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Pathways Recommended:	Membrane Transporter/Ion Channel

Results for "

voltage gated sodium channels

" in MedChemExpress (MCE) Product Catalog:

By Targets:	HCN Channel (3) Sodium Channel (163) 5-HT Receptor (2) Adrenergic Receptor (1) Akt (3) Amyloid-β (1) Apoptosis (6) Autophagy (14) Bacterial (3) Bcl-2 Family (3) Beta-secretase (5) Biochemical Assay Reagents (4) Calcium Channel (49) Calmodulin (1) CaMK (2) Cholinesterase (ChE) (1) CRAC Channel (2) DNA Alkylator/Crosslinker (1) DNA/RNA Synthesis (7) Dopamine Receptor (7) Drug Derivative (1) Endogenous Metabolite (2) Environmental Pollutants (5) FKBP (1) Fluorescent Dye (3) Fungal (2) GABA Receptor (5) Gap Junction Protein (1) HDAC (2) Histamine Receptor (1) IKK (3) Insecticide (8) Interleukin Related (1) Isotope-Labeled Compounds (24) JAK (1) Leukotriene Receptor (1) mAChR (4) Mitophagy (2) Monoamine Transporter (5) mRNA (1) Na+/Ca2+ Exchanger (2) nAChR (1) Necroptosis (3) NF-κB (4) NOD-like Receptor (NLR) (4) Parasite (15) PGE synthase (1) Phosphodiesterase (PDE) (3) PKG (1) Platelet-activating Factor Receptor (PAFR) (1) Potassium Channel (37) Proton Pump (4) Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) (3) Reference Standards (36) RIP kinase (3) SARS-CoV (7) TGF-beta/Smad (7) TNF Receptor (1) TRP Channel (13) UGT (1) Virus Protease (7) γ-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) (2)
By Research Areas:	Cancer (52) Cardiovascular Disease (30) Endocrinology (2) Infection (24) Inflammation/Immunology (40) Metabolic Disease (7) Neurological Disease (191)
Oligonucleotides:	mRNA (1) Antisense Oligonucleotides (2)

254

Inhibitors & Agonists

Screening Libraries

Fluorescent Dyes

Biochemical Assay Reagents

Peptides

Natural
Products

Isotope-Labeled Compounds

Oligonucleotides

Targets Recommended: VDAC HCN Channel Sodium Phosphate Cotransporter Sodium Chloride Cotransporter (NCC) Sodium Channel Na+/H+ Exchanger (NHE) SGLT Na+/K+ ATPase Apical Sodium-Dependent Bile Acid Transporter

Cat. No.	Product Name	Target	Research Areas	Chemical Structure

HY-B0246

Carbamazepine 15+ Cited Publications CBZ; NSC 169864	Sodium Channel Autophagy Mitophagy Potassium Channel Calcium Channel HDAC	Neurological Disease Cancer
Carbamazepine is an orally active pressure-sensitive sodium ion channel blocker with an IC₅₀ of 131 μM. Carbamazepine blocks voltage gated Na ⁺, Ca ²⁺, and K ⁺ channels, and is also a HDAC inhibitor (IC₅₀: 2 μM). Carbamazepine is an anticonvulsant and can be used for research of epilepsy and neuropathic pain .

HY-N6691

Veratridine 4 Publications Verification 3-Veratroylveracevine	Sodium Channel	Neurological Disease
Veratridine (3-Veratroylveracevine) is a plant neurotoxin, a **voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) agonist. Veratridine inhibits the peak current of Nav1.7, with an IC₅₀** of 18.39 µM. Veratridine regulates sodium ion channels mainly by activating sodium ion channels, preventing channel inactivation and increasing sodium ion flow .

HY-B0448

Phenytoin 5+ Cited Publications 5,5-Diphenylhydantoin	Sodium Channel Virus Protease	Neurological Disease Cancer
Phenytoin (5,5-Diphenylhydantoin) is a potent Voltage-gated Na ⁺ channels (VGSCs) blocker. Phenytoin has antiepileptic activity and reduces breast tumour growth and metastasis in mice .

HY-B0339

Primidone 2 Publications Verification	TRP Channel RIP kinase Sodium Channel GABA Receptor Necroptosis	Neurological Disease Inflammation/Immunology
Primidone is the orally active inhibitor for TRPM3 (IC₅₀ = 0.6 μM), RIP kinase and **voltage-gated sodium channel, and the antagonist for GABA receptor**. Primidone can be used as the analgesic and anticonvulsant agent .

HY-12949

ML204 5+ Cited Publications	TRP Channel	Neurological Disease
ML204 is a potent, selective TRPC4/TRPC5 channel inhibitor, with at least 19-fold selectivity against TRPC6 and no appreciable effect on all other TRP channels, nor on voltage-gated sodium, potassium, or Ca ²⁺ channels .

HY-B0448A

Phenytoin sodium 5+ Cited Publications 5,5-Diphenylhydantoin sodium salt	Sodium Channel Virus Protease	Neurological Disease Cancer
Phenytoin sodium (5,5-Diphenylhydantoin sodium salt) is a potent Voltage-gated Na ⁺ channels (VGSCs) blocker. Phenytoin has antiepileptic activity and reduces breast tumour growth and metastasis in mice .

HY-100345

AMTB hydrochloride 2 Publications Verification	TRP Channel	Neurological Disease Cancer
AMTB hydrochloride is a selective TRPM8 channel blocker. AMTB hydrochloride inhibits icilin-induced TRPM8 channel activation with a pIC₅₀ of 6.23. AMTB hydrochloride can be used for the research of the overactive bladder and painful bladder syndrome. AMTB hydrochloride is a non-selective inhibitor of voltage-gated sodium channels (Na_V) .

HY-17612

Evenamide NW-3509	Sodium Channel	Neurological Disease
Evenamide (NW-3509) is an orally available voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) blocker (K_i=0.4 µM) for the research of schizophrenia. Evenamide shows efficacy in a broad spectrum of rodent models of psychosis, mania, depression, and aggressiveness .

HY-B0517

Mepivacaine 1 Publications Verification	Sodium Channel	Neurological Disease
Mepivacaine is an amide-type local anesthetic agent. Mepivacaine binds to specific voltage-gated sodium ion channels in neuronal cell membranes, which inhibits both sodium influx and membrane depolarization .

HY-B1551

Benzonatate Benzononatine	Sodium Channel	Neurological Disease
Benzonatate (Benzononatine) is an orally active and non-narcotic peripheral antitussive agent. Benzonatate is a reversible **voltage-gated Na ⁺ channels** inhibitor. Benzonatate dampens the activity of cough stretch receptors .

HY-12545

Brevetoxin-3 1 Publications Verification PbTx-3	Sodium Channel	Inflammation/Immunology
Brevetoxin-3 (PbTx-3) is a potent allosteric **voltage-gated Na ⁺ channel** activator and has multiple active centers (A-ring lactone, C-42 of R side chain) . Brevetoxin-3 (PbTx-3) has a high affinity to site 5 of the voltage-sensitive Na ⁺ channels, inhibits the inactivation of Na ⁺ channels and prolongs the mean open time of these channels. Brevetoxin-3 (PbTx-3) repeated exposures can lead to prolonged airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and lung inflammation .

HY-B0448S

Phenytoin-d10 5,5-Diphenylhydantoin-d₁₀	Isotope-Labeled Compounds Sodium Channel Virus Protease	Neurological Disease Cancer
Phenytoin-d₁₀ is the deuterium labeled Phenytoin. Phenytoin (5,5-Diphenylhydantoin) is a potent Voltage-gated Na+ channels (VGSCs) blocker. Phenytoin has antiepileptic activity and reduces breast tumour growth and metastasis in mice .

HY-B0703

Eslicarbazepine acetate BIA 2-093	Beta-secretase Sodium Channel	Neurological Disease
Eslicarbazepine acetate (BIA 2-093), an antiepileptic agent, is a dual a dual Inhibitor of β-Secretase and voltage-gated sodium channel.

HY-B0517A

Mepivacaine hydrochloride 1 Publications Verification	Sodium Channel	Neurological Disease
Mepivacaine hydrochloride binds to specific voltage-gated sodium ion channels in neuronal cell membranes, which inhibits both sodium influx and membrane depolarization .

HY-108506

Licarbazepine 1 Publications Verification BIA 2-005; GP 47779	Sodium Channel	Neurological Disease
Licarbazepine (BIA 2-005; GP 47779) is a **voltage-gated sodium channel** blocker with anticonvulsant and mood-stabilizing effects .

HY-B1704

Nisoxetine 1 Publications Verification	Monoamine Transporter Sodium Channel	Neurological Disease
Nisoxetine is a potent and selective inhibitor of noradrenaline transporter (NET), with a K_d of 0.76 nM. Nisoxetine is an antidepressant and local anesthetic, it can block voltage-gated sodium channels .

HY-114301

PF-06305591	Sodium Channel	Neurological Disease
PF-06305591 is a potent and highly selective voltage gated sodium channel NaV1.8 blocker, with an IC₅₀ of 15 nM. An excellent preclinical in vitro ADME and safety profile .

