginiamycin M1 alone is against Staphylococcus aureus with a MIC of 0.25 μg/mL.
ArnicolideC is a sesquiterpene lactone isolated Centipeda minima . ArnicolideC exertes a cytotoxic effect on the panel of Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells, significantly inhibiting cell growth in a dose- and time- dependent manner. ArnicolideC also exhibits inhibitory effects on NPC proliferation .
3-(2-Hydroxyethyl) thio withaferin A is a Withaferin A derivative. Withaferin A, a steroidal lactone, inhibits NF-kB activation and targets vimentin, with potent antiinflammatory and anticancer activities. Withaferin A is an inhibitor of endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) shedding .
Selamectin, a semi-synthetic macrocyclic lactone, is a potent parasiticide and anthelminthic. Selamectin activates glutamate-gated chloride channels in neurons and pharyngeal muscles to prevent heartworm, Lymphatic filariae, and nematode infection. Selamectin is also a potent P-glycoprotein substrate and a P-glycoprotein inhibitor with an IC50 of 120 nM .
Deoxyelephantopin, a natural bioactive sesquiterpene lactone from Elephantopus scaber, has shown promising anticancer effects against a broad spectrum of cancers. Deoxyelephantopin inhibits NF-κB, MAPK, PI3K/Akt, and β-catenin signaling .
Bryostatin 3, a macrocyclic lactone, is a protein kinase C activator, with a Ki of 2.75 nM. Bryostatin 3 can block 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) inhibition of cell proliferation, yet did not block TPA-enhanced cell-substratum adhesion .
Cnicin is a sesquiterpene lactone. Cnicin has antiproliferative effects, and induces cell death in primary myeloma cells. Cnicin also has anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity. Cnicin inhibits viral replication of SARS CoV-2 with an IC50 of 1.18 μg/mL .
Helenalin is an anti-inflammatory sesquiterpene lactone. Helenalin selectively inhibits transcription factor NF-κB by directly targeting p65. Helenalin has alkylating activity, targets the cysteine sulfhydryl groups in the p65 subunit of NF-κB, thereby inhibits its DNA binding .
1-O-Acetyl-6beta-O-Isobutyrylbritannilactone (compound 5), a sesquiterpene lactone, can be isolated from the flowers of Inula britannica. 1-O-Acetyl-6beta-O-Isobutyrylbritannilactone shows significant cytotoxicity to tumor cells .
Linderalactone is an important sesquiterpene lactone isolated from Lindera aggregata. Linderalactone inhibits cancer growth by modulating the expression of apoptosis-related proteins and inhibition of JAK/STAT signalling pathway. Linderalactone also inhibits the proliferation of the lung cancer A-549 cells with an IC50 of 15 µM .
Methyl 1-hydroxy-4-oxocyclohexaneacetate (Compound
7) is a lactone. Methyl 1-hydroxy-4-oxocyclohexaneacetate is isolated from the
natural Senecio scandens. Methyl
1-hydroxy-4-oxocyclohexaneacetate has anti-inflammatory andantibacterialactivity .
Phomalactone, produced by the fungus Nigrospora sphaerica, specifically inhibits the mycelial growth of Phytophthora infestans, with an MIC value of 2.5 mg/L . Phomalactone is phytotoxic to Z. elegans and other plant species by inhibition of seedling growth and by causing electrolyte leakage from photosynthetic tissues of both Z. elegans leaves and cucumber cotyledons .
Artemisinin (Qinghaosu), a sesquiterpene lactone, is an anti-malarial agent isolated from the aerial parts of Artemisia annua L. plants . Artemisinin inhibits AKT signaling pathway by decreasing pAKT in a dose-dependent manner. Artemisinin reduces cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion, tumorigenesis and metastasis and has neuroprotective effects .
Cynaropicrin is a sesquiterpene lactone which can inhibit tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) release with IC50s of 8.24 and 3.18 μM for murine and human macrophage cells, respectively. Cynaropicrin also inhibits the increase of cartilage degradation factor (MMP13) and suppresses NF-κB signaling.
Ebelactone A is a mycolic acid β-lactone, which exhibits inhibitory activity for esterase, lipase, fMet aminopeptidase (fMet AP) and PNBase, with IC50s of 56, 3, 8 and 7.5 μM, respectively . Ebelactone A inhibits cutinase, exhibits plants protective potency against Erysiphe graminis .
Δ7(Z)-C14-HSL (Compound 12) is an immunosuppressive agent that can inhibit the proliferation of mouse splenic cells with an IC50 of 17 μM. Δ7(Z)-C14-HSL can be used for further studying its potential as a molecular mechanism in TNF-R-driven immune diseases, especially autoimmune diseases such as psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, and type 1 diabetes .
Cysteine Thiol Probe is a thiol-based probe designed to label electrophilic natural products. Cysteine Thiol Probe possesses each of the characteristics of an ideal pharmacophore probe, and has a chromophore. Cysteine Thiol Probe is capable of engaging enone-, β-lactam-, and β-lactone-based electrophilic metabolites .
Cleistanthin B (Diphyllin O-glucoside) is an orally active arylnaphthalene lignan lactone glycoside. Cleistanthin B exhibits anti-SARS-CoV-2 effects in Vero cells, with EC50 of 6.51 µM. Cleistanthin B also exhibits antitumor, diuretic and antihypertensive effects in vivo .
