NBQX
Based on 23 publication(s) in Google Scholar
NBQX (FG9202) is a highly selective and competitive AMPA receptor antagonist. NBQX has neuroprotective and anticonvulsant activity.
Para uso exclusivo en investigación. No vendemos a pacientes.
- Pureza: 99.82%
- No. CAS: 118876-58-7
- Fòrmula: C12H8N4O6S
- Peso molecular:336.28
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Almacenamiento:Powder -20°C, 3 years , 4°C, 2 years ; In solvent -80°C, 6 months , -20°C, 1 month
Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) NBQX
More- Nat Med. 2019 Feb;25(2):337-349. [Abstract]
- Nature. 2026 Jan;649(8096):423-431. [Abstract]
- Nature. 2024 Jul;631(8022):826-834. [Abstract]
- Nat Neurosci. 2025 Jul;28(7):1404-1417. [Abstract]
- Nat Commun. 2026 Apr 3;17(1):3462.
- Neuron. 2026 Mar 26:S0896-6273(26)00120-0. [Abstract]
- Neuron. 2025 Aug 27:S0896-6273(25)00591-4. [Abstract]
- Theranostics. 2023 May 11;13(9):2946-2961. [Abstract]
- Phytomedicine. 2025 Apr:139:156457. [Abstract]
- Neurosci Bull. 2026 Feb 2. [Abstract]
- CNS Neurosci Ther. 2024 Mar;30(3):e14675. [Abstract]
- Int Immunopharmacol. 2024 May 30:133:112080. [Abstract]
- Neuropharmacology. 2026 Nov 1:298:111043.
- J Neurochem. 2022 Nov;163(4):310-326. [Abstract]
- Sci Rep. 2024 Mar 12;14(1):6011. [Abstract]
- Brain Res Bull. 2025 May 5:111371. [Abstract]
- Neural Plast. 2021 Jul 8:2021:7806370. [Abstract]
- Heliyon. 2024 Sep 3;10(17):e37358. [Abstract]
- Behav Pharmacol. 2025 Apr 1;36(2-3):127-136. [Abstract]
- bioRxiv. 2026 Jun 5:2026.06.04.730242. [Abstract]
- bioRxiv. 2025 Nov 13.
- bioRxiv. 2024 November 03.
- Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2022 Apr 15;2022:3716609. [Abstract]
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Histological Imaging/Staining
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Cell Imaging/Staining
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IF
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Flow Cytometry
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ELISA
Ver todos los productos específicos de isoformas iGluR
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Actividad biológica
AMPA receptor[1]
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Cell Line
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Type | Value | Description | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HEK293 | IC50 |
1.1 μM
Compound: 50,NBQX
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Inhibition of glutamate-induced calcium influx in HEK293 cells expressing human GLUA4
Inhibition of glutamate-induced calcium influx in HEK293 cells expressing human GLUA4
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[PMID: 16610801] |
| HEK293 | IC50 |
1.9 μM
Compound: 50,NBQX
|
Inhibition of glutamate-induced calcium influx in HEK293 cells expressing human GLUA3
Inhibition of glutamate-induced calcium influx in HEK293 cells expressing human GLUA3
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[PMID: 16610801] |
| HEK293 | IC50 |
135 μM
Compound: 4, NBQX
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Antagonist activity at human recombinant GLUK6/GLUK2 expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as inhibition of glutamate-stimulated calcium influx by FLIPR assay
Antagonist activity at human recombinant GLUK6/GLUK2 expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as inhibition of glutamate-stimulated calcium influx by FLIPR assay
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[PMID: 17348638] |
| HEK293 | IC50 |
135 μM
Compound: 50,NBQX
|
Inhibition of glutamate-induced calcium influx in HEK293 cells expressing human GLUK6/GLUK2
Inhibition of glutamate-induced calcium influx in HEK293 cells expressing human GLUK6/GLUK2
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[PMID: 16610801] |
| HEK293 | IC50 |
2.5 μM
Compound: 4, NBQX
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Antagonist activity at human recombinant GLUA2-AMPA receptor expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as inhibition of glutamate-stimulated calcium influx by FLIPR assay
Antagonist activity at human recombinant GLUA2-AMPA receptor expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as inhibition of glutamate-stimulated calcium influx by FLIPR assay
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[PMID: 17348638] |
| HEK293 | IC50 |
2.5 μM
Compound: 50,NBQX
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Inhibition of glutamate-induced calcium influx in HEK293 cells expressing human GLUA2
Inhibition of glutamate-induced calcium influx in HEK293 cells expressing human GLUA2
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[PMID: 16610801] |
| HEK293 | IC50 |
28 μM
Compound: 4, NBQX
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Antagonist activity at human recombinant GLUK5/GLUK6 expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as inhibition of glutamate-stimulated calcium influx by FLIPR assay
