Scrophulariaceae

Digitonin, a glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea, could increase cell permeability by binding to cholesterol molecules and reduce tumor growth. Digitonin is an natural detergent.

Digitoxin is an anti-cancer agent. Digitoxin induces apoptosis, inhibits influenza cytokine storm, causes DNA double-stranded breaks (DSBs) and blocks the cell cycle at the G2/M phase. Digitoxin induces calcium uptake into cells by forming transmembrane calcium channels and can be used for research of heart failure .

Catalpol (Catalpinoside), an iridoid glycoside found in Rehmannia glutinosa. Catalpol has neuroprotective, hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-spasmodic, anti-oxidant effects and anti-HBV effects.

Poliumoside, a caffeoylated phenylpropanoid glycoside, is isolated from Brandisia hancei stems and leaves. Poliumoside is an advanced glycation end product (AGE) formation and rat lens aldose reductase (RLAR) inhibitor, with IC₅₀s of 19.69 and 8.47 μM, respectively. Poliumoside also has antiinflammatory and antioxidant activity.

Deslanoside (Desacetyllanatoside C) is a rapidly acting cardiac glycoside used to treat congestive heart failure and supraventricular arrhythmias due to reentry mechanisms, and to control ventricular rate in the treatment of chronic atrial fibrillation. Deslanoside inhibits the Na-K-ATPase membrane pump, resulting in an increase in intracellular sodium and calcium concentrations .

Scopadulciol is an orally effective β-catenin degrader, HSV-TK activator and proton pump inhibitor. By inducing β-catenin degradation, Scopadulciol downregulates the expression of downstream target genes such as cyclin D1, c-myc, and survivin; it also upregulates DR4/DR5 and downregulates Bcl-2, thereby exerting cytotoxicity and inducing apoptosis in cancer cells. Scopadulciol enhances the tumor-killing and bystander effects of prodrugs via activating HSV-TK, and can inactivate HSV-1. It shows synergistic antiviral effects when combined with Acyclovir (HY-17422) or Ganciclovir (HY-13637), with no cytotoxicity as a single agent. Scopadulciol can be applied in research related to bladder cancer, cervical cancer, glioblastoma, and digestive system cancers.

Scrophularia ningpoensis extract is an orally effective hypoglycemic and antioxidant agent. Scrophularia ningpoensis extract reduces fasting blood glucose levels, increases plasma insulin levels, ameliorates impaired antioxidant status, scavenges free radicals, inhibits lipid peroxidation, and decreases elevated serum creatinine and serum urea levels. Scrophularia ningpoensis extract reduces the risk of developing diabetic complications. Scrophularia ningpoensis extract is applicable to diabetes-related research.

Rehmanniae radix extract is an extract of Rehmannia glutinosa that can be used in osteoporosis research.

Digoxigenin (DIG) is a steroid. DIG is used for situ hybridization as a labeling molecule probe due to long shelf life and fast detection and high sensitivity of DIG-labeled riboprobes.

Picroside II is an antioxidant with oral activity that can reduce the production of ROS and protect the blood-brain barrier (BBB) after CI/R injury, offering neuroprotective effects. Picroside II has antioxidant, immune-regulating, antiviral properties, and inhibits apoptosis. Picroside II alleviates the inflammatory response in sepsis by suppressing the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and NF-κB pathways.

Plantainoside D, a phenylethanoid glycosides, is a IKK-β inhibitor with diverse biological activities. Plantainoside D shows inhibitory activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) with an IC₅₀ of 2.17 mM. Plantainoside D significantly reduces the release of glutamate from nerve terminals in the cerebral cortex of rats by inhibiting the voltage-dependent calcium channel (VDCCs) and protein kinase C (PKC) signaling cascade. Plantainoside D significantly alleviates cell apoptosis by inhibiting the generation of ROS and the activation of NF-κB. Plantainoside D significantly improves acute lung injury (ALI) induced by sepsis by regulating the Sirt3/NLRP3 signaling pathway. Plantainoside D can be used for the study of neuroprotection, antioxidant, anti-inflammation, antihypertension.

Bacopaside II, an extract from the medicinal herb Bacopa monnieri. Bacopaside II is the inhibitor for AQP1 that exhibits anti-angiogenesis activity. Bacopaside II exhibits cytotoxicity and induces apoptosis in cancer cells.

Purpureaside C, phenolic glycoside, is a minichromosome maintenance complex component 6 (MCM6) inhibitor. Purpureaside C binds to the ATP-pocket of MCM6, suppresses MCM6 protein expression in gastric cancer cells. Purpureaside C suppresses gastric cancer cell growth and induces apoptosis. Purpureaside C exerts antibacterial activity and proinflammatory activity. Purpureaside C can be used for the researches of gastric cancer, bacterial infection and inflammation.

Stachyose hydrate is an orally active prebiotic that enhances the growth and activity of beneficial bacteria. Stachyose hydrate has hypoglycemic effects and can improve inflammation by regulating gut microbiota. In addition, Stachyose hydrate can induce plant cell apoptosis (Apoptosis). Stachyose hydrate can be used in research on inflammation, gastrointestinal diseases, and agriculture .

Rehmannioside D is an orally active Sirt7 modulator. Rehmannioside D upregulates Sirt7 expression, inhibits the level of acetylated p53, and blocks the activation of the p53 signaling pathway. Rehmannioside D alleviates liver injury, inflammatory response, collagen deposition and hepatocyte apoptosis. Rehmannioside D is applicable to research related to liver fibrosis.

2,5-Dihydroxyacetophenone, isolated from Rehmannia glutinosa, inhibits the production of inflammatory mediators in activated macrophages by blocking the ERK1/2 and NF-κB signaling pathways.

Isovanillic acid (3-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid) is a phenolic acid isolated from isolated from Scrophularia ningpoensis, with anti-thrombotic activity.

Angoroside C, a phenylpropanoid glycoside isolated from Scrophularia ningpoensis, has beneficial effects against ventricular remodeling.

Bacoside A3 is a triterpenoid saponin isolated from Bacopa monnieri. Bacoside A3 has neuroprotective activity, downregulating β-amyloid-induced inflammatory responses and inhibiting neuronal apoptosis. Bacoside A3 can be used in the study of Alzheimer's disease.

Harpagide is a class of iridoid glycoside isolated from Scrophularia ningpoensis and has antiparasitic activity, which exhibits good in vitro trypanocidal activities against African trypanosomes (T.b. rhodesiense) with an IC₅₀ of 21 μg/mL. Harpagide exerts significant antileishmanial activity against L. donovani with an IC₅₀ value of 2.0 μg/mL. Harpagide also possess significant anti-inflammatory activities.