Huntingtin interacting protein 1 induces apoptosis via a novel caspase-dependent death effector domain

Huntington disease is a devastating neurodegenerative disease caused by the expansion of a polymorphic glutamine tract in Huntingtin. The Huntingtin interacting protein (HIP-1) was identified by its altered interaction with mutant Huntingtin. However, the function of HIP-1 was not known. In this study, we identify HIP-1 as a proapoptotic protein. Overexpression of HIP-1 resulted in rapid Caspase 3-dependent cell death. Bioinformatics analyses identified a novel domain in HIP-1 with homology to death effector domains (DEDs) present in proteins involved in Apoptosis. Expression of the HIP-1 DED alone resulted in cell death indistinguishable from HIP-1, indicating that the DED is responsible for HIP-1 toxicity. Furthermore, substitution of a conserved hydrophobic phenylalanine residue within the HIP-1 DED at position 398 eliminated HIP-1 toxicity entirely. HIP-1 activity was found to be independent of the DED-containing Caspase 8 but was significantly inhibited by the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-x(L), implicating the intrinsic pathway of Apoptosis in HIP-1-induced cell death. Co-expression of a normal Huntingtin fragment capable of binding HIP-1 significantly reduced cell death. Our data identify HIP-1 as a novel proapoptotic mediator and suggest that HIP-1 may be a molecular accomplice in the pathogenesis of Huntington disease.