DPPH
Based on 46 publication(s) in Google Scholar
DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) is a stable free radical that can be used to measure the radical scavenging activity of antioxidants. The odd electron of nitrogen atom in DPPH is reduced by receiving a hydrogen atom from antioxidants to the corresponding hydrazine. DPPH method may be utilized in aqueous and nonpolar organic solvents and can be used to examine both hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidants.
For research use only. We do not sell to patients.
- Purity: 98.77%
- CAS No.: 1898-66-4
- Formula: C18H12N5O6
- Molecular Weight:394.32
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Storage:
4°C, protect from light
* In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (protect from light)
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Biological Activity
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Chemical Information
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Solvent & Solubility
- Purity & Documentation
- References
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Help & FAQs
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Immunology/Inflammation Compound Library
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Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) DPPH
More- Bioact Mater. 2025 Jun 7:52:200-212. [Abstract]
- Adv Funct Mater. 2024 Jun 16.
- Adv Sci (Weinh). 2026 Jan 15:e19393. [Abstract]
- Adv Sci (Weinh). 2023 Feb;10(6):e2204006. [Abstract]
- Chem Eng J. 2025 Jan 15.
- Chem Eng J. 2024 Mar 15, 484, 149308.
- Biomaterials. 2026 Aug:331:124089. [Abstract]
- J Nanobiotechnology. 2025 Sep 1;23(1):599. [Abstract]
- J Nanobiotechnology. 2024 Oct 24;22(1):653. [Abstract]
- Carbohydr Polym. 2025 Nov 15;368(Pt 2):124178. [Abstract]
- Small. 2024 Jul 2:e2402141. [Abstract]
- J Control Release. 2025 Jul 10:383:113798. [Abstract]
- Mater Today Bio. 2025 Feb 20:31:101598. [Abstract]
- Food Chem. 2024 Aug 26:462:141008. [Abstract]
- Adv Healthc Mater. 2026 Feb 21:e05684. [Abstract]
- Int J Biol Macromol. 2024 Nov;281(Pt 2):136215. [Abstract]
- Phytomedicine. 2026 May:154:158043. [Abstract]
- Free Radic Biol Med. 2025 Aug 16:236:41-56. [Abstract]
- ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2021 Oct 6;13(39):46391-46405. [Abstract]
- Biofabrication. 2025 Oct 24. [Abstract]
- Cell Rep. 2025 Sep 1;44(9):116139. [Abstract]
- Appl Mater Today. 2024 Jun, 38, 102185.
- Lwt-Food Sci Technol. 2022.
- J Ind Eng Chem. 2025 Oct 15.
- Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2025 Dec 29:260:115406. [Abstract]
- Int J Mol Sci. 2025 Jul 23;26(15):7069. [Abstract]
- Int J Mol Sci. 2025 Mar 19;26(6):2776. [Abstract]
- Int J Mol Sci. 2024 Jan 11;25(2):916. [Abstract]
- Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Nov 23;24(23):16675. [Abstract]
- Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2025 Oct 22;18(11):1596. [Abstract]
- ACS Appl Bio Mater. 2025 Oct 20;8(10):9365-9378. [Abstract]
- Molecules. 2024 Oct 14;29(20):4865. [Abstract]
- Molecules. 2023 Sep 8;28(18):6512. [Abstract]
- J Cannabis Res. 2025 Jan 31;7(1):9. [Abstract]
- Food Sci Nutr. 2025 Jun 6;13(6):e70375. [Abstract]
- J Nat Prod. 2022 Jul 22;85(7):1808-1815. [Abstract]
- J Food Sci. 2025 Feb;90(2):e17642. [Abstract]
- J Food Meas Charact. 03 January 2022.
- Fitoterapia. 2025 Oct 6:187:106924. [Abstract]
- Planta Med. 2025 Nov 4. [Abstract]
- Nat Prod Commun. 2023 Jul 12.
- Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition. 2025.
- SSRN. 2025 Jul 8.
- SSRN. 2025 Jan 14.
- American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers. 2021 Jul.
- Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2021 Oct;28(40):57192-57206. [Abstract]
Customer Validation & Images
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Bio/Physico-chemical Assay
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Bio/Physico-chemical Assay
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Bio/Physico-chemical Assay
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Bio/Physico-chemical Assay
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Bio/Physico-chemical Assay
Biological Activity
DPPH shows a strong absorption band at 517 nm due to its odd electron and solution appears a deep violet colour, the absorption vanishes as the electron pairs off. The resulting decolorization is stoichiometric with respect to the number of electrons taken up. The alcoholic solutions of 0.5 mM are densely colored and at this concentration, the Lambert-Beer law is obeyed over the useful range of absorption[1].
DPPH assay is a rapid, simple, inexpensive and widely used method to measure the ability of compounds to act as free radical scavengers or hydrogen donors, and to evaluate antioxidant activity of foods. It can also be used to quantify antioxidants in complex biological systems, for solid or liquid samples. This method is easy and applies to measure the overall antioxidant capacity and the free radical scavenging activity of fruit and vegetable juice. This assay has been successfully utilized for investigating antioxidant properties of wheat grain and bran, vegetables, conjugated linoleic acids, herbs, edible seed oils, and flours in several different solvent systems including ethanol, aqueous acetone, methanol, aqueous alcohol and benzene. It is a convenient method for the antioxidant assay of cysteine, glutathione, ascorbic acid, tocopherol and polyhydroxy aromatic compounds, for olive oil, fruits, juices and wines[1].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
Chemical Information
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CAS No. 1898-66-4
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Appearance Solid
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Molecular Weight 394.32
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Formula C18H12N5O6
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Color Brown to black
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SMILES
O=[N+](C1=C([N]N(C2=CC=CC=C2)C3=CC=CC=C3)C([N+]([O-])=O)=CC([N+]([O-])=O)=C1)[O-]
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Synonyms
2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl
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Shipping
Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
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Storage
4°C, protect from light
* In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (protect from light)
Publications (46)
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Journal Impact Factor
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Most Recent
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Bioact Mater
Near-field electrospun 3D anisotropic fiber-hydrogel scaffold integrated with photothermal effect for skin wound healing. [Abstract]2025 Jun 7:52:200-212. PMID: 40538763
DPPH purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Bioact Mater. 2025 Jun 7:52:200-212. [Abstract]
DPPH (100 μM; 30 min). DPPH scavenging capabilities of PCL, PCL-PDA, PCL-PDA-GM, and PCL-PDA-GM + NIR scaffolds.
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Adv Sci (Weinh)
Precision-Engineered Silver Single-Atom Carbon Dot Nanozymes for Theranostic Management of Acute Kidney Injury. [Abstract]2026 Jan 15:e19393. PMID: 41536235 -
Adv Sci (Weinh)
2023 Feb;10(6):e2204006. PMID: 36627132
DPPH purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Adv Sci (Weinh). 2023 Feb;10(6):e2204006. [Abstract]
DPPH (100 μM; 30 min). DPPH assay to test the ability of 5‐HT (10 µM) as radical trapping agent, fer‐1 (10 µM), Lipro‐1 (10 µM), and Vitamin E (10 µM) as positive controls.
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Biomaterials
A translational systems medicine approach to devising nanotherapeutics for targeted intervention of MASLD. [Abstract]2026 Aug:331:124089. PMID: 41762518 -
J Nanobiotechnology
Intraoperative application of an antioxidant nanoparticle-hydrogel targeting microglia regulates neuroinflammation in traumatic brain injury. [Abstract]2025 Sep 1;23(1):599. PMID: 40890874 -
J Nanobiotechnology
Curcumin/pEGCG-encapsulated nanoparticles enhance spinal cord injury recovery by regulating CD74 to alleviate oxidative stress and inflammation. [Abstract]2024 Oct 24;22(1):653. PMID: 39443923
DPPH purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: J Nanobiotechnology. 2024 Oct 24;22(1):653. [Abstract]
DPPH (20 μM; 30 min). Quantitative analysis of the scavenging rate of DPPH radicals by Cur, CurNPs, and HA-CurNPs.