Aculene D, a fungal metabolite, shows quorum sensing (QS) inhibitory activity against Chromobacterium violaceum CV026, and could significantly reduce violacein production in N-hexanoyl-l-homoserine lactone (C6-HSL) induced C. violaceum CV026 cultures at sub-inhibitory concentrations .
DL-Mevalonolactone ((±)-Mevalonolactone;Mevalolactone) is the δ-lactone form of mevalonic acid, a precursor in the mevalonate pathway. DL-Mevalonolactone is orally active against HMGCR mutation and statin caused myopathy . DL-Mevalonolactone induces inflammation and oxidative stress response with decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and induces mitochondrial swelling [2][4].
Changnanic acid (schisandrin) is a triterpene compound with potential anti-tumor effects. Changnanic acid exhibits moderate cytotoxic activity against human tumor cell lines Bel-7402, MCF-7 and HL-60, with IC50s of 100 μM, 100 μM and 50.51 μM respectively .
Brefeldin A (BFA) is a lactone antibiotic and a specific inhibitor of protein trafficking. Brefeldin A blocks the transport of secreted and membrane proteins from endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi apparatus . Brefeldin A is also an autophagy and mitophagy inhibitor . Brefeldin A is a CRISPR/Cas9 activator . Brefeldin A inhibits HSV-1 and has anti-cancer activity .
Tacrolimus- 13C,d2 is a 13C-labeled and deuterium labeled Tacrolimus. Tacrolimus (FK506), a macrocyclic lactone, binds to FK506 binding protein (FKBP) to form a complex. Tacrolimus inhibits calcineurin phosphatase, which inhibits T-lymphocyte signal transduction and IL-2 transcription. Immunosuppressive properties[1].
Arnicolide D is a sesquiterpene lactone isolated from Centipeda minima. Arnicolide D modulates the cell cycle, activates the caspase signaling pathway and inhibits the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and STAT3 signaling pathways. Arnicolide D inhibits Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cell viability in a concentration- and time-dependent manner .
DL-Mevalonolactone-d7 is the deuterium labeled DL-Mevalonolactone. DL-Mevalonolactone ((±)-Mevalonolactone) is the δ-lactone form of mevalonic acid, a precursor in the mevalonate pathway. DL-Mevalonolactone (Mevalonolactone) decreases mitochondrial membrane potential (∆Ψm), NAD(P)H content and the capacity to retain Ca2+ in the brain, besides inducing mitochondrial swelling[1][2].
Selamectin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Selamectin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Selamectin, a semi-synthetic macrocyclic lactone, is a potent parasiticide and anthelminthic. Selamectin activates glutamate-gated chloride channels in neurons and pharyngeal muscles to prevent heartworm, Lymphatic filariae, and nematode infection. Selamectin is also a potent P-glycoprotein substrate and a P-glycoprotein inhibitor with an IC50 of 120 nM .
Artemisinin-d3 is the deuterium labeled Artemisinin. Artemisinin (Qinghaosu), a sesquiterpene lactone, is an anti-malarial agent isolated from the aerial parts of Artemisia annua L. plants[1]. Artemisinin inhibits AKT signaling pathway by decreasing pAKT in a dose-dependent manner. Artemisinin reduces cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion, tumorigenesis and metastasis and has neuroprotective effects[2].
DL-Mevalonolactone-d3 is the deuterium labeled DL-Mevalonolactone[1]. DL-Mevalonolactone ((±)-Mevalonolactone;Mevalolactone) is the δ-lactone form of mevalonic acid, a precursor in the mevalonate pathway. DL-Mevalonolactone (Mevalonolactone) decreases mitochondrial membrane potential ( Ψm), NAD(P)H content and the capacity to retain Ca2+ in the brain, besides inducing mitochondrial swelling[2][3].
12-Oxograndiflorenic acid is a natural product that can be isolated from vegetative Ambrosia hispida. Synonyms is ent-12-oxokaura-9(11),16-dien-19-oic acid .
Secnidazole (RP-14539) is an orally active azole antibiotic and a imidazole mitigator of Serratia marcescens virulence. Secnidazole, as an analog of acylhomoserine lactones, effectively inhibits QS resulting in the attenuation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa pathogenesis. Secnidazole has antimicrobial activity against many anaerobic Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial species in vitro. Secnidazole can be used for the research of various diseases, such as amoebiasis and giardiasis, and bacterial vaginitis .
Secnidazole (RP-14539) hemihydrate is an orally active azole antibiotic and a imidazole mitigator of Serratia marcescens virulence. Secnidazole hemihydrate, as an analog of acylhomoserine lactones, effectively inhibits QS resulting in the attenuation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa pathogenesis. Secnidazole hemihydrate has antimicrobial activity against many anaerobic Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial species in vitro. Secnidazole hemihydrate can be used for the research of various diseases, such as amoebiasis and giardiasis, and bacterial vaginitis .
1-(3-(1-Hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-4-methoxyphenyl)ethan-1-one is a 1,2,5-trisubstituted methoxyacetophenone derivative that isolated from Mikania minima .
MAC glucuronide phenol-linked SN-38 is a pH-susceptible lactone MAC glucuronide phenol-linked SN-38 (DNA topoisomerase I inhibitor) agent linker. MAC glucuronide phenol-linked SN-38 is cytotoxic across L540cy cells and Ramos cells with IC50 values of 113 and 67 ng/mL, respectively.Albumin-coupled MAC glucosidol-linked SN-38 shows good stability in mouse plasma .