HY-N3710

Dehydrocrenatidine Kumujian G; O-Methylpicrasidine I	JAK Apoptosis	Neurological Disease Cancer
Dehydrocrenatidine, a natural alkaloid, is a specific JAK inhibitor. Dehydrocrenatidine inhibits voltage-gated sodium channels and ameliorates mechanic allodia in a rat model of neuropathic pain .

HY-B1704A

Nisoxetine hydrochloride 1 Publications Verification	Monoamine Transporter Sodium Channel	Neurological Disease
Nisoxetine hydrochloride is a potent and selective inhibitor of noradrenaline transporter (NET), with a K_d of 0.76 nM. Nisoxetine hydrochloride is an antidepressant and local anesthetic, it can block voltage-gated sodium channels .

HY-114608

RY785	Sodium Channel	Neurological Disease
RY785 is a potent and selective **voltage-gated potassium (K_V2) channel inhibitor with an IC₅₀** of 0.05 μM for K_V2.2. RY785 has analgesic activity .

HY-122376

S-Bioallethrin D-Trans-Allethrin; Esbiol	Environmental Pollutants Sodium Channel	Neurological Disease
S-Bioallethrin (D-Trans-Allethrin) is a pyrethroid insecticide. S-Bioallethrin disrupts nerve function by modifying the gating kinetics of transitions between the conducting and nonconducting states of voltage-gated sodium channels. S-Bioallethrin also causes inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation and induces histamine release from human basophils .

HY-129763

Di-4-ANEPPS	Fluorescent Dye	Cardiovascular Disease
Di-4-ANEPPS is a voltage-sensitive dye that acts on voltage-gated ion channels (such as sodium channels) and inhibits sodium current, significantly reducing sodium current density, although specific values like IC₅₀ remain unclear. It mainly binds to the voltage-sensitive regions on the cell membrane, changing its fluorescence properties to reflect membrane potential changes and thus affecting the function of ion channels to exert its activity. This substance can be used in cardiovascular research, such as the electrophysiology of cardiomyocytes, myocardial ischemia, and the effects of drugs on cardiomyocytes. It is of great value in evaluating drug cardiotoxicity and exploring the mechanisms of arrhythmias .

HY-143481

Nav1.8-IN-2	Sodium Channel	Neurological Disease Inflammation/Immunology
Nav1.8-IN-2 (compound 35A) is a Nav1.8 voltage-gated sodium ion inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 0.4 nM (HEK 293 cells). Nav1.8-IN-2 inhibits the activity of Nav1.8 voltage-gated sodium ion channels, mediates sodium ion influx in excitable cells, and is associated with the initiation and conduction of action potentials. Nav1.8-IN-2 can be used for research related to pain, cough, itching, etc .

HY-N1847

3'-Methoxydaidzein	Sodium Channel	Neurological Disease
3'-Methoxydaidzein is a isoflavone and a Sodium Channel inhibitor. 3'-Methoxydaidzein inhibits subtypes NaV1.7, NaV1.8 and NaV1.3 with IC₅₀ of 181 nM, 397 nM, and 505 nM, respectively. 3'-Methoxydaidzein exerts analgesic activity by inhibiting voltage-gated sodium channels .

HY-157485

Ebio1	Potassium Channel	Others
Ebio1 is a selective voltage-gated potassium channel KCNQ2 activator. Ebio1 activates KCNQ2 by generating an extended channel gate with greater conductance at a saturation voltage (+50 mV) .

HY-B1243

Propoxycaine hydrochloride 1 Publications Verification	Sodium Channel	Neurological Disease
Propoxycaine hydrochloride inhibits **voltage-gated sodium channels**, and thereby inhibits the ionic flux required for the initiation and conduction of impulses. Propoxycaine hydrochloride application can lead to a loss of sensation.

HY-136330

Oxazosulfyl	Insecticide Parasite Sodium Channel	Infection
Oxazosulfyl is a sulfyl insecticide with potent and cross-spectrum insecticidal activity. Oxazosulfyl inhibits sodium currents by binding to and stabilizing the slow-inactivated state of voltage-gated sodium channels, leading to insect paralysis. Oxazosulfyl's ability to block sodium channels is correlated with its insecticidal activity .

HY-101789

Nav1.7-IN-3	Sodium Channel	Neurological Disease
Nav1.7-IN-3 is a selective, orally bioavailable voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.7 inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 8 nM. Pain relief. Limited CNS penetration .

HY-19366

Nav1.7-IN-2	Sodium Channel	Neurological Disease
Nav1.7-IN-2 is an inhibitor of voltage-gated sodium channels (Nav), in particular Nav 1.7, with IC50 of 80 nM.

HY-100727

AM-2099 1 Publications Verification	Sodium Channel	Neurological Disease
AM-2099 is a potent and selective inhibitor of voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.7 with an IC₅₀ of 0.16 μM for human Nav1.7.

HY-19666

DPI 201-106 1 Publications Verification SDZ 201106	Sodium Channel	Cardiovascular Disease
DPI 201-106 (SDZ 201106) is a cardiotonic agent with a synergistic sarcolemmal and intracellular mechanism of action. DPI 201-106 shows cardioselective modulation of voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) resulting in a positive inotropic effect .

HY-P5807

Cn2 toxin β-Mammal toxin Cn2	Sodium Channel	Neurological Disease
Cn2 toxin is aβ- toxoins. Cn2 toxin can bind to the voltage sensing domain of voltage gated sodium channels (Na_v) .

HY-161092A

KIO-301 chloride hydrochloride	HCN Channel Potassium Channel	Neurological Disease
KIO-301 chloride hydrochloride is an azobenzene photoswitchable compound that blocks voltage-gated ion channels, including hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide gating (HCN, during exposure to visible light) ) and voltage-gated potassium channels (voltage-gated potassium channels) .

HY-161092

KIO-301 chloride	HCN Channel Potassium Channel	Neurological Disease
KIO-301 chloride is an azobenzene photoswitch compound that can block voltage-gated ion channels, including *hyperpolarisation-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated* (HCN) and voltage-gated potassium channels** during exposure to visible light .

HY-118328

Hymenidin	5-HT Receptor Potassium Channel	Cancer
Hymenidin is a natural antagonist of serotonergic receptor and inhibitor of **voltage-gated potassium channels. Hymenidin also induces cancer cell apoptosis** .

HY-P1218B

Phrixotoxin 3-NH2 TFA	Sodium Channel	Neurological Disease
Phrixotoxin 3-NH2 TFA is a derivative of Phrixotoxin 3 TFA (HY-P1218A). Phrixotoxin 3 TFA is a potent blocker of **voltage-gated sodium channels, with IC₅₀s of 0.6, 42, 72, 288, 610 nM for NaV1.2, NaV1.3, NaV1.4, NaV1.1 and NaV1.5*, respectively. Phrixotoxin 3 TFA modulates voltage-gated* sodium channels with properties similar to those of typical gating-modifier toxins, both by causing a depolarizing shift in gating kinetics and by blocking the inward component of the sodium current .

HY-P2707

α-Dendrotoxin α-DTX	Sodium Channel Potassium Channel	Neurological Disease
α-Dendrotoxin (α-DTX) is a voltage-gated K ⁺ channel blocker and an acid-sensing ion channel (ASIC) inhibitor. α-Dendrotoxin blocks K_v1.1, K_v1.2, K_v1.6 and D-type (I_D) voltage-gated K ⁺ channels, and reversibly inhibits slowly inactivating potassium currents. α-Dendrotoxin induces epilepsy-related behaviors in mice. α-Dendrotoxin can be used in studies related to tonic-clonic seizures .

HY-P10234A

Poneratoxin acetate 3 Publications Verification	Sodium Channel	Neurological Disease
Poneratoxin acetate is the acetate salt form of Poneratoxin (HY-P10234). Poneratoxin acetate is the modulator for **voltage-gated sodium channel (NaV, EC₅₀** for NaV1.6 and NaV1.7 is 97 nM and 2.3 µM), that lowers the voltage threshold for activation and inhibits the inactivation of channels, enhances the excitability of neurons, and leads to the transmission of pain signals .

HY-P5152

Scorpion toxin Tf2	Sodium Channel	Neurological Disease
Scorpion toxin Tf2 is a selective human voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.3 (hNav1.3) activator. Scorpion toxin Tf2 selectively shifts the channel's activation voltage to more negative values, enabling channel opening at resting membrane potentials. Scorpion toxin Tf2 can be used for the research of epilepsy, nociception (after spinal cord injury) .

HY-123825

GX-674	Sodium Channel	Cardiovascular Disease Neurological Disease
GX-674 is a potent, state-dependent, isoform-selective voltage-gated sodium channel 1.7 (Nav1.7) antagonist with an IC₅₀ of 0.1 nM at -40 mV .

HY-12949A

ML204 hydrochloride 5+ Cited Publications	TRP Channel	Neurological Disease
ML204 hydrochloride is a novel, potent, selective TRPC4/TRPC5 channel inhibitor, with at least 19-fold selectivity against TRPC6 and no appreciable effect on all other TRP channels, nor on voltage-gated sodium, potassium, or Ca ²⁺ channels .

