Hyperparathyroidism

Hyperparathyroidism is a disorder characterized by excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) by the parathyroid glands, leading to hypercalcemia and disturbances in calcium homeostasis. It is classified into primary and secondary forms, with primary hyperparathyroidism typically caused by a benign tumor or hyperplasia of one or more parathyroid glands, and secondary hyperparathyroidism resulting from underlying conditions such as chronic kidney disease or vitamin D deficiency. Elevated PTH levels cause increased bone resorption, leading to osteoporosis and bone pain, while also promoting kidney stone formation, muscle weakness, fatigue, gastrointestinal symptoms (e.g., nausea, constipation), cognitive changes (e.g., confusion), and increased thirst and urination. If untreated, the condition can result in significant complications affecting the skeletal, renal, muscular, and neurological systems. Early diagnosis and management are crucial to prevent long-term morbidity.