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Carbohydr Polym
Electrically conductive and anti-inflammatory nerve conduits based on chitosan/hydroxyethyl cellulose hydrogel for enhanced peripheral nerve regeneration. [Abstract]2025 Nov 15;368(Pt 2):124178. PMID: 40947260 -
Small
Dual-Drug Nanomedicine Assembly with Synergistic Anti-Aneurysmal Effects via Inflammation Suppression and Extracellular Matrix Stabilization. [Abstract]2024 Jul 2:e2402141. PMID: 38953313 -
J Control Release
Metal-phenolic epigallocatechin gallate‑zinc antioxidant nanoparticles for cataract treatment. [Abstract]2025 Jul 10:383:113798. PMID: 40319915 -
Mater Today Bio
A metal-polyphenol network-based iron supplement with improved stability and reduced gastrointestinal toxicity for iron deficiency anemia therapy. [Abstract]2025 Feb 20:31:101598. PMID: 40070867
DPPH purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Mater Today Bio. 2025 Feb 20:31:101598. [Abstract]
DPPH (300 μM; 30 min). Scavenging rates of DPPH radicals scavenged by TA-Fe NPs at different concentrations.
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Food Chem
Preparation and characterization of astaxanthin-loaded liposomes by phytosterol oleate instead of cholesterol. [Abstract]2024 Aug 26:462:141008. PMID: 39217746 -
Adv Healthc Mater
An Injectable Liposome-Hydrogel Composite for Targeted Delivery of a Non-Lactylated Peptide to Rebalance Bone Metabolism in Hyperlipidemia. [Abstract]2026 Feb 21:e05684. PMID: 41721628 -
Int J Biol Macromol
Dual cross-linked polyurethane-alginate biomimetic hydrogel for elastic gradient simulation in osteochondral structures: Microenvironment modulation and tissue regeneration. [Abstract]2024 Nov;281(Pt 2):136215. PMID: 39378917 -
Phytomedicine
pH-responsive and self-adaptive hydrogel dressing based on a TA/PVA network co-loaded with cannabidiol and mupirocin for synergistic infected wound healing. [Abstract]2026 May:154:158043. PMID: 41831383 -
Free Radic Biol Med
Integration of multi-omics data and machine learning to identify antioxidant biomarkers in type 1 diabetes. [Abstract]2025 Aug 16:236:41-56. PMID: 40339726 -
ACS Appl Mater Interfaces
Formation of β-Lactoglobulin Self-Assemblies via Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation for Applications beyond the Biological Functions. [Abstract]2021 Oct 6;13(39):46391-46405. PMID: 34570465
DPPH purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2021 Oct 6;13(39):46391-46405. [Abstract]
DPPH (32.5 μM; 30 min). Antioxidant activity was measured by DPPH assay.
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Biofabrication
Engineering an organoid culture system for enhanced murine and human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell self-renewal and expansion. [Abstract]2025 Oct 24. PMID: 41135540 -
Cell Rep
SLC6A8-mediated creatine uptake suppresses ERK2-FSP1 signaling and induces ferroptosis in colorectal cancer. [Abstract]2025 Sep 1;44(9):116139. PMID: 40892544 -
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Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces
Bioactive human placental ECM hydrogels crosslinked with tannic acid enhance stability and antioxidant properties for diabetic wound healing. [Abstract]2025 Dec 29:260:115406. PMID: 41478154 -
Int J Mol Sci
Comparison of Various Assays of Antioxidant Activity/Capacity: Limited Significance of Redox Potentials of Oxidants/Indicators. [Abstract]2025 Jul 23;26(15):7069. PMID: 40806202 -
Int J Mol Sci
2025 Mar 19;26(6):2776. PMID: 40141417 -
Int J Mol Sci
Characterization of Poultry Gelatins Prepared by a Biotechnological Method for Targeted Changes at the Molecular Level. [Abstract]2024 Jan 11;25(2):916. PMID: 38255989 -
Int J Mol Sci
Effect of Low Concentration of Nitroxides on SH-SY5Y Cells Transfected with the Tau Protein. [Abstract]2023 Nov 23;24(23):16675. PMID: 38069000 -
Pharmaceuticals (Basel)
