Leguminosae

Rotenone is a mitochondrial electron transport chain complex I inhibitor. Rotenone induces apoptosis through enhancing mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production.

Quercetin, a natural flavonoid, is a stimulator of recombinant SIRT1 and also a PI3K inhibitor with IC₅₀ of 2.4 μM, 3.0 μM and 5.4 μM for PI3K γ, PI3K δ and PI3K β, respectively.

Genistein, a soy isoflavone, is a multiple tyrosine kinases (e.g., EGFR) inhibitor which acts as a chemotherapeutic agent against different types of cancer, mainly by altering apoptosis, the cell cycle, and angiogenesis and inhibiting metastasis.

Monocrotaline is an 11-membered macrocyclic pyrrolizidine alkaloid. Monocrotaline inhibits OCT-1 and OCT-2 with IC₅₀s of 36.8 µM and 1.8 mM, respectively. Monocrotaline has antitumor activity and is cytotoxic to hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Monocrotaline is used to induce a model of pulmonary hypertension in rodents. ^[2][6][8].

Glycyrrhizic acid is a triterpenoid saponinl, acting as a direct HMGB1 antagonist, with anti-tumor, anti-diabetic activities.

4′-O-Methylglabridin is an apoptosis inducer with antioxidant, cell cycle-disrupting and anticancer cytotoxic activities. 4′-O-Methylglabridin inhibits various cancer cell lines including liver cancer, breast cancer and colorectal cancer cell lines. By reducing the expression levels of phosphorylated Rb (Ser807/811) and p21 proteins, 4′-O-Methylglabridin promotes cell accumulation at the subG1 and G2/M phases, and triggers caspase-dependent apoptosis via cytochrome C release and caspase-9 activation. 4′-O-Methylglabridin also exerts antioxidant effects by inhibiting lipid peroxide levels and reducing β-carotene consumption, thereby blocking LDL oxidation. 4′-O-Methylglabridin can be used in the research of various cancers and atherosclerotic diseases.

Monoethyl succinate is a small molecule ester compound. Monoethyl succinate can be used as a model substrate for polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and poly-(butylene succinate-co-adipate) (PBSA), to simulate the interaction between the PET-degrading enzyme Cut190 and its natural substrates.

Euchrenone B1 is a flavonoid. Euchrenone B1 can be isolated from the stem bark of Maackia amurensis and the roots of Euchresta formosana. Euchrenone B1 exhibits anticancer activity against cervical cancer, melanoma, breast cancer, and liver cancer.

Astragaloside IV, an active component isolated from Astragalus membranaceus, suppresses the activation of ERK1/2 and JNK, and downregulates matrix metalloproteases (MMP)-2, (MMP)-9 in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells.

Beta-Sitosterol (purity>98%) is orally active. Beta-Sitosterol exhibits multiple activities, including anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antioxidant enzyme, and analgesic. Beta-Sitosterol inhibits inflammation and impaired adipogenesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells by reducing levels of ROS, TNF-α, IL-1β, and NF-κB p65 and restoring the activity of the HIF-1α/mTOR signaling pathway. Beta-Sitosterol induces apoptosis in cancer cells through ROS-mediated mitochondrial dysregulation and p53 activation. Beta-Sitosterol exerts its anticancer effects in cancer cells by activating caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9, mediating PARP inactivation, MMP loss, altered Bcl-2-Bax ratio, and cytochrome c release. Beta-Sitosterol modulates macrophage polarization and reduces rheumatoid inflammation in mice. Beta-Sitosterol inhibits tumor growth in multiple mouse cancer models. Beta-Sitosterol can be used in the research of arthritis, lung cancer, breast cancer and other cancers, diabetes, etc.

Rutin (Rutoside) is a flavonoid found in many plants and shows a wide range of biological activities including anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antioxidant, neuroprotective, nephroprotective, hepatoprotective and reducing Aβ oligomer activities. Rutin is also a CBR1 inhibitor, which can cross the blood brain barrier. Rutin attenuates vancomycin-induced renal tubular cell apoptosis via suppression of apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress.

Phytohemagglutinin (PHA-M), the major seed lectin of the common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris, is a T-cell activator. Phytohemagglutinin stimulates human mononuclear leukocytes, inducing the expression of ChAT mRNA and potentiating ACh synthesis. Phytohemagglutinin induces dose- and time-dependent toxicity in THP-1 monocytes/macrophages, alters cellular morphology, causes organelle dysfunction, and increases the expression of NF-κB, COX2, IL-1β.

Norepinephrine (Levarterenol; L-Noradrenaline) hydrochloride is a potent adrenergic receptor (AR) agonist. Norepinephrine activates α₁, α₂, β₁ receptors.

Puerarin is an isoflavone extracted from Pueraria root and is a 5-HT2C receptor antagonist. Puerarin inhibits the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV)-vagus nerve pathway, which in turn leads to decreased fat absorption.

Formononetin is a potent FGFR2 inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of ~4.31 μM. Formononetin potently inhibits angiogenesis and tumor growth.

Naringenin is the predominant flavanone in Citrus reticulata Blanco; displays strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Naringenin has anti-dengue virus (DENV) activity.

Daidzein is a soy isoflavone, which acts as a PPAR activator.

Isoliquiritigenin is an anti-tumor flavonoid from the root of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., which inhibits aldose reductase with an IC₅₀ of 320 nM. Isoliquiritigenin is a potent inhibitor of influenza virus replication with an EC₅₀ of 24.7 μM.

Isorhamnetin is a flavonoid compound extracted from the Chinese herb Hippophae rhamnoides L.. Isorhamnetin suppresses skin cancer through direct inhibition of MEK1 and PI3K.

Calycosin is a compound that can be isolated from Radix Astragali. Calycosin has strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and apoptosis-modulating effects. Calycosin can be used for the research of ovarian cancer and breast cancer.