HY-108506R

Licarbazepine (Standard) BIA 2-005 (Standard); GP 47779 (Standard)	Reference Standards Sodium Channel	Neurological Disease
Licarbazepine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Licarbazepine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Licarbazepine (BIA 2-005; GP 47779) is a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker with anticonvulsant and mood-stabilizing effects .

HY-Z6848

(R)-(+)-Bupivacaine hydrochloride	Sodium Channel	Neurological Disease
(R)-(+)-Bupivacaine hydrochloride is a voltage-gated sodium channel inhibitor. (R)-(+)-Bupivacaine hydrochloride can selectively block the voltage-gated sodium channels on nerve cell membranes, inhibit the influx of sodium ions, and thus prevent the generation and conduction of nerve impulses, exerting local anesthetic activity. (R)-(+)-Bupivacaine hydrochloride can be used in research of acute pains .

HY-P1218

Phrixotoxin 3	Sodium Channel	Neurological Disease
Phrixotoxin 3 is a potent blocker of **voltage-gated sodium channels, with IC₅₀s of 0.6, 42, 72, 288, 610 nM for NaV1.2, NaV1.3, NaV1.4, NaV1.1 and NaV1.5*, respectively. Phrixotoxin 3 modulates voltage-gated* sodium channels with properties similar to those of typical gating-modifier toxins, both by causing a depolarizing shift in gating kinetics and by blocking the inward component of the sodium current .

HY-157802A

(S)-LTGO-33	Sodium Channel	Neurological Disease
(S)-LTGO-33 is a small molecule inhibitor of voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.8. (S)-LTGO-33 can be used in the study of pain disorders .

HY-114301A

PF-06305591 dihydrate	Sodium Channel	Neurological Disease
PF-06305591 dihydrate is a potent and highly selective voltage gated sodium channel NaV1.8 blocker, with an IC₅₀ of 15 nM. An excellent preclinical in vitro ADME and safety profile .

HY-155058

Nav1.3 channel inhibitor 1	Sodium Channel	Neurological Disease
Nav1.3 channel inhibitor 1 (compound 15b) is a state-dependent voltage-gated sodium channel Na_v1.3 inhibitor (IC₅₀=20 nM). Nav1.3 channel inhibitor 1 can penetrate the blood-brain barrier and can be used in the research of nervous system diseases .

HY-163696A

HV1-IN-1 hydrochloride	Proton Pump	Others Neurological Disease Cancer
HV1-IN-1 hydrochloride is an inhibitor of the human voltage-gated proton channel (hHV1). HV1-IN-1 hydrochloride works by binding to the VSD of the HV1 channel. The VSD is a component of the HV1 channel that is responsible for detecting changes in membrane potential and triggering the opening of the channel. HV1-IN-1 hydrochloride can be used in the study of cancer, neuroinflammation and immune response .

HY-159506

Bimokalner Bimokalnerum	Potassium Channel	Neurological Disease
Bimokalner (Bimokalnerum) is a voltage-gated potassium channel (Kv7.4) agonist .

HY-P10234

Poneratoxin	Sodium Channel	Neurological Disease
Poneratoxin is the modulator for **voltage-gated sodium channel (NaV, EC₅₀** for NaV1.6 and NaV1.7 is 97 nM and 2.3 µM), that lowers the voltage threshold for activation and inhibits the inactivation of channels, enhances the excitability of neurons, and leads to the transmission of pain signals .

Cat. No.	Product Name

HY-L118

Sodium Channel Blocker Library

187 compounds

Sodium channels conduct sodium ions (Na+) through a cell's plasma membrane that are the source of excitatory currents for the nervous system and muscle. Na channels are classified according to the trigger that opens the channel for such ions, i.e. either a voltage-change (Voltage-gated, voltage-sensitive, or voltage-dependent sodium channel also called VGSCs or Nav channel) or a binding of a substance (a ligand) to the channel (ligand-gated sodium channels). Dysfunction in voltage-gated sodium channels correlates with neurological and cardiac diseases, including epilepsy, myopathies, pain and cardiac arrhythmias. Sodium channel blockers are used in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmia, pain and convulsion.

MCE offers a unique collection of 187 sodium channel blocker and antagonists, all of which have the identified inhibitory effect on sodium channels. MCE Sodium Channel Blocker Library can be used for neurological and cardiac diseases drug discovery and sodium channel research.

HY-L119

Potassium Channel Compound Library

313 compounds

Potassium channels are the most widely distributed type of ion channel and are found in virtually all living organisms. There are four major classes of K channels: voltage-gated potassium channel, calcium-activated potassium channel, inwardly rectifying potassium channel and tandem pore domain potassium channel. There is growing evidence that dysfunction in potassium channels correlates with several diseases, such as chronic hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis, etc.

MCE Potassium Channel Compound Library consists of 313 potassium channel inhibitor and activators, which is a useful tool to discover drugs for cardiovascular diseases and potassium channel research.

HY-L0104V

UORSY New Generation Screening Library

1,900,000 compounds

UORSY New Generation Screening Library contains about 1,900,000 compounds. The library is a revolutionary collection of lead-like molecules with outstanding structural quality and diversity—New Generation Screening Library (NGSL). Its core is decorated with interesting building blocks, including important medicinal fragments such as peptide bonds, amino groups and hydroxyl groups. and designed for discovery of new Voltage-gated calcium channel blockers.

HY-L165

Dopamine Receptor Compound Library

267 compounds

Dopamine receptor (DAR), widely distributed in the brain, plays a key role in regulating motor function, motivation, driving force and cognition. The role of DA is mediated by D1-type (D1, D5) and D2-type receptors (D2S, D2L, D3, D4), which are distributed in presynaptic, postsynaptic and extrasynaptic, projection neurons and interneurons. Each receptor has a different function. D1 and D5 receptors couple with G stimulation sites and activate Adenylyl cyclase. The activation of Adenylyl cyclase leads to the production of the second messenger cAMP, which leads to the production of protein kinase A (PKA), which leads to further transcription in the nucleus. D2 to D4 receptors are coupled to G inhibitory sites to inhibit adenylyl cyclase and activate potassium Ion channel. These receptors utilize phosphorylation cascades or direct membrane interactions to affect the functions of voltage-gated and neurotransmitter-gated channels, cytoplasmic enzymes, and transcription factors. Dopamine receptor plays an important role in daily life.

MCE designs a unique collection of 267 small molecules related to dopamine receptor. It is a good tool for screening drugs from nervous system disease.

Cat. No.	Product Name	Type

HY-129763

Di-4-ANEPPS

Fluorescent Dyes

Di-4-ANEPPS is a voltage-sensitive dye that acts on voltage-gated ion channels (such as sodium channels) and inhibits sodium current, significantly reducing sodium current density, although specific values like IC₅₀ remain unclear. It mainly binds to the voltage-sensitive regions on the cell membrane, changing its fluorescence properties to reflect membrane potential changes and thus affecting the function of ion channels to exert its activity. This substance can be used in cardiovascular research, such as the electrophysiology of cardiomyocytes, myocardial ischemia, and the effects of drugs on cardiomyocytes. It is of great value in evaluating drug cardiotoxicity and exploring the mechanisms of arrhythmias .

HY-D2266

FluoBar1	Fluorescent Dyes
FluoBar1 is an imaging fluorescence probe modified by a barbiturate ligand with fluorescent coumarin. FluoBar1 can monitor L-type voltage-gated calcium channels (LTCC) in living cells in real time for the study of neurological diseases .

HY-D3170

C-HBrO-GGT

Fluorescent Dyes

C-HBrO-GGT is a sequence-activated two-photon fluorescent probe. C-HBrO-GGT exhibits sequential fluorescence activation properties: it generates fluorescence in response to hypobromous acid only after being hydrolytically activated by γ-glutamyl transpeptidase. C-HBrO-GGT enables verification of the voltage-gated chloride channel (CLC-1)-HBrO-catalase (CAT)-GGT signaling pathway at the cellular level. C-HBrO-GGT can serve as a tool to indicate the precise location of mature atherosclerotic plaques and provide early warning of plaque formation. C-HBrO-GGT is applicable to relevant research on atherosclerosis .

Cat. No.	Product Name	Type

HY-Y0537E

Potassium chloride, for cell culture

1 Publications Verification

Biochemical Assay Reagents

Potassium chloride, for cell culture is potassium chloride that can be used for cell culture. Potassium chloride, for cell culture increases extracellular potassium ion concentration to induce cellular depolarization, thereby activating voltage-gated calcium channels and regulating intracellular calcium signaling. Potassium chloride, for cell culture upregulates Brn-5. Potassium chloride, for cell culture inhibits the proliferation of neurons and some plant cells .

HY-170424

D-myo-Inositol-1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate potassium	Biochemical Assay Reagents
D-myo-Inositol-1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate potassium increases the extracellular Ca ²⁺ entry through upregulation of voltage-gated calcium channels .

Cat. No.	Product Name	Target	Research Area

HY-P10817

Corza6	Proton Pump Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)	Metabolic Disease
Corza6 is a potent and selective human voltage-gated proton channel (hHv1) peptide inhibitor. Corza6 binds to the external voltage sensor domain (VSD) loop in hHv1 with a K_d of ~1 nM at the natural, hyperpolarized resting membrane potential (RMP) of mammalian cells. Corza6 allows capacitation in sperm and permits sustained reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in white blood cells (WBCs) .

