S100 Protein

S100 Protein is the calcium-binding protein that binds to calcium ions, causes conformational changes, exposes hydrophobic pockets, binds to target proteins and regulates their activity. S100 protein is involved in a variety of biological processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, calcium homeostasis, energy metabolism, inflammation and migration/invasion. S100 Proteins are composed of 21 members and can be divided into three groups: some S100 proteins that only have intracellular functions, some with both extracellular and extracellular functions, and those have only extracellular functions. S100A1 is mainly expressed in skeletal muscle, cardiomyocytes and neurons, that is involved in calcium homeostasis, contractile function and energy metabolism. S100A4 is associated with cell migration and invasion, involved in tumor metastasis. S100A8/S100A9 are also known as calgranulin, regulates the inflammatory response, immune response and tumorigenesis. S100A10 is involved in neuronal function, cytoskeletal structure and transport of cytoskeletal proteins. S100A12 mediates the processes of vascular remodeling and inflammatory response. S100A8/S100A9/S100A11/S100A12 can be determined as inflammatory markers and tumor markers^[1][2].