Simvastatin acid-d6 (ammonium)mis the deuterium labeled Simvastatin acid ammonium. Simvastatin ammonium is an active metabolite of simvastatin lactone mediated by CYP3A4/5 in the intestinal wall and liver (pKa=5.5). Simvastatin ammonium reduces indoxyl sulfate-mediated reactive oxygen species and modulates OATP3A1 expression in cardiomyocytes and HEK293 cells transfected with the OATP3A1 gene[1].
Santamarine (Santamarin), a sesquiterpene lactone, increases HO-1 expression through Nrf2 translocation and suppresses NO, PGE2, TNF-α, and IL-1β production through inhibition of NF-κB translocation in LPS-induced macrophages. Santamarine shows anti-photoaging properties via inhibition of MAPK/AP-1 and stimulation of TGF-β/Smad signaling in UVA-irradiated human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). Antioxidant activities .
Secnidazole-d4 is the deuterium labeled Secnidazole[1]. Secnidazole (RP-14539) is an orally active azole antibiotic and a imidazole mitigator of Serratia marcescens virulence. Secnidazole, as an analog of acylhomoserine lactones, effectively inhibits QS resulting in the attenuation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa pathogenesis. Secnidazole has antimicrobial activity against many anaerobic Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial species in vitro. Secnidazole can be used for the research of various diseases, such as amoebiasis and giardiasis, and bacterial vaginitis[1][2][3].
(4R,4aS,5aS,6aR,6bS,7aR)-4-Hydroxy-3,6b-dimethyl-5-methylene-4,4a,5,5a,6,6a,7,7a-octahydrocyclopropa[2,3]indeno[5,6-b]furan-2(6bH)-one is a sesquiterpene lactone .
Brevetoxin-3 (PbTx-3) is a potent allosteric voltage-gated Na + channel activator and has multiple active centers (A-ring lactone, C-42 of R side chain) . Brevetoxin-3 (PbTx-3) has a high affinity to site 5 of the voltage-sensitive Na + channels, inhibits the inactivation of Na + channels and prolongs the mean open time of these channels. Brevetoxin-3 (PbTx-3) repeated exposures can lead to prolonged airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and lung inflammation .
TEI-9648, a Vitamin D3Lactone analogue, is a potent and specific vitamin D receptor (VDR) antagonist. TEI-9648 inhibits VDR/VDRE-mediated genomic actions of 1α,25(OH)2D3. TEI-9648 also inhibits HL-60 cell differentiation induced by of 1α,25(OH)2D3. TEI-9648 has the potential for bone metabolism research .
8-epi-Helenalin is a semitterpene lactone with anti-tumor activity that can be isolated from Inula britannicaL. var. chinensis (Rupr.) Reg. and the ED50 values of 8-epi-Helenalin for HL-60, A549, MCF7, HCT-15, SK-OV-3 and Malme-3M are 12.2 μM, 53.8 μM, 9.1 μM, 8.7 μM, 18.7 μM and 8.3 μM, respectively. 8-epi-Helenalin can be used for anti-tumor studies .
JH-131e-153, a diacylglycerol (DAG)-lactone, is a small molecule activator of Munc13-1, targeting the C1 domain. The activation sequence of JH-131e-153 on Munc13-1 is WT>I590≈R592A≈W588A. The C1 domain of Munc13-1 and protein kinase C (PKC) are homologous in sequence and structure. The activation sequence of JH-131e-153 on Munc13-1 and PKC was PKCα>Munc13-1>PKCε. JH-131e-153 regulates neuronal processes through Munc13-1 and can be further used in the study of neurodegenerative diseases .
L-Homoserine lactone hydrochloride is a biochemical reagent that can be used as a biological material or organic compound for life science related research.
N-tridecanoyl-L-Homserine lactone is a biochemical reagent that can be used as a biological material or organic compound for life science related research.
N-hexadecanoyl-L-Homoserine lactone is a biochemical reagent that can be used as a biological material or organic compound for life science related research.
N-3-oxo-hexadec-11Z-enoyl-L-Homoserine lactone is a biochemical reagent that can be used as a biological material or organic compound for life science related research.
Quorum sensing is a regulatory system used by bacteria to control gene expression in response to increased cell density. This regulatory process manifests itself in a variety of phenotypes, including biofilm formation and virulence factor production. Coordinated gene expression is achieved through the production, release and detection of small diffusible signaling molecules called autoinducers. N-acylated homoserine lactones (AHLs) comprise a class of such autoinducers, each of which generally consists of a fatty acid coupled to a homoserine lactone (HSL). Modulation of bacterial quorum-sensing signaling systems to suppress pathogenesis represents a new approach to antimicrobial research for infectious diseases. AHLs differ in acyl length (C4-C18), C3 substitution (hydrogen, hydroxyl, or oxo group), and the presence or absence of one or more carbon-carbon double bonds in the fatty acid chain. These differences confer signaling specificity through the affinity of the LuxR family of transcriptional regulators. C18-HSL, one of four lipophilic long acyl side chain AHLs produced by the LuxI AHL synthase homolog SinI, is involved in quorum-sensing signaling in strains of Rhizobium meliloti (a nitrogen-fixing bacterial symbiont of the legume M. sativa) . C18-HSL and other hydrophobic AHLs tend to localize in the relatively lipophilic environment of bacterial cells and cannot diffuse freely across the cell membrane. Long-chain N-acyl homoserine lactones can be exported from cells by efflux pumps, or can be transported between communicating cells by extracellular outer membrane vesicles.
