D-Tetramethrin

Transgenic Tg(fabp10a: DsRed); wild-type AB (3 days post-fertilization)^[1]

0.5 mg/L; 1 mg/L; 1.5 mg/L

waterborne exposure; daily;

Reduced liver fluorescence area by 10.38% (0.5 mg/L), 7.62% (1 mg/L), and 13.75% (1.5 mg/L) relative to controls.
Increased yolk area by 22.63% (0.5 mg/L), 23.61% (1 mg/L), and 41.32% (1.5 mg/L) relative to controls.
Induced nuclear deformities, loose irregular intercellular gaps, vacuoles, cytoplasmic loss, and nuclear distortion in hepatocytes.
Increased lipid accumulation in a concentration-dependent manner.
Elevated total cholesterol (TC) and total triglycerides (TG) levels significantly across all doses.
Increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities significantly relative to controls.
Increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in a concentration-dependent manner.
Elevated catalase (CAT) activity significantly across all doses.
Elevated malondialdehyde (MDA) content significantly across all doses.
Reduced superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity significantly at 1 mg/L and 1.5 mg/L.
Increased expression of apoptosis-related genes (casp-3, casp-6, casp-9, Bax, P53) significantly, while decreased Bcl-2 expression significantly.
Increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio significantly.
Increased expression of inflammation-related gene TLR4 significantly, while decreased il-10 expression significantly at 1 mg/L and 1.5 mg/L.
Detected no liver-specific apoptosis via TUNEL staining.
Observed significantly fewer proliferating liver cells via PCNA staining.
Reduced expression of cell cycle-promoting genes (ccne1, ccnd1, cdk6) significantly at 1 mg/L and 1.5 mg/L.

wild-type AB^[1]

0.1 mg/L; 0.125 mg/L; 0.15 mg/L

waterborne exposure; daily continuous; 28 days

Induced nuclear deformities, loose irregular intercellular gaps, and vacuoles in hepatocytes.
Increased lipid droplet accumulation in liver tissue in a concentration-dependent manner.
Elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels significantly across all doses.
Increased isocitrate dehydrogenase (cytoplasmic, ICDHc) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) activities significantly across all doses.
Increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity significantly at 0.1 mg/L, while reduced it significantly at 0.125 mg/L and 0.15 mg/L.
Reduced glycogen content significantly.