HY-P1651

SOR-C13 1 Publications Verification	TRP Channel	Cancer
SOR-C13, a carboxy-terminal truncated peptide, is a high-affinity TRPV6 antagonist with an IC₅₀ value of 14 nM. TRPV6 is a non-voltage gated calcium channel that is associated with malignancy and poor prognosis in breast cancer. SOR-C13 has anticancer activity .

HY-P10817A

Corza6 TFA	Proton Pump Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)	Metabolic Disease
Corza6 TFA is a potent and selective human voltage-gated proton channel (hHv1) peptide inhibitor. Corza6 TFA binds to the external voltage sensor domain (VSD) loop in hHv1 with a K_d of ~1 nM at the natural, hyperpolarized resting membrane potential (RMP) of mammalian cells. Corza6 TFA allows capacitation in sperm and permits sustained reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in white blood cells (WBCs) .

HY-P1073

ProTx-I	Calcium Channel Potassium Channel Sodium Channel TRP Channel	Neurological Disease Cancer
ProTx-I is a toxin derived from Thrixopelma pruriens and a peptide inhibitor targeting TTX-resistant sodium channels. ProTx-I interacts with voltage sensors of multiple domains such as NaV1.7, reduces neuronal excitability through allosteric modulation of channel gating and alteration of voltage dependence. The IC₅₀ values of ProTx-I against human NaV1.7, NaV1.2, NaV1.6, and NaV1.5 are 95 nM, 104 nM, 21 nM, and 358 nM, respectively; ProTx-I also potently inhibits Ba ²⁺ currents of hCav3.1, while its inhibitory potency against hCav3.2 is approximately 160-fold lower. ProTx-I is applicable to the research of chronic pain .

HY-P5807

Cn2 toxin β-Mammal toxin Cn2	Sodium Channel	Neurological Disease
Cn2 toxin is aβ- toxoins. Cn2 toxin can bind to the voltage sensing domain of voltage gated sodium channels (Na_v) .

HY-P1218B

Phrixotoxin 3-NH2 TFA	Sodium Channel	Neurological Disease
Phrixotoxin 3-NH2 TFA is a derivative of Phrixotoxin 3 TFA (HY-P1218A). Phrixotoxin 3 TFA is a potent blocker of **voltage-gated sodium channels, with IC₅₀s of 0.6, 42, 72, 288, 610 nM for NaV1.2, NaV1.3, NaV1.4, NaV1.1 and NaV1.5*, respectively. Phrixotoxin 3 TFA modulates voltage-gated* sodium channels with properties similar to those of typical gating-modifier toxins, both by causing a depolarizing shift in gating kinetics and by blocking the inward component of the sodium current .

HY-P2707

α-Dendrotoxin α-DTX	Sodium Channel Potassium Channel	Neurological Disease
α-Dendrotoxin (α-DTX) is a voltage-gated K ⁺ channel blocker and an acid-sensing ion channel (ASIC) inhibitor. α-Dendrotoxin blocks K_v1.1, K_v1.2, K_v1.6 and D-type (I_D) voltage-gated K ⁺ channels, and reversibly inhibits slowly inactivating potassium currents. α-Dendrotoxin induces epilepsy-related behaviors in mice. α-Dendrotoxin can be used in studies related to tonic-clonic seizures .

HY-P10234A

Poneratoxin acetate 3 Publications Verification	Sodium Channel	Neurological Disease
Poneratoxin acetate is the acetate salt form of Poneratoxin (HY-P10234). Poneratoxin acetate is the modulator for **voltage-gated sodium channel (NaV, EC₅₀** for NaV1.6 and NaV1.7 is 97 nM and 2.3 µM), that lowers the voltage threshold for activation and inhibits the inactivation of channels, enhances the excitability of neurons, and leads to the transmission of pain signals .

HY-P5152

Scorpion toxin Tf2	Sodium Channel	Neurological Disease
Scorpion toxin Tf2 is a selective human voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.3 (hNav1.3) activator. Scorpion toxin Tf2 selectively shifts the channel's activation voltage to more negative values, enabling channel opening at resting membrane potentials. Scorpion toxin Tf2 can be used for the research of epilepsy, nociception (after spinal cord injury) .

HY-P3055A

Dendrotoxin-I TFA DTX-I TFA	Potassium Channel	Cancer
Dendrotoxin-I (DTX-I) TFA is a potent K ⁺ channel blocker with IC₅₀s of 0.13-50 nM for voltage-gated potassium channel subunits K_V1.1, K_V1.2 and K_V1.6. Dendrotoxin-I TFA, a neurotoxin, has the potential for cancer research .

HY-P5807A

Cn2 toxin TFA β-Mammal toxin Cn2 TFA	Sodium Channel	Neurological Disease
Cn2 toxin TFA (β-Mammal toxin Cn2 TFA) is a single-chain β-scorpion neurotoxic peptide that is the main toxin in scorpion venom. Cn2 toxin (TFA) specifically targets mammalian voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSC) Nav1.6 .

HY-P1651A

SOR-C13 TFA 1 Publications Verification	TRP Channel	Cancer
SOR-C13 TFA, a carboxy-terminal truncated peptide, is a high-affinity TRPV6 antagonist with an IC₅₀ value of 14 nM. TRPV6 is a non-voltage gated calcium channel that is associated with malignancy and poor prognosis in breast cancer. SOR-C13 TFA has anticancer activity .

HY-P1427A

Guangxitoxin 1E TFA	Potassium Channel	Neurological Disease
Guangxitoxin 1E TFA is the TFA salt form of Guangxitoxin 1E (HY-P1427). Guangxitoxin 1E TFA is a peptide toxin and a selective inhibitor for voltage-gated potassium channel K_V2.1 and K_V2.2 with IC₅₀ of 1-3 nM. Guangxitoxin 1E TFA enhances glucose-stimulated intracellular calcium ion oscillations and increases insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent manner .

HY-P1218

Phrixotoxin 3	Sodium Channel	Neurological Disease
Phrixotoxin 3 is a potent blocker of **voltage-gated sodium channels, with IC₅₀s of 0.6, 42, 72, 288, 610 nM for NaV1.2, NaV1.3, NaV1.4, NaV1.1 and NaV1.5*, respectively. Phrixotoxin 3 modulates voltage-gated* sodium channels with properties similar to those of typical gating-modifier toxins, both by causing a depolarizing shift in gating kinetics and by blocking the inward component of the sodium current .

HY-P5925A

Ssm spooky toxin TFA SsTx Toxin TFA	Potassium Channel	Neurological Disease Inflammation/Immunology
Ssm Spooky Toxin TFA is found in Scolopendra mutilans that potently inhibits KCNQ (voltage-gated potassium channel family 7) channels, with IC₅₀s of 2.8 μM, 5.26 μM and 0.1-0.3 M for Kv7.4, Kv1.3, and Shal channel, respectivily. Ssm Spooky Toxin TFA inhibits cytokine generation by specifically acting on the KV1.3 channel in T cells. Ssm Spooky Toxin TFA plays an essential role in the centipede’s circulatory system .

HY-P10234

Poneratoxin	Sodium Channel	Neurological Disease
Poneratoxin is the modulator for **voltage-gated sodium channel (NaV, EC₅₀** for NaV1.6 and NaV1.7 is 97 nM and 2.3 µM), that lowers the voltage threshold for activation and inhibits the inactivation of channels, enhances the excitability of neurons, and leads to the transmission of pain signals .

HY-P3055

Dendrotoxin-I DTX-I	Potassium Channel	Neurological Disease Cancer
Dendrotoxin-I (DTX-I) is a potent K ⁺ channels blocker with IC₅₀s of 0.13-50 nM for voltage-gated potassium channel subunits K_V1.1, K_V1.2 and K_V1.6, respectively. Dendrotoxin-I, a neurotoxin, has the potential for cancer research .

HY-P5925

Ssm spooky toxin SsTx Toxin	Potassium Channel	Neurological Disease Inflammation/Immunology
Ssm Spooky Toxin is found in Scolopendra mutilans that potently inhibits KCNQ (voltage-gated potassium channel family 7) channels, with IC₅₀s of 2.8 μM, 5.26 μM and 0.1-0.3 M for Kv7.4, Kv1.3, and Shal channel, respectivily. Ssm Spooky Toxin inhibits cytokine generation by specifically acting on the KV1.3 channel in T cells. Ssm Spooky Toxin plays an essential role in the centipede’s circulatory system .

HY-P5811

Ceratotoxin-1 CcoTx1; β-TRTX-cm1a	Sodium Channel	Neurological Disease
Ceratotoxin-1 (CcoTx1), a peptide toxin, is an voltage-gated sodium channel subtypes inhibitor. Ceratotoxin-1 inhibits Nav1.1/β1, Nav1.2/β1, Nav1.4/β1, and Nav1.5/β1 with IC₅₀ of 523 nM, 3 nM, 888 nM, and 323 nM, respectively. Ceratotoxin-1 also inhibits Nav1.8/β1 .

