Benzarone
Based on 1 Customer Validation
Benzarone is an oral inhibitor of human urate transporter 1 (hURAT1) with an IC50 value of 2.8 μM, and it also acts as an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation. Benzarone can cause liver damage and promote cell apoptosis and necrosis. Benzarone can be used to lower serum uric acid levels and for research in vascular diseases.
For research use only. We do not sell to patients.
- Purity : 98.79%
- CAS No.: 1477-19-6
- Formula: C17H14O3
- Molecular Weight:266.29
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Storage:Powder -20°C, 3 years , 4°C, 2 years ; In solvent -80°C, 6 months , -20°C, 1 month
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Biological Activity
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Chemical Information
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Solvent & Solubility
- Protocols
- Purity & Documentation
- References
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Help & FAQs
Biological Activity
Description
IC50 & Target
IC50: 2.8 μM (hURAT1 in oocyte)[1]
In Vitro
Benzarone (10-100 μM, 1 h) causes a reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential in isolated rat liver cells, decreases the oxidative status of L-glutamate and the respiration control ratio in rat liver mitochondria, and also leads to uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation and a reduction in β-oxidation[2].
Benzarone (1 nM-100 μM, 1 h) increases the production of reactive oxygen species, causes leakage of cytochrome C from HepG2 cell mitochondria, and induces permeability transition in rat liver mitochondria along with apoptosis and necrosis in rat liver cells[2].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only. Further protocols information, click here.
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Cell Line:HepG2
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Concentration:100 μM
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Incubation Time:8 h
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Result:Caused fragmentation and condensation of chromatin, showing that 13% of the cells underwent apoptosis, along with cell death, and a decrease in ATP content.
In Vivo
Benzarone (2 mg/kg, given by gavage, single dose) is excreted in bile in rats, undergoes metabolism through direct conjugation, and exhibits enterohepatic recirculation[3].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
Chemical Information
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CAS No. 1477-19-6
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Appearance Solid
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Molecular Weight 266.29
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Formula C17H14O3
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Color White to light yellow
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SMILES
CCC1=C(C(C2=CC=C(O)C=C2)=O)C3=CC=CC=C3O1
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Shipping
Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
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Storage
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month
Solvent & Solubility
In Vitro:
DMSO : ≥ 100 mg/mL (375.53 mM; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)
* "≥" means soluble, but saturation unknown.
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)
In Vivo:
Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.
- For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
- To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for In Vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
- The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.
Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 45% Saline
Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (9.39 mM); Clear solution
This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of Saline: Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution.
In Vivo Dissolution Calculator
Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:
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Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.
Please enter your animal formula composition:
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%DMSO +
Recommended: Keep the proportion of DMSO in working solution below 2% if your animal is weak.
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%+
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+%Tween-80 + +
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%Saline +
The co-solvents required include: DMSO, . All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE). , Tween 80. All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE).
Working solution concentration: 0.22 mg/mL
Method for preparing stock solution: mg drug dissolved in μL DMSO. Stock solution concentration: mg/mL.
1. Take μL DMSO stock solution;
2. Add μL .
μL , mix evenly;
3. Then add μL Tween 80, mix evenly;
4. Then add μL
Please ensure that the stock solution in the first step is dissolved to a clear state, and add co-solvents in sequence. You can use ultrasonic heating (ultrasonic cleaner, recommended frequency 20-40 kHz), vortexing, etc. to assist dissolution.
Protocols
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Kinase activity and phosphorylation assays
Kinase activity assays measure the ability of kinases to transfer phosphate groups from ATP to specific substrates, while phosphorylation assays detect the presence and levels of phosphorylated proteins. Common methods include radiolabeled ATP incorporation (e. g. ,), ADP release detection via bioluminescence (e. g. ,[3]), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) for phospho-specific epitopes (e. g. ,[6]), and microtiter-based formats for high-throughput screening (e. g. ,[8]). The ADP-Glo assay quantifies kinase activity by measuring ADP produced during phosphorylation using a luciferase-based system. Radiometric assays involve autoradiography or scintillation counting after incorporation of 32P-labeled ATP into substrate proteins. ELISA-based approaches rely on phospho-specific antibodies to detect activated kinases in cell lysates or purified samples.
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Western Blot
Western blotting (WB) is a commonly used experimental method in molecular biology, biochemistry, and immunogenetics for identifying and quantifying target proteins. It combines gel electrophoresis with immunoassay, enabling researchers to analyze protein expression, post-translational modifications, and molecular weight.
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Apoptosis
Apoptosis, also called programmed cell death, is generally characterized by distinct morphological characteristics.
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TUNEL staining for apoptotic DNA fragmentation
TUNEL staining detects DNA strand breaks by using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase to add labeled nucleotides to exposed 3′-OH DNA termini, generating either microscopic staining in fixed cells or tissue sections, or fluorescence/cytometric signal in cell suspensions. TUNEL positivity reflects DNA fragmentation but should not be interpreted alone as definitive apoptosis, because TUNEL can also label necrotic, autolytic, mechanically damaged, or DNA-repair-associated DNA breaks.
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Cell Cytotoxicity Assay
Cytotoxicity assays are usually based on the assessment of cell membrane damage, which can also be indirectly detected by measuring cell viability. Detection methods include MTT assay, CKK-8 assay, LDH assay and ATP assay, etc.
