Ginkgoaceae

Isoginkgetin is a pre-mRNA splicing inhibitor inhibitor. Isoginkgetin also inhibits activities of both Akt, NF-κB and MMP-9. Isoginkgetin inhibits the activity of the 20S proteasome, induces apoptosis and activates autophagy.

Anacardic Acid, extracted from cashew nut shell liquid, is a histone acetyltransferase inhibitor, inhibits HAT activity of p300 and PCAF, with IC₅₀s of ∼8.5 μM and ∼5 μM, respectively.

Ginkgolide B (BN-52021), a terpene lactone, is a potent platelet activating factor antagonist. Ginkgolide B protects endothelial cells via the activation of PXR from injuries induced by xeno- and endobiotics. Ginkgolide B can pass through the brain-blood barrier. Ginkgolide B has anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and anti-apoptotic activity. Ginkgolide B has marked neuroprotective effects against ischemia-induced impairments.

Ginkgolic Acid is a natural compound that inhibits SUMOylation with an IC₅₀ of 3.0 μM in in vitro assay.

Ginkgetin, a biflavone, is isolated from Ginkgo biloba leaves. Ginkgetin exhibit anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anti-fungal activities. Ginkgetin is also a potent inhibitor of Wnt signaling, with an IC₅₀ of 5.92 μΜ.

Ginkgolide M (GM) is a ginkgolide that can be isolated from Ginkgo biloba. Ginkgolide M acts as an inhibitor of ligand-gated ion channels in the central nervous system and exerts inhibitory effects on the GABAA receptor. Ginkgolide M can be used for the research of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease.

5,7,5′-Trihydroxy-3′,4′-dimethoxyflavonol-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside is a flavonol glycoside found in the leaves of Ginkgo biloba. 5,7,5′-Trihydroxy-3′,4′-dimethoxyflavonol-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside exerts antioxidative and cardioprotective effects. 5,7,5′-Trihydroxy-3′,4′-dimethoxyflavonol-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside can be used for the research of inflammation and cardiac injury.

Kaempherol-3-O-β-D-(2"-O-trans-p-coumaroyl)-rutinoside is an acylated flavonol glycoside found in the leaves of Ginkgo biloba L.

Bilobalide, a sesquiterpene trilactone constituent of Ginkgo biloba, inhibits the NMDA-induced efflux of choline with an IC₅₀ value of 2.3 μM. Bilobalide prevents apoptosis through activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway in SH-SY5Y cells. Exerts protective and trophic effects on neurons.

Bilobetin, an active component of Ginkgo biloba, can reduce blood lipids and improve the effects of insulin. Bilobetin ameliorated insulin resistance, increased the hepatic uptake and oxidation of lipids, reduced very-low-density lipoprotein triglyceride secretion and blood triglyceride levels, enhanced the expression and activity of enzymes involved in β-oxidation and attenuated the accumulation of triglycerides and their metabolites in tissues. Bilobetin also increased the phosphorylation, nuclear translocation and activity of PPARα accompanied by elevated cAMP level and PKA activity.

Phytol ((E)-Phytol) is an orally active diterpenoid alcohol that can be extracted from chlorophyll. Phytol has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-schistosomiasis and antibacterial activities.

Ginkgolic Acid (C13:0) (Ginkgoneolic Acid) is an anti-cariogenic agent and a PI3Kδ inhibitor (IC₅₀: 2.49 μM). Ginkgolic Acid (C13:0) exhibits antibacterial and anti-parasitic activities. Ginkgolic Acid (C13:0) can also inhibit mast cell degranulation (IC₅₀: 2.40 μM).

Sciadopitysin is a type of biflavonoids in leaves from ginkgo biloba. Sciadopitysi inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis and bone loss by inhibiting NF-κB activation and reducing the expression of c-Fos and NFATc1.

Ginkgo biloba extract is a natural product that can be isolated from Ginkgo biloba leaves. Ginkgo biloba extract alleviates oxidative stress-induced neuronal apoptosis (Apoptosis) by stabilizing mitochondrial function, regulating Bcl-2 family proteins and inhibiting caspase activation. Ginkgo biloba extract alleviates testicular injury by upregulating SKP2 and inhibiting Beclin1-independent autophagy (Autophagy). Ginkgo biloba extract alleviates various types of neuronal damage in animal models. Ginkgo biloba extract reduces behavioral sensitization in rats. Ginkgo biloba extract counteracts Aβ-induced neurotoxicity by blocking a series of Aβ-triggered events, including glucose uptake, ROS accumulation, AKT activation, mitochondrial dysfunction, JNK and ERK 1/2 pathways, and apoptosis, and also interferes with the formation of Aβ oligomers. Ginkgo biloba extract is applicable to research related to cerebral hypoperfusion, testicular injury, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multi-infarct dementia, stroke, traumatic brain injury and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Ginkgolic acid C17:1 is a fatty acid synthase (FAS) inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 10.5 µM. Ginkgolic acid C17:1 shows anti-tumor activity by inhibiting the phosphorylation of STAT3 and inducing apoptosis. Ginkgolic acid C17:1 can block the interaction between S-RBD and ACE2, and has anti-SARS-CoV-2-S pseudovirus activity. Ginkgolic acid C17:1 inhibits the biofilm formation of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.

Ginkgolide K, isolated from Ginkgo biloba, induces protective autophagy through the AMPK/mTOR/ULK1 signaling pathway. Ginkgolide K possesses neuroprotective activity.

Ginkgolide A (BN-52020) is an extract from in Ginkgo biloba and a g-aminobutyric acid (GABA) antagonist.

(±)-Dihydrozeatin can be used for biological studies of the abundance of cytokinin during cytokinin metabolism, interconversion and formation of new trans-zetin metabolites.

Ginkgolide C is a flavone isolated from Ginkgo biloba leaves, possessing multiple biological functions, such as decreasing platelet aggregation and ameliorating Alzheimer disease.

Quercimeritrin (Quercetin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside) is an orally active α-glucosidase inhibitor (with an IC₅₀ of 79.88 μM against the Saccharomyces cerevisiae enzyme) and a P-gp substrate, with anti-angiogenic and antioxidant activities. Quercimeritrin does not cross the blood-brain barrier and does not inhibit cytochrome P450 enzymes. Quercimeritrin precisely binds to and inhibits the active sites of c-Kit, MMP-2, Aurora-A kinases and α-glucosidase, thereby disrupting target functions. Quercimeritrin effectively regulates postprandial blood glucose and also exhibits significant anti-angiogenic activity, which inhibits endothelial cell proliferation and microvascular growth. Quercimeritrin can be used in the research of diabetes and breast cancer.