HY-P5869

Kurtoxin	Calcium Channel Sodium Channel	Neurological Disease
Kurtoxin is a selective Cav3 (T-type) voltage-gated Ca ²⁺ channel gating inhibitor with a K_d of 15 nM for Cav3.1 (α1G T-type) Ca ²⁺ channel. Kurtoxin can interact with high affinity with native neuronal high-threshold L-type, N-type, and P-type Ca ²⁺ channels in central and peripheral neurons. Kurtoxin also shows cross-reactivity with voltage-gated Na ⁺ channel .

HY-P1218A

Phrixotoxin 3 TFA	Sodium Channel	Neurological Disease
Phrixotoxin 3 TFA is a potent blocker of **voltage-gated sodium channels, with IC₅₀s of 0.6, 42, 72, 288, 610 nM for NaV1.2, NaV1.3, NaV1.4, NaV1.1 and NaV1.5*, respectively. Phrixotoxin 3 TFA modulates voltage-gated* sodium channels with properties similar to those of typical gating-modifier toxins, both by causing a depolarizing shift in gating kinetics and by blocking the inward component of the sodium current .

HY-P5868

mHuwentoxin-IV	Sodium Channel	Neurological Disease
mHuwentoxin-IV is a naturally modified Huwentoxin-IV (HY-P1220). mHuwentoxin-IV inhibits tetrodotoxin-sensitive (TTX-S) voltage-gated sodium channels of dorsal root ganglion neurons with an IC₅₀ of 54.16 nM. mHuwentoxin-IV inhibition of tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium channels is not reversed by strong depolarization voltages .

HY-P5179

Huwentoxin I HWTX-I	Calcium Channel Sodium Channel	Neurological Disease
Huwentoxin I (HWTX-I) is a peptide toxin that inhibits voltage-gated sodium channels and N-type calcium channels. Huwentoxin I inhibits sodium channels in rat hippocampus and cockroach dorsal unpaired median (DUM) neurons with IC₅₀ values of 66.1 and 4.80 nM, respectively .

HY-P5921

Tityustoxin-Kα TsTx-Kα	Potassium Channel	Neurological Disease
Tityustoxin-Kα (TsTx-Kα) is an inhibitor of potassium voltage-gated channels. Tityustoxin-Kα shows a dose-dependent block of the sustained outward current in cultured hippocampal neurons .

HY-P5184

Hainantoxin-IV HNTX-IV	Sodium Channel	Neurological Disease
Hainantoxin-IV is a specific antagonist of Sodium Channel, targeting to tetrodotoxin-sensitive (TTX-S) voltage-gated sodium channels. His28 and Lys32 are the key resiudes of Hainantoxin-IV for binding with target, while Hainantoxin-IV adopts an inhibitor cystine knot motif .

HY-P5771

Jingzhaotoxin-IX	Sodium Channel	Neurological Disease
Jingzhaotoxin-IX, a C-terminally amidated peptide composed of 35 amino acid residues, is a neurotoxin. Jingzhaotoxin-IX inhibits **voltage-gated sodium channels** (both tetrodotoxin-resistant and tetrodotoxin-sensitive isoforms) and Kv2.1 channel. Jingzhaotoxin-IX has no effect on delayed rectifier potassium channel Kv1.1, 1.2 and 1.3 .

HY-P5772

Jingzhaotoxin-II	Sodium Channel	Neurological Disease
Jingzhaotoxin-II, a 32 amino acid residues including two acidic and two basic residues, is a neurotoxin. Jingzhaotoxin-II inhibits voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSC) that significantly slows rapid inactivation of TTX-resistant (TTX-R) VGSC on cardiac myocytes with the IC₅₀ of 0.26 μM .

HY-P5810

Ceratotoxin-2 CcoTx2; β-TRTX-cm1b	Sodium Channel	Neurological Disease
Ceratotoxin-2 (CcoTx2) is a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker with IC₅₀s of 8 nM and 88 nM against Na_v1.2/β₁ and Na_v1.3/β₁, respectively .

HY-P2699

ω-Grammotoxin SIA GrTx; ω-GsTx SIA	Calcium Channel	Neurological Disease
ω-Grammotoxin SIA (GrTx) is P/Q and N-type voltage-gated Calcium channels inhibitor. ω-Grammotoxin SIA is also a protein toxin that can be obtained from spider venom. ω-Grammotoxin SIA has the potential to study neurological diseases as well as cardiovascular diseases .

HY-P5870

KTX-Sp2	Potassium Channel	Inflammation/Immunology
KTX-Sp2 is a potassium channel toxin. KTX-Sp2 effectively blocks three types of exogenous voltage-gated potassium channels: Kv1.1, Kv1.2 and Kv1.3. Ktx-Sp2 inhibits endogenous Kv1.3 and suppresses Ca ²⁺ signaling in Jurkat T cells. Ktx-Sp2 inhibits IL-2 secretion from activated Jurkat T cells .

HY-P5153

ProTx-III μ-TRTX-Tp1a	Sodium Channel	Neurological Disease
ProTx-III is a selective and potent inhibitor of voltage-gated sodium channel Na_v1.7, with an IC₅₀ of 2.1 nM. ProTx-III is a spider venom peptide isolated from the venom of the Peruvian green velvet tarantella. ProTx-III has a typical inhibitor cystine knot motif (ICK). ProTx-III is able to reverse the pain response. ProTx-III can be used to study diseases such as chronic pain, epilepsy, and arrhythmia .

HY-P4742A

6-FAM-AEEAc-Stichodactyla helianthus Neurotoxin (ShK) TFA 6-FAM-AEEAC-SHK TFA	Biochemical Assay Reagents Potassium Channel	Neurological Disease
6-FAM-AEEAc-Stichodactyla helianthus Neurotoxin (ShK) TFA (6-FAM-AEEAC-SHK TFA) is a peptide neurotoxin conjugated with a fluorescent marker. 6-FAM-AEEAc-Stichodactyla helianthus Neurotoxin (ShK) TFA can block voltage-gated potassium channels (kv1.1 and kv1.2) to prolong the duration of action potentials, thereby affecting the conduction of neural signals. 6-FAM-AEEAc-Stichodactyla helianthus Neurotoxin (ShK) TFA can be used in neuroscience research .

Cat. No.	Product Name	Category	Target	Chemical Structure

HY-N6691

Veratridine 4 Publications Verification 3-Veratroylveracevine	Alkaloids Veratrum nigrum Linn. Liliaceae Plants Isoquinoline Alkaloids Source Classification	Sodium Channel
Veratridine (3-Veratroylveracevine) is a plant neurotoxin, a **voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) agonist. Veratridine inhibits the peak current of Nav1.7, with an IC₅₀** of 18.39 µM. Veratridine regulates sodium ion channels mainly by activating sodium ion channels, preventing channel inactivation and increasing sodium ion flow .

HY-N1584

Halofuginone Maximum Cited Publications 20 Publications Verification RU-19110	Infection Cardiovascular Disease Alkaloids Piperidine Alkaloids Classification of Application Fields Dichroa febrifuga Lour Saxifragaceae Plants Inflammation/Immunology Disease Research Fields Source Classification	DNA/RNA Synthesis TGF-beta/Smad Parasite Sodium Channel Calcium Channel
Halofuginone (RU-19110), a Febrifugine derivative, is a competitive prolyl-tRNA synthetase inhibitor with a K_i of 18.3 nM . Halofuginone is a specific inhibitor of type-I collagen synthesis and attenuates osteoarthritis (OA) by inhibition of TGF-β activity . Halofuginone is also a potent pulmonary vasodilator by activating Kv channels and blocking voltage-gated, receptor-operated and store-operated Ca ²⁺ channels. Halofuginone has anti-malaria, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-fibrosis effects .

HY-13295

Vinpocetine 5+ Cited Publications Ethyl apovincaminate	Cardiovascular Disease Neurological Disease Classification of Application Fields Anti-aging Plants Indole Alkaloids Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don Apocynaceae Alkaloids Piperidine Alkaloids Disease Research Fields Source Classification Cancer	Sodium Channel IKK Phosphodiesterase (PDE)
Vinpocetine (Ethyl apovincaminate) is a derivative of the alkaloid Vincamine that blocks voltage-gated Na ⁺ channels. The IC₅₀ value of Vinpocetine on direct IKK inhibition in the cell-free system is 17.17 μM. Vinpocetine is a phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor and inhibits NF-κB-dependent inflammatory responses by directly targeting IκB kinase complex (IKK), and has been widely used for the treatment of cerebrovascular disorders .

HY-N1584A

Halofuginone hydrobromide Maximum Cited Publications 20 Publications Verification RU-19110 hydrobromide	Infection Cardiovascular Disease Alkaloids Piperidine Alkaloids Classification of Application Fields Dichroa febrifuga Lour Saxifragaceae Plants Inflammation/Immunology Disease Research Fields Source Classification	DNA/RNA Synthesis TGF-beta/Smad Parasite Sodium Channel Calcium Channel
Halofuginone (RU-19110) hydrobromid, a Febrifugine derivative, is a competitive prolyl-tRNA synthetase inhibitor with a K_i of 18.3 nM . Halofuginone hydrobromid is a specific inhibitor of type-I collagen synthesis and attenuates osteoarthritis (OA) by inhibition of TGF-β activity . Halofuginone hydrobromid is also a potent pulmonary vasodilator by activating Kv channels and blocking voltage-gated, receptor-operated and store-operated Ca ²⁺ channels. Halofuginone hydrobromid has anti-malaria, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-fibrosis effects .