Quorum sensing is a regulatory system used by bacteria to control gene expression in response to increased cell density. This regulatory process manifests itself in a variety of phenotypes, including biofilm formation and virulence factor production. Coordinated gene expression is achieved through the production, release and detection of small diffusible signaling molecules called autoinducers. N-acylated homoserine lactones (AHLs) comprise a class of such autoinducers, each of which generally consists of a fatty acid coupled to a homoserine lactone (HSL). Modulation of bacterial quorum-sensing signaling systems to suppress pathogenesis represents a new approach to antimicrobial research for infectious diseases. AHLs differ in acyl length (C4-C18), C3 substitution (hydrogen, hydroxyl, or oxo group), and the presence or absence of one or more carbon-carbon double bonds in the fatty acid chain. These differences confer signaling specificity through the affinity of the LuxR family of transcriptional regulators. C11-HSL has a rare odd-numbered acyl carbon chain and may be a minor quorum-sensing signaling molecule in Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains.
Quorum sensing is a regulatory system used by bacteria to control gene expression in response to increased cell density. This regulatory process manifests itself in a variety of phenotypes, including biofilm formation and virulence factor production. Coordinated gene expression is achieved through the production, release and detection of small diffusible signaling molecules called autoinducers. N-acylated homoserine lactones (AHLs) comprise a class of such autoinducers, each of which generally consists of a fatty acid coupled to a homoserine lactone (HSL). Modulation of bacterial quorum-sensing signaling systems to suppress pathogenesis represents a new approach to antimicrobial research for infectious diseases. AHLs differ in acyl length (C4-C18), C3 substitution (hydrogen, hydroxyl, or oxo group), and the presence or absence of one or more carbon-carbon double bonds in the fatty acid chain. These differences confer signaling specificity through the affinity of the LuxR family of transcriptional regulators. C9-HSL is a rare odd-numbered acyl carbon chain produced by wild-type Erwinia carotovora strain SCC 3193 grown in nutrient-rich Luria-Bertani broth (LB) medium.
Quorum sensing is a regulatory system used by bacteria to control gene expression in response to increased cell density. The control of bacterial infection by quenching the quorum sensing system of bacteria is a promising research area. The expression of specific target genes, such as transcriptional regulators belonging to the LuxIR protein family, is coordinated by the synthesis of diffusible acyl homoserine lactone (AHL) molecules. N-butyryl-L-Homocysteine thio-lactone is an analog of N-butyryl-L-homoserine lactone, a small, diffusible signaling molecule involved in quorum sensing, thereby controlling gene expression and cellular metabolism . N-butyryl-L-homocysteine thiolactone induces violacein expression in Viola viola mutants that normally fail to produce AHL.
N-Octanoyl-DL-homoserine lactone is a member of N-acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs) family, also one of the signal molecule of quorum-sensing (QS) signals. N-Octanoyl-DL-homoserine lactone can regulate the production of siderophores and present positive correlation in Aeromonas sobria strain AS7. N-Octanoyl-DL-homoserine lactone can also regulate the secretion of proteases and stimulate the production of total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) .
N-Butyryl-DL-homocysteine thiolactone is an N-acyl homoserine lactone (AHL) analogue. AHLs are potent inhibitors of biofilm formation and virulence factors, and has been used for degrading microbial communities, reducing bacterial pathogenicity .
(-)-Hydroxycitric acid lactone (Garcinia lactone) is an anti-obesity agent and a popular weight loss food supplement. (-)-Hydroxycitric acid lactone is a potent inhibitor of ATP-citrate lyase. (-)-Hydroxycitric acid lactone catalyzes the extramitochondrial cleavage of citrate to oxaloacetate and acetyl-CoA, limits the availability of acetyl-CoA units required for fatty acid synthesis .
N-(3-Oxotetradecanoyl)-DL-homoserine lactone, a member of N-Acyl homoserine lactone (AHL) from gram-negative bacteria, is a quorum sensing (QS) signaling molecule .
N-(3-Oxooctanoyl)-DL-homoserine lacton is a member of N-Acyl homoserine lactone (AHL) from gram-negative bacteria, with stereochemistry-dependent growth regulatory activity for roots .
Massoia lactone ((±)-Massoia lactone) is a coconut and creamy fragrant compound mianly isolated from Cryptocarya massoy. Massoia lactone is also a fragrant biosurfactant produced by a fungus Aureobasidium pullulans .
L-Gulono-1,4-lactone is a substrate of L-gulono-1,4-lactone oxidoreductase, which catalyzes the last step of the biosynthesis of L-ascorbic (Vatamin) C. In other words, L-Gulono-1,4-lactone is a direct precursor of vitamin C in animals, in plants and in some protists.
(4Z)-Lachnophyllum lactone is a enyne derivative. (4Z)-Lachnophyllum lactone shows growth inhibitory activity against Lemna paucicostata (IC50=104 μM), which is a problematic and invasive weed . (4Z)-Lachnophyllum lactone is a click chemistry reagent, it contains an Alkyne group and can undergo copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAc) with molecules containing Azide groups.
α-Angelica lactone is a naturally occurring anticarcinogen and an vinylogous nucleophile. α-Angelica lactone can give the chiral δ-amino γ,γ-disubstituted butenolide carbonyl derivatives and exhibitselectrophilic trapping at the γ-carbon. α-Angelica lactone exerts strong chemoprotective effects by selective enhancement of glutathione-S-thansferase (GST) and UDP-glucononosyltransferase (UGT) detoxification enzymes .
Tilifodiolide ((-)-Tilifodiolide) is a lactone, which can be isolated from the roots of Salvia tiliaefolia. Tilifodiolide has anti-inflammatory activity in mice model .