Antagonist activity at human recombinant GLUK5/GLUK6 expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as inhibition of glutamate-stimulated calcium influx by FLIPR assay
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[PMID: 17348638] |
| HEK293 | IC50 |
28 μM
Compound: 50,NBQX
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Inhibition of glutamate-induced calcium influx in HEK293 cells expressing human GLUK5/GLUK6 by FLIPR assay
Inhibition of glutamate-induced calcium influx in HEK293 cells expressing human GLUK5/GLUK6 by FLIPR assay
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[PMID: 16610801] |
| HEK293 | IC50 |
29 μM
Compound: 4, NBQX
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Antagonist activity at human recombinant GLUK6 expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as inhibition of glutamate-stimulated calcium influx by FLIPR assay
Antagonist activity at human recombinant GLUK6 expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as inhibition of glutamate-stimulated calcium influx by FLIPR assay
|
[PMID: 17348638] |
| HEK293 | IC50 |
29 μM
Compound: 50,NBQX
|
Inhibition of glutamate-induced calcium influx in HEK293 cells expressing human GLUK6
Inhibition of glutamate-induced calcium influx in HEK293 cells expressing human GLUK6
|
[PMID: 16610801] |
| HEK293 | IC50 |
37 μM
Compound: 4, NBQX
|
Antagonist activity at human recombinant GLUK5 receptor expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as inhibition of glutamate-stimulated calcium influx by FLIPR assay
Antagonist activity at human recombinant GLUK5 receptor expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as inhibition of glutamate-stimulated calcium influx by FLIPR assay
|
[PMID: 17348638] |
| HEK293 | IC50 |
37 μM
Compound: 50,NBQX
|
Inhibition of glutamate-induced calcium influx in HEK293 cells expressing human GLUK5 by FLIPR assay
Inhibition of glutamate-induced calcium influx in HEK293 cells expressing human GLUK5 by FLIPR assay
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[PMID: 16610801] |
| HEK293 | IC50 |
44 μM
Compound: NBQX, 47
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Displacement of [3H]kainate from human GLUK7 receptor expressed in HEK293 cells
Displacement of [3H]kainate from human GLUK7 receptor expressed in HEK293 cells
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[PMID: 16302825] |
| HEK293 | IC50 |
50 μM
Compound: 4, NBQX
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Antagonist activity at human recombinant GLUK5/GLUK2 expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as inhibition of glutamate-stimulated calcium influx by FLIPR assay
Antagonist activity at human recombinant GLUK5/GLUK2 expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as inhibition of glutamate-stimulated calcium influx by FLIPR assay
|
[PMID: 17348638] |
| HEK293 | IC50 |
50 μM
Compound: 50,NBQX
|
Inhibition of glutamate-induced calcium influx in HEK293 cells expressing human GLUK5/GLUK2 by FLIPR assay
Inhibition of glutamate-induced calcium influx in HEK293 cells expressing human GLUK5/GLUK2 by FLIPR assay
|
[PMID: 16610801] |
| HEK293 | IC50 |
6 μM
Compound: 50,NBQX
|
Inhibition of glutamate-induced calcium influx in HEK293 cells expressing human GLUA1
Inhibition of glutamate-induced calcium influx in HEK293 cells expressing human GLUA1
|
[PMID: 16610801] |
| HEK293 | IC50 |
74 μM
Compound: NBQX
|
Antagonist activity at human recombinant GluR6 expressed in HEK cells coexpressing aequorine assessed as inhibition of glutamate-induced Ca2+ influx at 10 uM by luminescence reporter assay
Antagonist activity at human recombinant GluR6 expressed in HEK cells coexpressing aequorine assessed as inhibition of glutamate-induced Ca2+ influx at 10 uM by luminescence reporter assay
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[PMID: 19819046] |
| Neuron | IC50 |
11.9 μM
Compound: NBQX
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Inhibition of kainate-induced C57BL/6N mouse hippocampal neurons excitotoxicity after 48 hrs by MTT assay
Inhibition of kainate-induced C57BL/6N mouse hippocampal neurons excitotoxicity after 48 hrs by MTT assay
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[PMID: 18083036] |
| Oocyte | IC50 |
0.09 μM
Compound: NBQX
|
Antagonistic activity against rat ionotropic glutamate receptor ionotropic kainate in xenopus oocytes
Antagonistic activity against rat ionotropic glutamate receptor ionotropic kainate in xenopus oocytes
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[PMID: 8568808] |
| Oocyte | IC50 |
255 μM
Compound: NBQX
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Antagonistic activity against N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor 1 in Xenopus oocytes