HY-12545

Brevetoxin-3 1 Publications Verification PbTx-3	Natural Products other families Classification of Application Fields Plants Inflammation/Immunology Disease Research Fields Source Classification	Sodium Channel
Brevetoxin-3 (PbTx-3) is a potent allosteric **voltage-gated Na ⁺ channel** activator and has multiple active centers (A-ring lactone, C-42 of R side chain) . Brevetoxin-3 (PbTx-3) has a high affinity to site 5 of the voltage-sensitive Na ⁺ channels, inhibits the inactivation of Na ⁺ channels and prolongs the mean open time of these channels. Brevetoxin-3 (PbTx-3) repeated exposures can lead to prolonged airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and lung inflammation .

HY-N3710

Dehydrocrenatidine Kumujian G; O-Methylpicrasidine I	Alkaloids Simaroubaceae Pyridine Alkaloids Plants Source Classification	JAK Apoptosis
Dehydrocrenatidine, a natural alkaloid, is a specific JAK inhibitor. Dehydrocrenatidine inhibits voltage-gated sodium channels and ameliorates mechanic allodia in a rat model of neuropathic pain .

HY-N1847

3'-Methoxydaidzein	Flavonoids Leguminosae Maackia amurensis Rupr. et Maxim. Plants Isoflavones Source Classification	Sodium Channel
3'-Methoxydaidzein is a isoflavone and a Sodium Channel inhibitor. 3'-Methoxydaidzein inhibits subtypes NaV1.7, NaV1.8 and NaV1.3 with IC₅₀ of 181 nM, 397 nM, and 505 nM, respectively. 3'-Methoxydaidzein exerts analgesic activity by inhibiting voltage-gated sodium channels .

HY-Y1667

2,6-Dibromophenol 1 Publications Verification	Monophenols Classification of Application Fields Marine natural products Phenols Metabolic Disease Endogenous metabolite Disease Research Fields Source Classification	Calcium Channel Fungal Parasite
2,6-Dibromophenol (2,6-DBP) is a weak inhibitor targeting **voltage-gated Ca ²⁺ channels*. 2,6-Dibromophenol has no significant effect on potassium-induced calcium elevation in PC12 cells. 2,6-Dibromophenol shows a 48 h EC₅₀ of 2.78 mg/L for Daphnia magna* and a 96 h EC₅₀ of 9.90 mg/L for algae (Scenedesmus quadricauda) .

HY-118328

Hymenidin	Marine natural products Sponge Source Classification	5-HT Receptor Potassium Channel
Hymenidin is a natural antagonist of serotonergic receptor and inhibitor of **voltage-gated potassium channels. Hymenidin also induces cancer cell apoptosis** .

HY-N1584R

Halofuginone (Standard) RU-19110 (Standard)	Alkaloids Piperidine Alkaloids Structural Classification Dichroa febrifuga Lour Saxifragaceae Plants Source Classification	Reference Standards DNA/RNA Synthesis TGF-beta/Smad Parasite Sodium Channel Calcium Channel
Halofuginone (Standard) is the analytical standard of Halofuginone. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Halofuginone (RU-19110), a Febrifugine derivative, is a competitive prolyl-tRNA synthetase inhibitor with a Ki of 18.3 nM . Halofuginone is a specific inhibitor of type-I collagen synthesis and attenuates osteoarthritis (OA) by inhibition of TGF-β activity . Halofuginone is also a potent pulmonary vasodilator by activating Kv channels and blocking voltage-gated, receptor-operated and store-operated Ca2+ channels. Halofuginone has anti-malaria, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-fibrosis effects .

HY-13295R

Vinpocetine (Standard) Ethyl apovincaminate (Standard)	Apocynaceae Alkaloids Piperidine Alkaloids Structural Classification Plants Indole Alkaloids Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don Source Classification	Reference Standards Sodium Channel IKK Phosphodiesterase (PDE)
Vinpocetine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Vinpocetine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Vinpocetine (Ethyl apovincaminate) is a derivative of the alkaloid Vincamine that blocks voltage-gated Na ⁺ channels. The IC₅₀ value of Vinpocetine on direct IKK inhibition in the cell-free system is 17.17 μM. Vinpocetine is a phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor and inhibits NF-κB-dependent inflammatory responses by directly targeting IκB kinase complex (IKK), and has been widely used for the treatment of cerebrovascular disorders .

HY-N1584AR

Halofuginone hydrobromide (Standard) RU-19110 hydrobromide (Standard)	Alkaloids Piperidine Alkaloids Structural Classification Dichroa febrifuga Lour Saxifragaceae Plants Source Classification	Reference Standards DNA/RNA Synthesis TGF-beta/Smad Parasite Sodium Channel Calcium Channel
Halofuginone (hydrobromide) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Halofuginone (hydrobromide). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Halofuginone (RU-19110) hydrobromid, a Febrifugine derivative, is a competitive prolyl-tRNA synthetase inhibitor with a K_i of 18.3 nM . Halofuginone hydrobromid is a specific inhibitor of type-I collagen synthesis and attenuates osteoarthritis (OA) by inhibition of TGF-β activity . Halofuginone hydrobromid is also a potent pulmonary vasodilator by activating Kv channels and blocking voltage-gated, receptor-operated and store-operated Ca ²⁺ channels. Halofuginone hydrobromid has anti-malaria, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-fibrosis effects .

HY-N4267

Yangambin	Cardiovascular Disease Structural Classification other families Classification of Application Fields Lignans Phenylpropanoids Plants Disease Research Fields Source Classification	Calcium Channel Platelet-activating Factor Receptor (PAFR) UGT Leukotriene Receptor TNF Receptor PGE synthase Interleukin Related
Yangambin is a PAF receptor antagonist and UGT1A1/UGT1A3 inhibitor, with an IC₅₀ of 29.7 μM and a K_i of 17.1 μM against human UGT1A1, and an IC₅₀ of 56.5 μM and a K_i of 66.8 μM against human UGT1A3. Yangambin blocks PAF-mediated responses, inhibits LTB₄-mediated neutrophil infiltration, and suppresses inflammatory events and anaphylactic contraction. Yangambin acts as a central nervous system inhibitor to reduce spontaneous activity, and also exhibits analgesic, anticonvulsant, antileishmanial, vasodilatory and hypotensive effects. Yangambin blocks voltage-gated Ca ²⁺ channels, reduces the production of NO, TNF-α, IL-6 and PGE2 in cells, increases the production of IL-10, and exerts a protective effect against cardiovascular injury. Yangambin can be used in research related to allergies, cutaneous leishmaniasis, central nervous system diseases and cardiovascular diseases .

HY-N3729

(-)-Denudatin B Denudatin B	Cardiovascular Disease Classification of Application Fields Piper betle L. Lignans Piperaceae Phenylpropanoids Plants Disease Research Fields Source Classification	Calcium Channel
(-)-Denudatin B is an antiplatelet agent. (-)-Denudatin B relaxed vascular smooth muscle by inhibiting the Ca2+ influx through voltage-gated and receptor-operated Ca2+ channels . And (-)-Denudatin B has nonspecific antiplatelet action

HY-P3055

Dendrotoxin-I DTX-I	Animals Cyclopeptides Animal Venoms Source Classification	Potassium Channel
Dendrotoxin-I (DTX-I) is a potent K ⁺ channels blocker with IC₅₀s of 0.13-50 nM for voltage-gated potassium channel subunits K_V1.1, K_V1.2 and K_V1.6, respectively. Dendrotoxin-I, a neurotoxin, has the potential for cancer research .

HY-N6691R

Veratridine (Standard) 3-Veratroylveracevine (Standard)	Alkaloids Structural Classification Veratrum nigrum Linn. Liliaceae Plants Isoquinoline Alkaloids Source Classification	Reference Standards Sodium Channel
Veratridine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Veratridine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Veratridine (3-Veratroylveracevine) is a plant neurotoxin, a voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) agonist. Veratridine inhibits the peak current of Nav1.7, with an IC₅₀ of 18.39?μM. Veratridine regulates sodium ion channels mainly by activating sodium ion channels, preventing channel inactivation and increasing sodium ion flow .

HY-Y1667R

2,6-Dibromophenol (Standard)	Structural Classification Monophenols Marine natural products Phenols Endogenous metabolite Source Classification	Calcium Channel Fungal Parasite Reference Standards
2,6-Dibromophenol (2,6-DBP) is a weak inhibitor targeting voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. 2,6-Dibromophenol has no significant effect on potassium-induced calcium elevation in PC12 cells. 2,6-Dibromophenol shows a 48 h EC50 of 2.78 mg/L for Daphnia magna and a 96 h EC50 of 9.90 mg/L for algae (Scenedesmus quadricauda) .

HY-W740651

Jasmolin II	Structural Classification Natural Products Plants Compositae Phaseolus lunatus Billb. ex Beurl. Source Classification	Insecticide Sodium Channel
Jasmolin II is an insecticide targeting **voltage-gated sodium channels** in insects. Jasmolin II leads to neuronal hyperexcitation and insect paralysis. Jasmolin II is promising for research of agricultural pests .