(+)-cis-Khellactone is a lactone, that can be isolated from Cordyceps. (+)-cis-Khellactone has potential medicinal properties, including anti-inflammatory, vasodilator and spasmolytic effects .
3-Oxo-24,25,26,27-tetranortirucall-7-ene-23(21)-lactone is a tetranortirucallane-type triterpenoid that can be isolated from Dysoxylum lenticellatum. 3-Oxo-24,25,26,27-tetranortirucall-7-ene-23(21)-lactone has vasodilative effect with diastolic degree of 43.5% at 10 渭g/mL .
Costunolide ((+)-Costunolide) is a naturally occurring sesquiterpene lactone, with antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, bone remodeling, neuroprotective, hair growth promoting, anticancer, and antidiabetic properties. Costunolide can induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis on breast cancer cells .
3-Oxo-21α-methoxy-24,25,26,27-tetranortirucall-7-ene-23(21)-lactone is a cytotoxic tirucallane C26 triterpenoid isolated from the stem barks of Aphanamixis grandifolia .
Isoatriplicolide tiglate is a bioactive sesquiterpene lactone. Isoatriplicolide tiglate can be isolated from Paulownia coreana. Isoatriplicolide tiglate has neuroprotective effect .
Vernolide-B has cytoxicity (ED50s: 3.78, 5.88, 6.42 μg/mL for KB, NCI-661, and HeLa cells respectively). Vernolide B is sesquiterpene lactone that can be isolated from Vernonia cinerea .
Eupalinilide B is a guaiane type sesquiterpene lactone that can be found in Eupatorium lindleyanum. Eupalinilide B shows potent cytotoxicity against P-388 and A-549 tumor cell lines .
Telekin is an eucalyptus-type sesquiterpene lactone compound found in Carpesium divaricatum. Telekin can activate mitochondria-mediated cell apoptosis and has anticancer activity .
Tomentosin is a antiphlogistic sesquiterpene lactone that can be isolated from Inula falconeri.Tomentosin induces apoptosis and inhibits proliferation, migration and invasion of pancreatic cancer cells .
Minimolide F is a sesquiterpene lactone. Minimolide F has inhibitory activity against human nasopharyngeal cancer cells. Minimolide F can be used for the research of cancer .
Eupahualin C is a sesquiterpene lactone that can be isolated from Eupatorium hualienense. Eupahualin C shows cytotoxicity to K562 and U2OS cancer cells .
Zedoarondiol, a sesquiterpene lactone compound, with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Zedoarondiol can be used for atherosclerosis research .
4,15-Isoatriplicolide methylacrylate is a germacrane-type sesquiterpene lactone. 4,15-Isoatriplicolide methylacrylate also is a cytotoxic agent. 4,15-Isoatriplicolide methylacrylate has cytotoxic activity for MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line .
Dehydroleucodine is a sesquiterpene lactone isolated from Artemisia douglasiana. Dehydroleucodine is a mast cell stabilizer that inhibits tmast cell degranulation induced by compound 48/80. Dehydroleucodine inudces cells apoptosis, and has gastric ulcer inhibition and antileukemic effects .
Goniothalenol is a styryl lactone that can be isolated from Goniothalamus griffithii. Goniothalenol exhibits cytatoxic activity against A2780, HCT-8, KB and MCF-7 cell lines .
Bonducellpin D is a furanoditerpenoid lactone isolated from Caesalpinia minax. Bonducellpin D exhibits broad-spectrum inhibition potential against SARS-CoV M pro and MERS-CoV M pro, with an Ki of 467.11 and 284.86 nM, respectively. Bonducellpin D also exhibits moderate anti-cancer activity in vitro .
8α-Hydroxyhirsutinolide is a sesquiterpene lactone. 8α-Hydroxyhirsutinolide inhibits TNF-α-induced NF-κB activity (IC50: 1.9 μM) and NO production. 8α-Hydroxyhirsutinolide can be isolated from Vernonia cinerea .
Epirosmanol is a nature diterpene lactone from S. officinalis. Epirosmanol shows anti-cancer activity and inhibits melanin biosynthesis against melanoma cells. Epirosmanol also exhibits DPPH radical scavenging activity .
Ginkgolide B (BN-52021), a terpene lactone, is a potent platelet activating factor antagonist. Ginkgolide B protects endothelial cells via the activation of PXR from injuries induced by xeno- and endobiotics. Ginkgolide B can pass through the brain-blood barrier. Ginkgolide B has anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and anti-apoptotic activity. Ginkgolide B has marked neuroprotective effects against ischemia-induced impairments .
Bakkenolide D is the main component of bakkenolide in Petasites tricholobus. Bakkenolide has anti-allergic effects and can be used in the study of allergic rhinitis .
ω-Pentadecalactone is a fragrance ingredient. ω-Pentadecalactone is a member of the fragrance structural group macrocyclic lactone and lactide derivative .
Shizukanolide, a sesquiterpene lactone, can be isolated from Chloranthus japonicus (Chloranthaceae). The dehydro-compound of Shizukanolide, shows moderate antifungal activity .
Strychnistenolide is a sesquiterpene lactone that can be isolated from the roots of Lindera strychnifolia. Strychnistenolide exists as a single stereoisomer in CHCl3, but exomeric in pyridine .
(-)-Cleistenolide is a α,β-unsaturated δ-lactone isolated from Cleistochlamys kirkii Oliver. (-)-Cleistenolide has antibacterial and antitumor activity .
