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Biological Activity: TPE-Ph-In is a mitochondria-targeted voltage-sensitive probe that can be used for mitochondrial membrane potential detection, mitochondrial imaging of animal and plant cells and tissues, mouse sperm activity indication, and detection of mitochondrial membrane potential changes associated with early apoptosis. TPE-Ph-In is non-fluorescent in solution, but emits strong fluorescence when aggregated via restriction of intramolecular rotation/movement, and its fluorescence intensity is directly correlated with local probe concentration or mitochondrial membrane potential level. TPE-Ph-In can penetrate cell membranes, target mitochondria through charge-dependent accumulation, has low cytotoxicity and high photostability, and enables super-resolution imaging of plant mitochondrial fission, fusion and cristae structures. The excitation wavelengths of TPE-Ph-In include 450 nm, 488 nm, and 489 nm, while its emission wavelengths include 551-661 nm, 660 nm, and 694 nm. TPE-Ph-In can be used for studies on mitochondrial dysfunction associated with early apoptosis^[1][2][3][4].