HY-101017R

Palmitoylcarnitine chloride (Standard)	Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids Endogenous metabolite Source Classification	Reference Standards Endogenous Metabolite Akt Calcium Channel
Eslicarbazepine acetate (Standard) is the analytical standard of Eslicarbazepine acetate. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Eslicarbazepine acetate (BIA 2-093), an antiepileptic agent, is a dual a dual Inhibitor of β-Secretase and voltage-gated sodium channel.

HY-N8372

Nalanthalide	Microorganisms Terpenoids Diterpenoids Source Classification	Potassium Channel
Nalanthalide is a voltage-gated potassium channel Kv1.3 blocker (IC₅₀=3.9 µM) and a potential immunosuppressant. Nalanthalide can be used for research on inflammatory immune diseases, such as neuroinflammation .

HY-N7503R

Psoralenoside (Standard)	Structural Classification Simple Phenylpropanols Leguminosae Phenylpropanoids Psoralea corylifolia L. Plants Source Classification	Reference Standards Histamine Receptor Calcium Channel Calmodulin
Psoralenoside is a benzofuran glycoside from Psoralea corylifolia . Psoralenoside exhibits high binding affinities against histaminergic H1, calmodulin, and voltage-gated L-type calcium channels (E-value≥-6.5 Kcal/mol) . Psoralenoside shows estrogen-like activity, osteoblastic proliferation accelerating activity, antitumor effects and antibacterial activity .

HY-W105272R

2′-Deoxyadenosine 5′-monophosphate disodium (Standard)	Structural Classification Natural Products Endogenous metabolite Source Classification	Reference Standards Endogenous Metabolite
Halofuginone (Standard) is the analytical standard of Halofuginone. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Halofuginone (RU-19110), a Febrifugine derivative, is a competitive prolyl-tRNA synthetase inhibitor with a Ki of 18.3 nM . Halofuginone is a specific inhibitor of type-I collagen synthesis and attenuates osteoarthritis (OA) by inhibition of TGF-β activity . Halofuginone is also a potent pulmonary vasodilator by activating Kv channels and blocking voltage-gated, receptor-operated and store-operated Ca2+ channels. Halofuginone has anti-malaria, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-fibrosis effects .

HY-W016586R

Acivicin (Standard) AT-125 (Standard); U-42126 (Standard)	Structural Classification Microorganisms Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids Source Classification	Reference Standards Parasite γ-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT)
Articaine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Articaine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Articaine (Hoe-045 free base) is an amide agent that can suppress or relieve pain. containing an ester group, reversibly binding to the α-subunit of the voltage-gated sodium channels within the inner cavity of the nerve, can provide effective pain relief. Articaine ameliorates LPS-induced acute kidney injury via inhibition of NF-κB activation and the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway .

HY-W002097R

1-(5-Methylthiophen-2-yl)ethan-1-one (Standard) 2-Acetyl-5-methylthiophene (Standard)	Structural Classification Natural Products Rubiaceae Plants Coffea arabica L. Source Classification	Reference Standards Others
Amifampridine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Amifampridine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Amifampridine (3,4-Diaminopyridine) is an orally active, potent and cell permeable voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channel blocker (PCB). Amifampridine is efficacy in the reversal of BoNT/A (HY-P79153) intoxication. Amifampridine increases transmitter release from neuromuscular junctions (NMJs). Amifampridine can be used for Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) research .

Cat. No.	Product Name	Chemical Structure

HY-B0448S

Phenytoin-d10
Phenytoin-d₁₀ is the deuterium labeled Phenytoin. Phenytoin (5,5-Diphenylhydantoin) is a potent Voltage-gated Na+ channels (VGSCs) blocker. Phenytoin has antiepileptic activity and reduces breast tumour growth and metastasis in mice .

HY-B0495S4

Lamotrigine-13C3
Lamotrigine- ¹³C₃ is the ¹³C-labeled Lamotrigine. Lamotrigine (BW430C) is a potent and orally active anticonvulsant or antiepileptic agent. Lamotrigine selectively blocks voltage-gated Na+ channels, stabilizing presynaptic neuronal membranes and inhibiting glutamate release. Lamotrigine can be used for the research of epilepsy, focal seizure, et al .

HY-B0246S4

Carbamazepine-d4

Carbamazepine-d₄ (CBZ-d₄) is the deuterium labeled Carbamazepine (HY-B0246) . Carbamazepine is an orally active pressure-sensitive sodium ion channel blocker with an IC₅₀ of 131 μM. Carbamazepine blocks voltage gated Na ⁺, Ca ²⁺, and K ⁺ channels, and is also a HDAC inhibitor (IC₅₀: 2 μM). Carbamazepine is an anticonvulsant and can be used for research of epilepsy and neuropathic pain.

HY-B0495S5

Lamotrigine-d3
Lamotrigine-d₃ is the deuterium labeled Lamotrigine . Lamotrigine (BW430C) is a potent and orally active anticonvulsant or antiepileptic agent. Lamotrigine selectively blocks voltage-gated Na+ channels, stabilizing presynaptic neuronal membranes and inhibiting glutamate release. Lamotrigine can be used for the research of epilepsy, focal seizure, et al .

HY-B0495S3

Lamotrigine-13C2,15N
Lamotrigine- ¹³C₂, ¹⁵N is the ¹³C and ¹⁵N labeled Lamotrigine . Lamotrigine (BW430C) is a potent and orally active anticonvulsant or antiepileptic agent. Lamotrigine selectively blocks voltage-gated Na+ channels, stabilizing presynaptic neuronal membranes and inhibiting glutamate release. Lamotrigine can be used for the research of epilepsy, focal seizure, et al .

HY-119980S

Fluphenazine-d8

Fluphenazine-d₈ is the deuterium labeled Fluphenazine. Fluphenazine is a potent, orally active phenothiazine-based dopamine receptor antagonist. Fluphenazine blocks neuronal voltage-gated sodium channels. Fluphenazine acts primarily through antagonism of postsynaptic dopamine-2 receptors in mesolimbic, nigrostriatal, and tuberoinfundibular neural pathways. Fluphenazine can antagonize Methylphenidate-induced stereotyped gnawing and inhibit climbing behaviour in mice. Fluphenazine can be used for researching psychosis and painful peripheral neuropathy associated with diabetes and has potential to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 .

HY-108506S2

Licarbazepine-d4-1
Licarbazepine-d₄-1 is deuterium labeled Licarbazepine. Licarbazepine (BIA 2-005; GP 47779)?is a?voltage-gated sodium channel?blocker?with?anticonvulsant?and?mood-stabilizing?effects .

HY-B0517S

Mepivacaine-d3
Mepivacaine-d₃ is the deuterium labeled Mepivacaine. Mepivacaine is an amide-type local anesthetic agent. Mepivacaine binds to specific voltage-gated sodium ion channels in neuronal cell membranes, which inhibits both sodium influx and membrane depolarization .

HY-B0448S2

Phenytoin-d5
Phenytoin-d₅ (5,5-Diphenylhydantoin-d₅) is deuterium labeled Phenytoin. Phenytoin (5,5-Diphenylhydantoin) is a potent Voltage-gated Na ⁺ channels (VGSCs) blocker. Phenytoin has antiepileptic activity and reduces breast tumour growth and metastasis in mice .

HY-B0495S1

Lamotrigine-13C,d3
Lamotrigine- ¹³C,d₃ is the ¹³C- and deuterium labeled Lamotrigine. Lamotrigine (BW430C) is a potent and orally active anticonvulsant or antiepileptic agent. Lamotrigine selectively blocks voltage-gated Na+ channels, stabilizing presynaptic neuronal membranes and inhibiting glutamate release. Lamotrigine can be used for the research of epilepsy,?focal seizure, et al .

HY-108506S

Licarbazepine-d3
Licarbazepine-d₃ is the deuterium labeled Licarbazepine (HY-108506). Licarbazepine is a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker with anticonvulsant and mood-stabilizing effects .

HY-A0093S

Mexiletine-d6 hydrochloride
Mexiletine-d₆ (hydrochloride) is a deuterium labeled Mexiletine hydrochloride (KOE-1173 hydrochloride). Mexiletine hydrochloride, a Class IB antianhythmic, is a non-selective voltage-gated sodium channel blocker .

HY-108506S1

Licarbazepine-d4
Licarbazepine-d₄ is the deuterium labeled Licarbazepine (HY-108506). Licarbazepine is a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker with anticonvulsant and mood-stabilizing effects .

HY-A0093S1

Mexiletine-d3 hydrochloride
Mexiletine-d₃ (hydrochloride) is deuterium labeled Mexiletine (hydrochloride). Mexiletine hydrochloride (KOE-1173 hydrochloride), a Class IB antianhythmic, is a non-selective voltage-gated sodium channel blocker[1][2].

HY-B0703S

Eslicarbazepine acetate-d4
Eslicarbazepine acetate-d₄ is deuterated labeled Eslicarbazepine acetate (HY-B0703). Eslicarbazepine acetate (BIA 2-093), an antiepileptic agent, is a dual a dual Inhibitor of β-Secretase and voltage-gated sodium channel.