Corianin is a sesquiterpene lactone that can be isolated from the fruits of Coriaria ruscifolia. Corianin shows antibacterial activity against S. aureus and S. epidermis .
Scandenolide is a sesquiterpene lactone that can be found in Philippines medicinal plant Mikania cordata. Scandenolide inhibits leukotriene and platelet activating factor synthesis in leukocytes .
Bufotalin is a steroid lactone isolated from Venenum Bufonis with potently antitumor activities. Bufotalin induces cancer cell apoptosis and also induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress activation .
Withaferin A is a steroidal lactone isolated from Withania somnifera, inhibits NF-kB activation and targets vimentin, with potent antiinflammatory and anticancer activities. Withaferin A is an inhibitor of endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) shedding.
Piptocarphin F (Compound 5) is a sesquiterpene
lactone. Piptocarphin F shows cytotoxic activity on human leukemia cell line
HL-60 (IC50=5.69 μmol*L -1) .
Isodeoxyelephantopin is a sesquiterpene lactone isolated from Elephantopus scaber. Isodeoxyelephantopin induces ROS generation, suppresses NF-κB activation. Isodeoxyelephantopin also modulates LncRNA expression and exhibit activities against breast cancer .
Parthenolide is a sesquiterpene lactone found in the medicinal herb Feverfew. Parthenolide exhibits anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting NF-κB activation; also inhibits HDAC1 protein without affecting other class I/II HDACs.
Britannin, isolated from Inula aucheriana, is a sesquiterpene lactone. Britannin induces apoptosis and autophagy by activating AMPK regulated by ROS in liver cancer cells. Britannin has anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory activities .
Tacrolimus monohydrate (FK506 monohydrate), a macrocyclic lactone, binds to FK506 binding protein (FKBP) to form a complex and inhibits calcineurin phosphatase, which inhibits T-lymphocyte signal transduction and IL-2 transcription. Immunosuppressive properties .
Ergolide is a sesquiterpene lactone isolated from the dried flowers of Inula Britannica. Ergolide inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclo-oxygenase-2 expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages through the inactivation of NF-κB .
Bigelovin, a sesquiterpene lactone isolated from Inula hupehensis, is a selective retinoid X receptor α agonist. Bigelovin suppresses tumor growth through inducing apoptosis and autophagy via the inhibition of mTOR pathway regulated by ROS generation .
Tacrolimus (FK506), a macrocyclic lactone, binds to FK506 binding protein (FKBP) to form a complex. Tacrolimus inhibits calcineurin phosphatase, which inhibits T-lymphocyte signal transduction and IL-2 transcription. Immunosuppressive properties .
Avenaciolide is an antifungal bis-γ-lactone found in Aspergillus avenaceus. Avenaciolide has also antibacterial action. Avenaciolide is a specific inhibitor of glutamate transport in rat liver mitochondria. Avenaciolide interferes with the ability of ADP to stimulate the rate of glutamate oxidation .
(-)-11,13-Dehydroeriolin (compound 9), a sesquiterpene lactone, is a nature product that could be isolated from Carpesium abrotanoides L. (-)-11,13-Dehydroeriolin has antiproliferative active. (-)-11,13-Dehydroeriolin can be used in research of cancer .
Spiramycin (Rovamycin) is a macrolide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces ambofaciens with against bacteria and Toxoplasma gondii activities, and also has antiparasitic effect. Spiramycin is composed of a 16-member lactone ring, on which three sugars (mycaminose, forosamine, and mycarose) are attached .
Virginiamycin M1 (Pristinamycin IIA; Ostreogrycin A), produced by Streptomyces virginiae, is an polyunsaturated macrocyclic lactoneantibiotic and acts as a component of Virginiamycin (HY-112665) . Virginiamycin M1 alone is against Staphylococcus aureus with a MIC of 0.25 μg/mL.
ArnicolideC is a sesquiterpene lactone isolated Centipeda minima . ArnicolideC exertes a cytotoxic effect on the panel of Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells, significantly inhibiting cell growth in a dose- and time- dependent manner. ArnicolideC also exhibits inhibitory effects on NPC proliferation .
3-(2-Hydroxyethyl) thio withaferin A is a Withaferin A derivative. Withaferin A, a steroidal lactone, inhibits NF-kB activation and targets vimentin, with potent antiinflammatory and anticancer activities. Withaferin A is an inhibitor of endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) shedding .
Deoxyelephantopin, a natural bioactive sesquiterpene lactone from Elephantopus scaber, has shown promising anticancer effects against a broad spectrum of cancers. Deoxyelephantopin inhibits NF-κB, MAPK, PI3K/Akt, and β-catenin signaling .
Cnicin is a sesquiterpene lactone. Cnicin has antiproliferative effects, and induces cell death in primary myeloma cells. Cnicin also has anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity. Cnicin inhibits viral replication of SARS CoV-2 with an IC50 of 1.18 μg/mL .
Helenalin is an anti-inflammatory sesquiterpene lactone. Helenalin selectively inhibits transcription factor NF-κB by directly targeting p65. Helenalin has alkylating activity, targets the cysteine sulfhydryl groups in the p65 subunit of NF-κB, thereby inhibits its DNA binding .
1-O-Acetyl-6beta-O-Isobutyrylbritannilactone (compound 5), a sesquiterpene lactone, can be isolated from the flowers of Inula britannica. 1-O-Acetyl-6beta-O-Isobutyrylbritannilactone shows significant cytotoxicity to tumor cells .
