Disulfiram/Cu Kills and Sensitizes BRAF-Mutant Thyroid Cancer Cells to BRAF Kinase Inhibitor by ROS-Dependently Relieving Feedback Activation of MAPK/ERK and PI3K/AKT Pathways

BRAF^V600E, the most common genetic alteration, has become a major therapeutic target in Thyroid Cancer. Vemurafenib (PLX4032), a specific inhibitor of BRAF^V600E kinase, exhibits antitumor activity in patients with BRAF^V600E-mutated Thyroid Cancer. However, the clinical benefit of PLX4032 is often limited by short-term response and acquired resistance via heterogeneous feedback mechanisms. Disulfiram (DSF), an alcohol-aversion drug, shows potent antitumor efficacy in a copper (Cu)-dependent way. However, its antitumor activity in Thyroid Cancer and its effect on cellular response to BRAF kinase inhibitors remain unclear. Antitumor effects of DSF/Cu on BRAF^V600E-mutated Thyroid Cancer cells and its effect on the response of these cells to BRAF kinase inhibitor PLX4032 were systematically assessed by a series of in vitro and in vivo functional experiments. The molecular mechanism underlying the sensitizing effect of DSF/Cu on PLX4032 was explored by Western blot and flow cytometry assays. DSF/Cu exhibited stronger inhibitory effects on the proliferation and colony formation of BRAF^V600E-mutated Thyroid Cancer cells than DSF treatment alone. Further studies revealed that DSF/Cu killed Thyroid Cancer cells by ROS-dependent suppression of MAPK/ERK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. Our data also showed that DSF/Cu strikingly increased the response of BRAF^V600E-mutated Thyroid Cancer cells to PLX4032. Mechanistically, DSF/Cu sensitizes BRAF-mutant Thyroid Cancer cells to PLX4032 by inhibiting HER3 and Akt in an ROS-dependent way and subsequently relieving feedback activation of MAPK/ERK and PI3K/Akt pathways. This study not only implies potential clinical use of DSF/Cu in Cancer therapy but also provides a new therapeutic strategy for BRAF^V600E-mutated thyroid cancers.