Antagonistic activity against N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor 1 in Xenopus oocytes
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[PMID: 8568808] |
| Oocyte | IC50 |
31 nM
Compound: NBQX
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Inhibitory activity against generation of currents by 50 uM kainate in Xenopus oocytes injected with rat brain mRNA
Inhibitory activity against generation of currents by 50 uM kainate in Xenopus oocytes injected with rat brain mRNA
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[PMID: 10843235] |
| Oocyte | IC50 |
31 nM
Compound: NBQX
|
Antagonistic activity against Ionotropic glutamate receptor AMPA using kainate-evoked current in Xenopus oocytes injected with rat brain mRNA
Antagonistic activity against Ionotropic glutamate receptor AMPA using kainate-evoked current in Xenopus oocytes injected with rat brain mRNA
|
[PMID: 11133083] |
NBQX (FG9202) has a high affinity for AMPA and kainate binding sites with little or no affinity for the glutamate recognition site on the NMDA receptor complex[1].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
NBQX is neuroprotective in a focal ischaemia model in the rat when given as an i.v. bolus dose of 30 mg/kg at the time of MCA occlusion and again at 1 h post occlusion[1].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
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Animal Model:Male Wistar rats that weighed 220-240 g with pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)[2]
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Dosage:20 mg/kg
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Administration:IP; for 3 days
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Result:Effectively reversed the behavioral abnormality of epileptic seizures of chronic PTZ administration (50mg/kg; i.p.; for 28 days) in rats.
Chemical Information
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No. CAS 118876-58-7
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Appearance Solid
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Peso molecular 336.28
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Fòrmula C12H8N4O6S
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Color Light yellow to yellow
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SMILES
O=C(N1)C(NC2=C1C3=C(C([N+]([O-])=O)=C2)C(S(N)(=O)=O)=CC=C3)=O
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Synonyms
FG9202
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Envío
Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
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Almacenamiento
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month
Publications (23)
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Journal Impact Factor
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Most Recent
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Nat Med
Cannabinoid CB1 receptors in the amygdalar cholecystokinin glutamatergic afferents to nucleus accumbens modulate depressive-like behavior. [Abstract]2019 Feb;25(2):337-349. PMID: 30643290 -
Nature
2026 Jan;649(8096):423-431. PMID: 41193806 -
Nature
2024 Jul;631(8022):826-834. PMID: 38987597
NBQX purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Nature. 2024 Jul;631(8022):826-834. [Abstract]
Representative images showing the calcein-PI staining of cultured neurons from Asic1a+/+ and Asic1a-/- mice with different treatments. GluR-B: glutamate receptor blockers consisted of 50 μM D-AP5, 10 μM NBQX and 10 μM LY341495.
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Nat Neurosci
GABA-dependent microglial elimination of inhibitory synapses underlies neuronal hyperexcitability in epilepsy. [Abstract]2025 Jul;28(7):1404-1417. PMID: 40425792 -
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Neuron
Dual anterior insula-prefrontal cortex circuits mediate chronic stress-induced social interaction deficits. [Abstract]2026 Mar 26:S0896-6273(26)00120-0. PMID: 41895265 -
Neuron
Aberrant coupling of glutamate and tyrosine kinase receptors enables neuronal control of brain-tumor growth. [Abstract]2025 Aug 27:S0896-6273(25)00591-4. PMID: 40897174 -
Theranostics
Chemogenetic activation of the HPC-mPFC pathway improves cognitive dysfunction in lipopolysaccharide -induced brain injury. [Abstract]2023 May 11;13(9):2946-2961. PMID: 37284451
NBQX purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Theranostics. 2023 May 11;13(9):2946-2961. [Abstract]
NBQX (10 nmol/mL, 1 µl /side, via microinjection into the mPFC) and D-AP5 effectively reduce the express of CaMKIIα, pCREB/CREB, BDNF, and TrkB in mPFC, while activation of HPC-mPFC prevents the decrease (* LPS+CNO versus LPS, # LPS+NBQX/D-AP5+CNO versus LPS+CNO). Data were presented as mean ± SEM. n=5/group. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, # p<0.05, ## p<0.01.
