NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated microglial pyroptosis is critically involved in the development of post-cardiac arrest brain injury

Background: Brain injury is the leading cause of death and disability in survivors of cardiac arrest, where neuroinflammation is believed to play a pivotal role, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Pyroptosis is a pro-inflammatory form of programmed cell death that triggers inflammatory response upon Infection or Other stimuli. This study aims to understand the role of microglial Pyroptosis in post-cardiac arrest brain injury.

Methods: Sprague-Dawley male rats underwent 10-min asphyxial cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation or sham-operation. Flow cytometry analysis, Western blotting, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), co-immunoprecipitation, and immunofluorescence were used to evaluate activated microglia and CD11b-positive leukocytes after cardiac arrest and assess inflammasome activation and Pyroptosis of specific cellular populations. To further explore the underlying mechanism, MCC950 or Ac-YVAD-cmk was administered to block NOD-like Receptor family protein 3 (NLRP3) or Caspase-1, respectively.

Results: Our results showed that, in a rat model, successful resuscitation from cardiac arrest resulted in microglial Pyroptosis and consequential inflammatory infiltration which was mediated by the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. Targeting NLRP3 and Caspase-1, the executor of Pyroptosis, with selective inhibitors MCC950 and Ac-YVAD-cmk treatment significantly prevented microglial Pyroptosis, reduced infiltration of leukocytes, improved neurologic outcome, and alleviated neuro-pathological damages after cardiac arrest in modeling rats.

Conclusions: This study demonstrates that microglial Pyroptosis mediated by NLRP3 inflammasome is critically involved in the pathogenesis of post-cardiac arrest brain injury and provides a new therapeutic strategy.