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Annexin V plus membrane-impermeant dye apoptosis staining
Annexin V-based apoptosis assays rely on the detection of phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization from the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane to the outer leaflet, an early biochemical hallmark of apoptosis. Fluorescently labeled Annexin V binds PS in a calcium-dependent manner, enabling identification of early apoptotic cells by flow cytometry or fluorescence microscopy. When combined with a membrane-impermeant DNA-binding dye (e. g. , propidium iodide), this approach allows discrimination between viable (Annexin V−/dye−), early apoptotic (Annexin V+/dye−), and late apoptotic or necrotic (Annexin V+/dye+) cell populations by assessing membrane integrity and PS exposure.
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Apoptosis Solutions
Apoptosis is a regulated, generally non-lytic cell-death pathway that removes unwanted, damaged, infected, or abnormal cells through coordinated morphological changes, caspase activation, DNA fragmentation, and membrane remodeling. The intrinsic apoptosis pathway is controlled mainly by mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization, BCL-2 family proteins, cytochrome c release, apoptosome formation, caspase-9 activation, and downstream executioner caspase-3/7 activation. The extrinsic apoptosis pathway is initiated by death receptors such as Fas, TNFR, and TRAIL receptors, which recruit adaptor proteins and activate caspase-8 before engaging executioner caspases or mitochondrial amplification through BID cleavage. Apoptosis is linked to many phenotypes, including cancer cell killing, tissue homeostasis, immune regulation, neurodegeneration, infection response, and treatment-induced cytotoxicity; unresolved questions include how apoptosis interacts with necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptos
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Protocol for Kinase activity and phosphorylation assays
Kinase activity assays measure transfer of phosphate from ATP to a protein or peptide substrate, generating phosphorylated substrate, ADP, or incorporated radiolabeled phosphate as the readout; phosphorylation assays measure site-specific phosphorylation in cells or tissues as a proxy for kinase-pathway activation, inhibition, or substrate regulation. Phosphorylation can be detected by phospho-specific Western blot, immunoprecipitation kinase assay, phospho-immunofluorescence, phospho-flow cytometry, luminescent ADP detection, radiolabeled ATP incorporation, or reporter-based pathway assays, and these readouts can be applied to cancer cells, primary neurons, mouse tumors, organoids, inflammatory macrophages, ferroptosis studies, and mitophagy studies when the kinase target is biologically relevant.
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Hepatotoxicity Study
This protocol evaluates hepatotoxicity using complementary in vivo mouse APAP acute liver injury and in vitro hepatocyte-based cytotoxicity readouts. In vivo APAP injury is assessed by serum ALT/AST, liver histology, hepatic glutathione, protein adducts, necrosis, inflammation, and regeneration-related endpoints. In vitro hepatotoxicity is assessed by loss of viability, leakage of ALT/AST/LDH, oxidative-stress markers, mitochondrial function, nuclear morphology, intracellular calcium, and high-content imaging endpoints.
Purity & Documentation
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Data Sheet (277 KB)
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SDS (392 KB)
- English - EN (392 KB)
- Français - FR (392 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (392 KB)
- Norwegian - NO (392 KB)
- Español - ES (392 KB)
- Swedish - SV (392 KB)
- Italian - IT (392 KB)
- Korean - KR (392 KB)
- Portuguese - PT (392 KB)
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Handling Instructions (2659 KB)
References
[1]. Wempe MF, et, al. Developing potent human uric acid transporter 1 (hURAT1) inhibitors. J Med Chem. 2011 Apr 28;54(8):2701-13. [Content Brief]
[2]. Priska Kaufmann, et al. Mechanisms of benzarone and benzbromarone-induced hepatic toxicity. Hepatology. 2005 Apr;41(4):925-35. [Content Brief]
[3]. S G Wood, et al. Metabolic fate of the thrombolytic agent benzarone in man: comparison with the rat and dog. [Content Brief]
Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
| Optional Solvent | Concentration Solvent Mass | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | 25 mg |
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| DMSO | 1 mM | 3.7553 mL | 18.7765 mL | 37.5530 mL | 93.8826 mL |
| 5 mM | 0.7511 mL | 3.7553 mL | 7.5106 mL | 18.7765 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3755 mL | 1.8777 mL | 3.7553 mL | 9.3883 mL | |
| 15 mM | 0.2504 mL | 1.2518 mL | 2.5035 mL | 6.2588 mL | |
| 20 mM | 0.1878 mL | 0.9388 mL | 1.8777 mL | 4.6941 mL | |
| 25 mM | 0.1502 mL | 0.7511 mL | 1.5021 mL | 3.7553 mL | |
| 30 mM | 0.1252 mL | 0.6259 mL | 1.2518 mL | 3.1294 mL | |
| 40 mM | 0.0939 mL | 0.4694 mL | 0.9388 mL | 2.3471 mL | |
| 50 mM | 0.0751 mL | 0.3755 mL | 0.7511 mL | 1.8777 mL | |
| 60 mM | 0.0626 mL | 0.3129 mL | 0.6259 mL | 1.5647 mL | |
| 80 mM | 0.0469 mL | 0.2347 mL | 0.4694 mL | 1.1735 mL | |
| 100 mM | 0.0376 mL | 0.1878 mL | 0.3755 mL | 0.9388 mL |
Benzarone Related Classifications
HY-W011711 Related Classifications
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