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Phytomedicine
L-theanine ameliorates traumatic-brain-injury-induced hippocampal neuronal death in rats. [Abstract]2025 Apr:139:156457. PMID: 40023064
NBQX purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Phytomedicine. 2025 Apr:139:156457. [Abstract]
Representative images of FJB-positive neurons, marking degenerating neurons in the CA1, CA3, and DG regions post-TBI. The results showed that, compared with the TBI‑vehicle group, the NBQX (30 mg/kg) treatment group exhibited a significant reduction in neuronal death in the CA1, CA3, and DG regions of the rat hippocampus.
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Neurosci Bull
FOXG1 Hierarchically Shapes Synaptic Functions in Striatal iSPNs and Contributes to ASD Etiology. [Abstract]2026 Feb 2. PMID: 41627775 -
CNS Neurosci Ther
Prelimbic cortical pyramidal neurons to ventral tegmental area projections promotes arousal from sevoflurane anesthesia. [Abstract]2024 Mar;30(3):e14675. PMID: 38488453 -
Int Immunopharmacol
AMPA receptor inhibition alleviates inflammatory response and myocardial apoptosis after myocardial infarction by inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. [Abstract]2024 May 30:133:112080. PMID: 38613882
NBQX purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Int Immunopharmacol. 2024 May 30:133:112080. [Abstract]
NBQX (1 mg/kg/d; i.p.; once daily for 4 weeks). UNEL showed that activation of AMPAR increased cardiomyocyte apoptosis in vitro, but incubation with a NF-κB-specific inhibitor BAY 11-7082 reversed this effect.
NBQX purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Int Immunopharmacol. 2024 May 30:133:112080. [Abstract]
NBQX (NB, 1 mg/kg/d; i.p.; once daily for 4 weeks). Apoptosis measurement by flow cytometry shows that activation of AMPAR increased apoptosis, but this effect was reversed by BAY 11-7082.
NBQX purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Int Immunopharmacol. 2024 May 30:133:112080. [Abstract]
NBQX (NB, 30 μM; added to the medium 6 h before hypoxia stimulation). ELISA method was employed to evaluate TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10 levels in the culture medium of each group(n = 6). Inhibition of AMPA receptor decreased pro-inflammatory factor production and increased anti-inflammatory factor production. *:p < 0.05;**:p < 0.01;***:p < 0.005; ****:p < 0.001.
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J Neurochem
Somatostatin interneurons inhibit excitatory transmission mediated by astrocytic GABAB and presynaptic GABAB and adenosine A1 receptors in the hippocampus. [Abstract]2022 Nov;163(4):310-326. PMID: 35775994 -
Sci Rep
Characterization of human iPSC-derived sensory neurons and their functional assessment using multi electrode array. [Abstract]2024 Mar 12;14(1):6011. PMID: 38472288 -
Brain Res Bull
Excitation-inhibition imbalance in the auditory cortex causes sound recognition impairment in noisy environment in hidden hearing loss mice. [Abstract]2025 May 5:111371. PMID: 40334993 -
Neural Plast
Astrocytes in the Ventromedial Hypothalamus Involve Chronic Stress-Induced Anxiety and Bone Loss in Mice. [Abstract]2021 Jul 8:2021:7806370. PMID: 34306063 -
Heliyon
NBQX mediates ventricular fibrillation susceptibility in rat models of anxiety via the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. [Abstract]2024 Sep 3;10(17):e37358. PMID: 39296140 -
Behav Pharmacol
Hesperidin produces antidepressant effects by activating AMPA receptor: enhancing synaptic proteins to promote hippocampal neuronal activities. [Abstract]2025 Apr 1;36(2-3):127-136. PMID: 39611623 -
bioRxiv
iAstrocytes model cytokine influences on complement expression and neuronal network synchronization. [Abstract]2026 Jun 5:2026.06.04.730242. PMID: 42282708 -
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Oxid Med Cell Longev
Activation of TGR5 Ameliorates Streptozotocin-Induced Cognitive Impairment by Modulating Apoptosis, Neurogenesis, and Neuronal Firing. [Abstract]2022 Apr 15;2022:3716609. PMID: 35464765
Solvente y solubilidad
DMSO : ≥ 75 mg/mL (223.03 mM; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)
1 M NaOH : 1 mg/mL (2.97 mM; ultrasonic and warming and heat to 60°C)
H2O : < 0.1 mg/mL (insoluble)
* "≥" means soluble, but saturation unknown.