Linderalactone is an important sesquiterpene lactone isolated from Lindera aggregata. Linderalactone inhibits cancer growth by modulating the expression of apoptosis-related proteins and inhibition of JAK/STAT signalling pathway. Linderalactone also inhibits the proliferation of the lung cancer A-549 cells with an IC50 of 15 µM .
Methyl 1-hydroxy-4-oxocyclohexaneacetate (Compound
7) is a lactone. Methyl 1-hydroxy-4-oxocyclohexaneacetate is isolated from the
natural Senecio scandens. Methyl
1-hydroxy-4-oxocyclohexaneacetate has anti-inflammatory andantibacterialactivity .
Phomalactone, produced by the fungus Nigrospora sphaerica, specifically inhibits the mycelial growth of Phytophthora infestans, with an MIC value of 2.5 mg/L . Phomalactone is phytotoxic to Z. elegans and other plant species by inhibition of seedling growth and by causing electrolyte leakage from photosynthetic tissues of both Z. elegans leaves and cucumber cotyledons .
Artemisinin (Qinghaosu), a sesquiterpene lactone, is an anti-malarial agent isolated from the aerial parts of Artemisia annua L. plants . Artemisinin inhibits AKT signaling pathway by decreasing pAKT in a dose-dependent manner. Artemisinin reduces cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion, tumorigenesis and metastasis and has neuroprotective effects .
Cynaropicrin is a sesquiterpene lactone which can inhibit tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) release with IC50s of 8.24 and 3.18 μM for murine and human macrophage cells, respectively. Cynaropicrin also inhibits the increase of cartilage degradation factor (MMP13) and suppresses NF-κB signaling.
Ebelactone A is a mycolic acid β-lactone, which exhibits inhibitory activity for esterase, lipase, fMet aminopeptidase (fMet AP) and PNBase, with IC50s of 56, 3, 8 and 7.5 μM, respectively . Ebelactone A inhibits cutinase, exhibits plants protective potency against Erysiphe graminis .
Cleistanthin B (Diphyllin O-glucoside) is an orally active arylnaphthalene lignan lactone glycoside. Cleistanthin B exhibits anti-SARS-CoV-2 effects in Vero cells, with EC50 of 6.51 µM. Cleistanthin B also exhibits antitumor, diuretic and antihypertensive effects in vivo .
Aculene D, a fungal metabolite, shows quorum sensing (QS) inhibitory activity against Chromobacterium violaceum CV026, and could significantly reduce violacein production in N-hexanoyl-l-homoserine lactone (C6-HSL) induced C. violaceum CV026 cultures at sub-inhibitory concentrations .
DL-Mevalonolactone ((±)-Mevalonolactone;Mevalolactone) is the δ-lactone form of mevalonic acid, a precursor in the mevalonate pathway. DL-Mevalonolactone is orally active against HMGCR mutation and statin caused myopathy . DL-Mevalonolactone induces inflammation and oxidative stress response with decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and induces mitochondrial swelling [2][4].
Changnanic acid (schisandrin) is a triterpene compound with potential anti-tumor effects. Changnanic acid exhibits moderate cytotoxic activity against human tumor cell lines Bel-7402, MCF-7 and HL-60, with IC50s of 100 μM, 100 μM and 50.51 μM respectively .
Brefeldin A (BFA) is a lactone antibiotic and a specific inhibitor of protein trafficking. Brefeldin A blocks the transport of secreted and membrane proteins from endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi apparatus . Brefeldin A is also an autophagy and mitophagy inhibitor . Brefeldin A is a CRISPR/Cas9 activator . Brefeldin A inhibits HSV-1 and has anti-cancer activity .
Arnicolide D is a sesquiterpene lactone isolated from Centipeda minima. Arnicolide D modulates the cell cycle, activates the caspase signaling pathway and inhibits the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and STAT3 signaling pathways. Arnicolide D inhibits Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cell viability in a concentration- and time-dependent manner .
12-Oxograndiflorenic acid is a natural product that can be isolated from vegetative Ambrosia hispida. Synonyms is ent-12-oxokaura-9(11),16-dien-19-oic acid .
1-(3-(1-Hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-4-methoxyphenyl)ethan-1-one is a 1,2,5-trisubstituted methoxyacetophenone derivative that isolated from Mikania minima .
Santamarine (Santamarin), a sesquiterpene lactone, increases HO-1 expression through Nrf2 translocation and suppresses NO, PGE2, TNF-α, and IL-1β production through inhibition of NF-κB translocation in LPS-induced macrophages. Santamarine shows anti-photoaging properties via inhibition of MAPK/AP-1 and stimulation of TGF-β/Smad signaling in UVA-irradiated human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). Antioxidant activities .
(4R,4aS,5aS,6aR,6bS,7aR)-4-Hydroxy-3,6b-dimethyl-5-methylene-4,4a,5,5a,6,6a,7,7a-octahydrocyclopropa[2,3]indeno[5,6-b]furan-2(6bH)-one is a sesquiterpene lactone .
Brevetoxin-3 (PbTx-3) is a potent allosteric voltage-gated Na + channel activator and has multiple active centers (A-ring lactone, C-42 of R side chain) . Brevetoxin-3 (PbTx-3) has a high affinity to site 5 of the voltage-sensitive Na + channels, inhibits the inactivation of Na + channels and prolongs the mean open time of these channels. Brevetoxin-3 (PbTx-3) repeated exposures can lead to prolonged airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and lung inflammation .