Inhibitory Effects of Syringic Acid on Endometrial Cancer Cell Growth and Migration and Its Synergistic Suppression with Doxorubicin. [Abstract]2025 Oct 22;18(11):1596. PMID: 41304843 -
ACS Appl Bio Mater
Composite Hydrogel Loaded with Ginsenoside Rc and Cuttlefish Ink Nanoparticles: Photothermal-Immunomodulatory Synergy for Accelerated Healing of Bacteria-Infected Wounds. [Abstract]2025 Oct 20;8(10):9365-9378. PMID: 41070817 -
Molecules
Characterization of Differences in Chemical Profiles and Antioxidant Activities of Schisandra chinensis and Schisandra sphenanthera Based on Multi-Technique Data Fusion. [Abstract]2024 Oct 14;29(20):4865. PMID: 39459232 -
Molecules
Comparison of Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Effects of Various Forms of Garlic and Ramsons. [Abstract]2023 Sep 8;28(18):6512. PMID: 37764288 -
J Cannabis Res
In vitro characterization the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of hemp (Cannabis sativa spp.) varieties cultivated in Northern Alabama. [Abstract]2025 Jan 31;7(1):9. PMID: 39891281 -
Food Sci Nutr
Effect of Thermal Treatment on the Antiproliferative and Antioxidant Activities of Garlic. [Abstract]2025 Jun 6;13(6):e70375. PMID: 40488192 -
J Nat Prod
Ferroptosis Inhibitory Aromatic Abietane Diterpenoids from Ajuga decumbens and Structural Revision of Two 3,4-Epoxy Group-Containing Abietanes. [Abstract]2022 Jul 22;85(7):1808-1815. PMID: 35796002 -
J Food Sci
Physiochemical properties of hemp extract (Cannabis sativa L) inflorescences grown in Northern Alabama. [Abstract]2025 Feb;90(2):e17642. PMID: 39898995 -
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Fitoterapia
Integrated network pharmacology and therapeutic verification of Dendrobium officinale flower on primary dysmenorrhea via inhibition of the TLR4/NF-κB/COX-2 pathway. [Abstract]2025 Oct 6:187:106924. PMID: 41061996 -
Planta Med
2025 Nov 4. PMID: 41187766 -
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Environ Sci Pollut Res Int
Camellia japonica diminishes acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure by attenuating oxidative stress in mice. [Abstract]2021 Oct;28(40):57192-57206. PMID: 34086174
Solvent & Solubility
DMSO : 25 mg/mL (63.40 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (protect from light). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (protect from light). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)
Purity & Documentation
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Data Sheet (278 KB)
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SDS (419 KB)
- English - EN (419 KB)
- Français - FR (419 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (419 KB)
- Norwegian - NO (419 KB)
- Español - ES (419 KB)
- Swedish - SV (419 KB)
- Italian - IT (419 KB)
- Portuguese - PT (419 KB)
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Handling Instructions (2659 KB)
References
Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (protect from light). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
| Optional Solvent | Concentration Solvent Mass | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | 25 mg |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DMSO | 1 mM | 2.5360 mL | 12.6801 mL | 25.3601 mL | 63.4003 mL |
| 5 mM | 0.5072 mL | 2.5360 mL | 5.0720 mL | 12.6801 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2536 mL | 1.2680 mL | 2.5360 mL | 6.3400 mL | |
| 15 mM | 0.1691 mL | 0.8453 mL | 1.6907 mL | 4.2267 mL | |
| 20 mM | 0.1268 mL | 0.6340 mL | 1.2680 mL | 3.1700 mL | |
| 25 mM | 0.1014 mL | 0.5072 mL | 1.0144 mL | 2.5360 mL | |
| 30 mM | 0.0845 mL | 0.4227 mL | 0.8453 mL | 2.1133 mL | |
| 40 mM | 0.0634 mL | 0.3170 mL | 0.6340 mL | 1.5850 mL | |
| 50 mM | 0.0507 mL | 0.2536 mL | 0.5072 mL | 1.2680 mL | |
| 60 mM | 0.0423 mL | 0.2113 mL | 0.4227 mL | 1.0567 mL |
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