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)
Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.
- For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
- To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for In Vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
- The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.
Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 45% Saline
Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (7.43 mM); Clear solution
This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of Saline: Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution.
Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)
Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (7.43 mM); Clear solution
This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C, storage for one week): 2 g SBE-β-CD powder is dissolved in 10 mL Saline, completely dissolve until clear.
Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:
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-
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Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.
Please enter your animal formula composition:
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%DMSO +
Recommended: Keep the proportion of DMSO in working solution below 2% if your animal is weak.
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%+
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+%Tween-80 + +
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%Saline +
The co-solvents required include: DMSO, . All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE). , Tween 80. All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE).
Working solution concentration: 0.22 mg/mL
Method for preparing stock solution: mg drug dissolved in μL DMSO. Stock solution concentration: mg/mL.
1. Take μL DMSO stock solution;
2. Add μL .
μL , mix evenly;
3. Then add μL Tween 80, mix evenly;
4. Then add μL
Please ensure that the stock solution in the first step is dissolved to a clear state, and add co-solvents in sequence. You can use ultrasonic heating (ultrasonic cleaner, recommended frequency 20-40 kHz), vortexing, etc. to assist dissolution.
Pureza y Documentación
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Ficha de datos (279 KB)
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SDS (396 KB)
- English - EN (396 KB)
- Français - FR (396 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (396 KB)
- Norwegian - NO (396 KB)
- Español - ES (396 KB)
- Swedish - SV (396 KB)
- Italian - IT (396 KB)
- Korean - KR (396 KB)
- Portuguese - PT (396 KB)
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Instrucciones de manejo (2659 KB)
Referencias
[1]. Fukushima K, et al. Characterization of Human Hippocampal Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells and Their Application to Physiologically Relevant Assays for Multiple Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors. J Biomol Screen. 2014 Sep; 19(8):1174-84. [Content Brief]
[2]. Wen Chen, et al. AMPA Receptor Antagonist NBQX Decreased Seizures by Normalization of Perineuronal Nets. PLoS One. 2016 Nov 23;11(11):e0166672. [Content Brief]
Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
| Optional Solvent | Concentration Solvent Mass | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | 25 mg |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 M NaOH / DMSO | 1 mM | 2.9737 mL | 14.8686 mL | 29.7371 mL | 74.3428 mL |
| DMSO | 5 mM | 0.5947 mL | 2.9737 mL | 5.9474 mL | 14.8686 mL |
| 10 mM | 0.2974 mL | 1.4869 mL | 2.9737 mL | 7.4343 mL | |
| 15 mM | 0.1982 mL | 0.9912 mL | 1.9825 mL | 4.9562 mL | |
| 20 mM | 0.1487 mL | 0.7434 mL | 1.4869 mL | 3.7171 mL | |
| 25 mM | 0.1189 mL | 0.5947 mL | 1.1895 mL | 2.9737 mL | |
| 30 mM | 0.0991 mL | 0.4956 mL | 0.9912 mL | 2.4781 mL | |
| 40 mM | 0.0743 mL | 0.3717 mL | 0.7434 mL | 1.8586 mL | |
| 50 mM | 0.0595 mL | 0.2974 mL | 0.5947 mL | 1.4869 mL | |
| 60 mM | 0.0496 mL | 0.2478 mL | 0.4956 mL | 1.2390 mL | |
| 80 mM | 0.0372 mL | 0.1859 mL | 0.3717 mL | 0.9293 mL | |
| 100 mM | 0.0297 mL | 0.1487 mL | 0.2974 mL | 0.7434 mL |