Hyponatremia

Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte disorder in hospitalized patients, defined as a serum sodium concentration below 135 mmol/L (or less than 136 mmol/L in some definitions), resulting from sodium depletion due to causes such as diarrhea, excessive sweating, or adrenal insufficiency. It is characterized by low plasma sodium levels and frequently leads to central nervous system dysfunction, manifesting clinically as nausea, cognitive impairment, depression, convulsions, and in severe cases, coma. The severity and rapidity of sodium decline significantly influence the neurological symptoms observed.
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