Corethrodendron multijugum (Maximowicz) B. H. Choi & H. Ohashi

Bakkenolide A is an anticancer agent. Bakkenolide A reduces the viability of leukemia cells, inhibits cell colony formation and invasion, and downregulates the expression of HDAC3 in cells. Bakkenolide A downregulates the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, interleukins such as IL-1β, TGF-β1 and IFN-γ, as well as the expression of PI3K, PDK and PKC in leukemia cells. Bakkenolide A downregulates activated Akt, GSK and Bad, while upregulates Cyto-c, cleaved Caspase3 and cleaved Caspase7, induces apoptosis (apoptosis) in leukemia cells and thereby inhibits inflammatory responses in leukemia cells. Bakkenolide A significantly slows the growth of subcutaneous leukemia tumors in nude mice. Bakkenolide A is applicable to leukemia-related research.

Bakkenolide Ia is a bakkenolide-type sesquiterpene with antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities. Bakkenolide Ia protects neurons from oxidative damage by inhibiting lipid peroxidation and scavenging free radicals, and improves neuronal cell viability under oxygen-glucose deprivation conditions. Bakkenolide Ia can be used as a neuroprotective agent in oxidative stress-related research and serves as a marker compound for quality evaluation of Petasites species.

Bakkenolide Iva is a bakkenolide-type sesquiterpene. Bakkenolide Iva is isolated from the rhizomes of Petasites tricholobus. Bakkenolide Iva inhibits lipid peroxidation in rat brain homogenates and scavenges DPPH free radicals. Bakkenolide Iva protects cortical neurons against oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced injury and oxidative stress-induced neuronal injury. Bakkenolide Iva can be used in research on paralysis and allergic rhinitis.

Bakkenolide IIa is a bakkenolide-type sesquiterpene with antioxidant and neuroprotective activities. It scavenges DPPH (HY-112053) free radicals, inhibits lipid peroxidation, and protects primary cortical neurons from oxygen-glucose deprivation and oxidative damage. Bakkenolide IIa can be used in neuroprotection-related research.

Hedysarimcoumestan B is a natural product that can be isolated from the roots of Hedysarum multijugum.

Icariside B1 is a megastigmane glycoside compound isolated from Petasites tricholobus Franch, with an anticancer effect.