Neurotoxic Agent

S-D-Lactoylglutathione (S-Lactylglutathione; (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione) is a multifunctional metabolic intermediate of the glyoxalase system. S-D-Lactoylglutathione activates K⁺ efflux in bacteria by displacing inhibitory glutathione from KefGB channels, thereby acidifying the cytoplasm. In eukaryotic cells, S-D-Lactoylglutathione mediates S-glutathionylation as a substrate of glyoxalase 2. S-D-Lactoylglutathione serves as a sensitive metabolic biomarker for neodymium nitrate neurotoxicity; when used in combination with MSCs-exo, it upregulates glutathione levels, downregulates lactate dehydrogenase and Glo2 levels, and inhibits cellular inflammatory responses and pyroptosis. S-D-Lactoylglutathione can be used in research related to prostate cancer, breast cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, sepsis-associated encephalopathy, and neurotoxicity.

nAChR antagonist 3 is a selective α7 nAChR antagonist with an IC₅₀ of 0.86 μM. nAChR antagonist 3 exerts a protective effect against paraoxon-induced toxicity. nAChR antagonist 3 can be used for the research of organophosphate poisoning.

Asoxime dimesylate (HI-6 dimesylate) is an orally active thiosemicarbazone-based antidote. Asoxime dimesylate is a reversible inhibitor of AChE, and its core mechanism of action is to re-activate AChE inhibited by nerve toxins, thereby restoring the cholinergic nerve function. Asoxime dimesylate significantly restores the function of poisoned muscles without reactivating AChE. Asoxime dimesylate is an antagonist of acetylcholine receptors (AChRs), including nicotinic receptor and α7 nAChR. Asoxime dimesylate can serve as an effective immunomodulator, improving the immune effect of the nervous system.