mitochondria detection

WYneC can specifically bind to sulfinylated proteins in living cells and then react with fluorescent probes containing azide groups for detection. In the field of redox biology, WYneC can also be used to determine the occupancy of S-sulfinylation sites or as a carrier to deliver substances to mitochondria .

Spring Red is a fluorescent probe for mitochondrial pH detection (Ex/Em = 530/680 nm) that can be taken up by live cells and mitochondria. The detection mechanism of Spring Red depends on pH changes and mitochondrial membrane potential. Fluorescence intensity increases with elevated pH, and a significant pH-dependent fluorescent response is observed in the pH range of 5.0‑8.0. Spring Red is suitable for long-term live-cell imaging and in vivo imaging, and can be used to monitor dynamic mitochondrial pH changes .

TPE-Ph-In is a mitochondria-targeted voltage-sensitive probe that can be used for mitochondrial membrane potential detection, mitochondrial imaging of animal and plant cells and tissues, mouse sperm activity indication, and detection of mitochondrial membrane potential changes associated with early apoptosis. TPE-Ph-In is non-fluorescent in solution, but emits strong fluorescence when aggregated via restriction of intramolecular rotation/movement, and its fluorescence intensity is directly correlated with local probe concentration or mitochondrial membrane potential level. TPE-Ph-In can penetrate cell membranes, target mitochondria through charge-dependent accumulation, has low cytotoxicity and high photostability, and enables super-resolution imaging of plant mitochondrial fission, fusion and cristae structures. The excitation wavelengths of TPE-Ph-In include 450 nm, 488 nm, and 489 nm, while its emission wavelengths include 551-661 nm, 660 nm, and 694 nm. TPE-Ph-In can be used for studies on mitochondrial dysfunction associated with early apoptosis .

AM4-64 is a fixable cationic styryl fluorescent dye for nerve terminals, which can be used for vesicle cycle evaluation, endocytic pathway tracing and endocytosis detection. AM4-64 inserts into the plasma membrane, is internalized via activity- or energy-dependent endocytosis, and accumulates in vesicles, endosomal compartments, vacuolar membranes, mitochondria and endolysosomal structures. The fluorescence of AM4-64 is enhanced in the membrane-bound state. AM4-64 is applicable to relevant studies on neurons, plant and fungal cells and tissues (Ex/Em = 510/750 nm) .

MitoAIE1 is a Fluorescent probe for mitochondrial viscosity detection. MitoAIE1 contains a pyridinium structural unit, which endows it with mitochondria-targeting specificity. The detection mechanism of this probe is based on aggregation-induced emission (AIE): in low-viscosity media such as PBS buffer, intramolecular rotation leads to non-radiative energy dissipation, resulting in only weak fluorescence; however, in high-viscosity environments such as the mitochondrial matrix or the vicinity of the inner mitochondrial membrane, such intramolecular motion is restricted, thereby significantly enhancing its fluorescent signal; in addition, this probe is not interfered by changes in microenvironment polarity and pH. Its emission wavelength is 625 nm, with absorption peaks at 325 nm and 450 nm; when transferred from low-viscosity PBS to high-viscosity 99% glycerol, its fluorescence intensity at 625 nm can be increased by 38-fold. It can be used to monitor changes in mitochondrial viscosity during processes such as Stauroporine (HY-15141)-induced apoptosis and starvation-induced mitophagy in live cells, and has good biocompatibility .

Ac-MtFluNox is a mitochondria-targeted Fluorescent probe that can be used for the selective detection of labile Fe (II). Ac-MtFluNox can enter living cells, where intracellular esterases cleave its acetyl protecting group to generate activated MtFluNox. Ac-MtFluNox functions through an Fe (II)-mediated deoxygenation mechanism of its amine N-oxide group, which eliminates the fluorescence quenching effect and oxidizes Fe (II) to Fe (III) to deplete the catalytically active Fe (II) pool. A FITC filter set (excitation 465-500 nm, emission 516-556 nm) is used for live-cell imaging. Ac-MtFluNox can be applied to studies related to myocardial ferroptosis .