8-epi-Helenalin is a semitterpene lactone with anti-tumor activity that can be isolated from Inula britannicaL. var. chinensis (Rupr.) Reg. and the ED50 values of 8-epi-Helenalin for HL-60, A549, MCF7, HCT-15, SK-OV-3 and Malme-3M are 12.2 μM, 53.8 μM, 9.1 μM, 8.7 μM, 18.7 μM and 8.3 μM, respectively. 8-epi-Helenalin can be used for anti-tumor studies .
GULO Protein facilitates the oxidation of L-gulono-1,4-lactone, generating hydrogen peroxide and L-xylo-hexulonolactone. The latter undergoes spontaneous isomerization, leading to the production of L-ascorbate, commonly known as vitamin C. GULO's enzymatic role in this pathway underscores its significance in the cellular synthesis of L-ascorbate, a crucial antioxidant supporting redox balance and essential physiological functions. GULO Protein, Rat (Cell-Free, His) is the recombinant rat-derived GULO protein, expressed by E. coli Cell-free , with C-10*His labeled tag. The total length of GULO Protein, Rat (Cell-Free, His) is 439 a.a., with molecular weight of 52.0 kDa.
Atorvastatin lactone-d5 is a deuterated form of Atorvastatin lactone (HY-101873). Atorvastatin lactone is a proagent form of atorvastatin. Atorvastatin is an orally active 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor[1].
D-(+)-Glucono-1,5-lactone-1- 13C is the 13C labeled D-(+)-Glucono-1,5-lactone. D-(+)-Glucono-1,5-lactone is a polyhydroxy (PHA) that is capable of metal chelating, moisturizing and antioxidant activ[1][2].
Ortho-hydroxy atorvastatin lactone-d5 is deuterium labeled 2-Hydroxy atorvastatin lactone. 2-Hydroxy atorvastatin lactone is a metabolite of Atorvastatin. Atorvastatin is an orally active HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, has the ability to effectively decrease blood lipids[1][2].
N-butyryl-L-Homoserine lactone-d5 is the deuterium labeled N-Butanoyl-L-homoserine lactone. N-Butanoyl-L-homoserine lactone (C4-HSL) is a cleavable ADC linker used in the synthesis of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). N-Butanoyl-L-homoserine lactone has antibacterial activity and is used in antibacterial biofilm[1]. N-Butanoyl-L-homoserine lactone aptamers blocks qurom sensing and inhibits biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa[2][3].
Brassinolide-d5 (Brassin lactone-d5) is the deuterated labeled Brassinolide (HY-N0273). Citric acid is a natural preservative and food tartness enhancer. Citric acid induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and S phase in HaCaT cells. Citric acid cause oxidative damage of the liver by means of the decrease of antioxidative enzyme activities. Citric acid causes renal toxicity in mice .
Tacrolimus- 13C,d2 is a 13C-labeled and deuterium labeled Tacrolimus. Tacrolimus (FK506), a macrocyclic lactone, binds to FK506 binding protein (FKBP) to form a complex. Tacrolimus inhibits calcineurin phosphatase, which inhibits T-lymphocyte signal transduction and IL-2 transcription. Immunosuppressive properties[1].
DL-Mevalonolactone-d7 is the deuterium labeled DL-Mevalonolactone. DL-Mevalonolactone ((±)-Mevalonolactone) is the δ-lactone form of mevalonic acid, a precursor in the mevalonate pathway. DL-Mevalonolactone (Mevalonolactone) decreases mitochondrial membrane potential (∆Ψm), NAD(P)H content and the capacity to retain Ca2+ in the brain, besides inducing mitochondrial swelling[1][2].
Artemisinin-d3 is the deuterium labeled Artemisinin. Artemisinin (Qinghaosu), a sesquiterpene lactone, is an anti-malarial agent isolated from the aerial parts of Artemisia annua L. plants[1]. Artemisinin inhibits AKT signaling pathway by decreasing pAKT in a dose-dependent manner. Artemisinin reduces cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion, tumorigenesis and metastasis and has neuroprotective effects[2].
DL-Mevalonolactone-d3 is the deuterium labeled DL-Mevalonolactone[1]. DL-Mevalonolactone ((±)-Mevalonolactone;Mevalolactone) is the δ-lactone form of mevalonic acid, a precursor in the mevalonate pathway. DL-Mevalonolactone (Mevalonolactone) decreases mitochondrial membrane potential ( Ψm), NAD(P)H content and the capacity to retain Ca2+ in the brain, besides inducing mitochondrial swelling[2][3].
Simvastatin acid-d6 (ammonium)mis the deuterium labeled Simvastatin acid ammonium. Simvastatin ammonium is an active metabolite of simvastatin lactone mediated by CYP3A4/5 in the intestinal wall and liver (pKa=5.5). Simvastatin ammonium reduces indoxyl sulfate-mediated reactive oxygen species and modulates OATP3A1 expression in cardiomyocytes and HEK293 cells transfected with the OATP3A1 gene[1].
Secnidazole-d4 is the deuterium labeled Secnidazole[1]. Secnidazole (RP-14539) is an orally active azole antibiotic and a imidazole mitigator of Serratia marcescens virulence. Secnidazole, as an analog of acylhomoserine lactones, effectively inhibits QS resulting in the attenuation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa pathogenesis. Secnidazole has antimicrobial activity against many anaerobic Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial species in vitro. Secnidazole can be used for the research of various diseases, such as amoebiasis and giardiasis, and bacterial vaginitis[1][2][3].
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