IL-1 beta Protein, Rabbit

Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is one of the pro-inflammatory cytokines and is produced and secreted by a variety of cell types although the vast majority of studies have focussed on its production within cells of the innate immune system, such as monocytes and macrophages^[1][2].
IL-1β is produced as inactive pro-IL-1β (encoded by pro-Il-1b) in response to inflammatory stimuli, including both microbial products and endogenous danger-associated molecules. IL-1β gene expression and synthesis of pro-IL-1β occurs after activation of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Inflammatory stimuli also drive activation of cytosolic CARD and PYHIN domain-containing PRRs that recruit ASC and caspase-1 (Casp-1) to assemble into the multiprotein complex inflammasome. Pro-Casp-1 (encoded by pro-Casp-1), activated by the inflammasome, cleaves pro-IL-1β into the bioactive IL-1β. IL-1β acts in an autocrine/paracrine manner via the type I IL-1 receptor (IL-1R1)^[1][2][3].
IL-1β could regulate the inflammatory response, and is involved in a variety of cellular activities, including cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. IL-1β also plays a significant regulator of reproduction in females^[1][2][3].

IL-1β (1-15625 pg/mL; 12 hours) dose-dependently increases production of the NF-κB-dependent inflammatory cytokine TNF-α, and a significant effect of IL-1β is observed at concentrations as low as 5 pg/mL in immortalized murine RAW264.7 macrophages^[1].
IL-1β (1, 1 and 1 ng/mL; 24 hours) results in a dose-dependent increase of cell proliferation in pig heart cells. IL-1β increases the gene expression of caspase-3, and increases the enzymatic activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9^[2].

IL-1β (8 ng; i.p.; daily; for 3 days) rescues Casp1^−/− mice, restores survival and reduces lung bacterial load (i.e. days , 1, and 2 post-infection) in Chlamydia pneumoniae infected Casp1^−/− mice. Yet, mice treated later (days 2, 3 and 4 post-infection) shows significantly increased bacterial counts relative to early-treated mice^[3].