HY-W744263

Eslicarbazepine Acetate-d3
Eslicarbazepine Acetate-d₃ is the deuterium labeled Eslicarbazepine acetate (HY-B0703). Eslicarbazepine acetate (BIA 2-093), an antiepileptic agent, is a dual a dual Inhibitor of β-Secretase and voltage-gated sodium channel.

HY-108506S4

Licarbazepine-d8
Licarbazepine-d₈ (BIA 2-005-d₈) is deuterium labeled Licarbazepine. Licarbazepine (BIA 2-005; GP 47779)?is a?voltage-gated sodium channel?blocker?with?anticonvulsant?and?mood-stabilizing?effects .

HY-B0339S

Primidone-d5
Primidone-d₅ is the deuterium labeled Primidone. Primidone is the orally active inhibitor for TRPM3 (IC₅₀ = 0.6 μM), RIP kinase and **voltage-gated sodium channel, and the antagonist for GABA receptor**. Primidone can be used as the analgesic and anticonvulsant agent .

HY-B0448S1

Phenytoin-15N2,13C
Phenytoin- ¹⁵N₂, ¹³C is the ¹³C and ¹⁵N labeled Phenytoin . Phenytoin (5,5-Diphenylhydantoin) is a potent Voltage-gated Na+ channels (VGSCs) blocker. Phenytoin has antiepileptic activity and reduces breast tumour growth and metastasis in mice .

HY-W707161

4-Methyl-2-(1-piperidinyl)-quinoline-d10
4-Methyl-2-(1-piperidinyl)-quinoline-d₁₀ is the deuterium labeled ML204 (HY-12949). ML204 is a potent, selective TRPC4/TRPC5 channel inhibitor, with at least 19-fold selectivity against TRPC6 and no appreciable effect on all other TRP channels, nor on voltage-gated sodium, potassium, or Ca2+ channels .

HY-Y0258S

Benzocaine-d4
Benzocaine-d₄ is the deuterium labeled Benzocaine (HY-Y0258). Benzocaine is an orally active local anesthetic. Benzocaine non-competitively inhibits the binding of Ca-ATPase to Ca ²⁺, with an IC₅₀ of 47.1 mM. Benzocaine exerts anesthetic effects by blocking voltage-gated sodium channels. Benzocaine induces methemoglobinemia in various experimental animals .

HY-B0495S7

Lamotrigine-13C
Lamotrigine- ¹³C (LTG- ¹³C) is ¹³C labeled Lamotrigine. Lamotrigine (BW430C) is a potent and orally active anticonvulsant or antiepileptic agent. Lamotrigine selectively blocks voltage-gated Na ⁺ channels, stabilizing presynaptic neuronal membranes and inhibiting glutamate release. Lamotrigine can be used for the research of epilepsy,?focal seizure, et al .

HY-Y0258S1

Benzocaine-(ethyl-d5)
Benzocaine-(ethyl-d₅) is the deuterium labeled Benzocaine (HY-Y0258). Benzocaine is an orally active local anesthetic. Benzocaine non-competitively inhibits the binding of Ca-ATPase to Ca ²⁺, with an IC₅₀ of 47.1 mM. Benzocaine exerts anesthetic effects by blocking voltage-gated sodium channels. Benzocaine induces methemoglobinemia in various experimental animals .

HY-W701464

N-Desalkylflurazepam-d4
N-Desalkylflurazepam-d₄ is a deuterated labeled N-Desalkylflurazepam (HY-106454). N-Desalkylflurazepam (Norfludiazepam) is a long-acting metabolite of benzodiazepine compounds, such as Flurazepam. N-Desalkylflurazepam inhibits L-type voltage-gated calcium channels with IC₅₀ values of 55 μM and 37 μM for Ca_v1.2 and Ca_v1.3, respectively .

HY-B0495S

Lamotrigine-13C3,d3
Lamotrigine- ¹³C₃,d₃ is the ¹³C-labeled Lamotrigine. Lamotrigine (BW430C) is a potent and orally active anticonvulsant or antiepileptic agent. Lamotrigine selectively blocks voltage-gated Na+ channels, stabilizing presynaptic neuronal membranes and inhibiting glutamate release. Lamotrigine can be used for the research of epilepsy,?focal seizure, et al .

HY-B0495S8

Lamotrigine-13C7,15N

Lamotrigine- ¹³C₇, ¹⁵N (LTG- ¹³C₇, ¹⁵N) is ¹³C and ¹⁵N labeled Lamotrigine. Lamotrigine (BW430C) is a potent and orally active anticonvulsant or antiepileptic agent. Lamotrigine selectively blocks voltage-gated Na ⁺ channels, stabilizing presynaptic neuronal membranes and inhibiting glutamate release. Lamotrigine can be used for the research of epilepsy,?focal seizure, et al .

HY-14946S

Amifampridine-d3

Amifampridine-d₃ (3,4-Diaminopyridine-d₃) is deuterium labeled Amifampridine. Amifampridine (3,4-Diaminopyridine) is an orally active, potent and cell permeable voltage-gated potassium (K_v) channel blocker (PCB). Amifampridine is efficacy in the reversal of BoNT/A (HY-P79153) intoxication. Amifampridine increases transmitter release from neuromuscular junctions (NMJs). Amifampridine can be used for Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) research .

HY-13295S

Vinpocetine-d5

Vinpocetine-d₅ is the deuterium labeled Vinpocetine. Vinpocetine (Ethyl apovincaminate) is a derivative of the alkaloid Vincamine that blocks voltage-gated Na+ channels. The IC₅₀ value of Vinpocetine on direct IKK inhibition in the cell-free system is 17.17 μM. Vinpocetine is a phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor and inhibits NF-κB-dependent inflammatory responses by directly targeting IκB kinase complex (IKK), and has been widely used for the treatment of cerebrovascular disorders .

HY-B0495S6

Lamotrigine-13C2,15N2,d3

Lamotrigine- ¹³C₂, ¹⁵N₂,d₃ is ¹⁵N and deuterated labeled Lamotrigine (HY-B0495). Lamotrigine (BW430C) is a potent and orally active anticonvulsant or antiepileptic agent. Lamotrigine selectively blocks voltage-gated Na ⁺ channels, stabilizing presynaptic neuronal membranes and inhibiting glutamate release. Lamotrigine can be used for the research of epilepsy, focal seizure, et al .

HY-A0082S

Diphenidol-d10 hydrochloride

Diphenidol-d₁₀ (hydrochloride) (Difenidol hydrochloride-d₁₀) is deuterium labeled Diphenidol (hydrochloride). Diphenidol hydrochloride (Difenidol hydrochloride) is a non-selective muscarinic M₁-M₄ receptor antagonist, has anti-arrhythmic activity. Diphenidol hydrochloride is also a potent non-specific blocker of voltage-gated ion channels (Na ⁺, K ⁺, and Ca ²⁺) in neuronal cells. Diphenidol hydrochloride can be used in the study of antivertigo and antinausea .

HY-119980BS

Fluphenazine-d6 hydrochloride

Fluphenazine-d₆ (hydrochloride) is deuterium labeled Fluphenazine (hydrochloride). Fluphenazine hydrochloride is a potent, orally active phenothiazine-based dopamine receptor antagonist. Fluphenazine hydrochloride blocks neuronal voltage-gated sodium channels. Fluphenazine hydrochloride acts primarily through antagonism of postsynaptic dopamine-2 receptors in mesolimbic, nigrostriatal, and tuberoinfundibular neural pathways. Fluphenazine hydrochloride can antagonize Methylphenidate-induced stereotyped gnawing and inhibit climbing behaviour in mice. Fluphenazine hydrochloride can be used for researching psychosis and painful peripheral neuropathy associated with diabetes and has potential to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 .

HY-107835S

Flumethrin-d5

Flumethrin-d₅ (FCR 2769-d₅) is the deuterium labeled Flumethrin (HY-107835). Flumethrin (FCR 2769) is a pyrethroid insecticide and acaricide . Flumethrin targets voltage-gated sodium channels and estrogen receptor α (ERα). Flumethrin induces cytotoxicity, apoptosis, genotoxicity and DNA damage in breast cancer cells by regulating the expression of BCL2, BAX, TP53 and P21 genes. Flumethrin is applicable to relevant studies on ectoparasite infections (tick and flea burdens) in dogs and cats, as well as breast cancer .

Cat. No.	Product Name		Classification

HY-177629

Elsunersen PRAX-222		Antisense Oligonucleotides
Elsunersen is an antisense oligonucleotide that selectively decreases expression of the gene for the voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.2 (SCN2A). It is used for the study of SCN2A developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (SCN2A-DEE). SCN2A-DEE is a debi

HY-177629A

Elsunersen sodium PRAX-222 sodium		Antisense Oligonucleotides
Elsunersen sodium is an antisense oligonucleotide that selectively decreases expression of the gene for the voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.2 (SCN2A). It is used for the study of SCN2A developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (SCN2A-DEE). SCN2A-DEE is

HY-174709

Human FGF12 mRNA		mRNA
Human FGF12 mRNA encodes the human fibroblast growth factor 12 (FGF12) protein, a member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family. FGF12 probably involves in nervous system development and function, and the positive regulation of voltage-gated sodium channel activity.

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