Disulfiram
Based on 143 publication(s) in Google Scholar
Disulfiram (Tetraethylthiuram disulfide) is a specific inhibitor of aldehyde-dehydrogenase (ALDH1), used for the treatment of chronic alcoholism by producing an acute sensitivity to alcohol. Disulfiram inhibits gasdermin D (GSDMD) pore formation in liposomes and inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis and IL-1β secretion in human and mouse cells. Disulfiram, a copper ion carrier, with Cu2+ increases intracellular ROS levels and induces cuproptosis.
For research use only. We do not sell to patients.
- Purity: 99.77%
- CAS No.: 97-77-8
- Formula: C10H20N2S4
- Molecular Weight:296.54
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Storage:Powder -20°C, 3 years , 4°C, 2 years ; In solvent -80°C, 1 year , -20°C, 6 months
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Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) Disulfiram
More- Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2025 Apr 25;10(1):154. [Abstract]
- Nature. 2024 Oct;634(8036):1168-1177. [Abstract]
- Science. 2025 Mar 7;387(6738):eadq2509. [Abstract]
- Cancer Cell. 2025 Apr 7:S1535-6108(25)00132-1. [Abstract]
- Cancer Cell. 2025 May 12;43(5):937-954.e9. [Abstract]
- Cell. 2025 May 29;188(11):3013-3029.e19. [Abstract]
- Cell. 2024 Dec 26;187(26):7533-7550.e23. [Abstract]
- Nat Cancer. 2020 Feb;1(2):235-248. [Abstract]
- Nat Immunol. 2026 May;27(5):1026-1038. [Abstract]
- Nat Immunol. 2025 Oct;26(10):1660-1672. [Abstract]
- Immunity. 2025 Jul 22:S1074-7613(25)00309-7. [Abstract]
- Bioact Mater. 2024 Mar 1:36:96-111. [Abstract]
- Cell Mol Immunol. 2024 Nov;21(11):1322-1334. [Abstract]
- Cell Mol Immunol. 2022 Aug;19(8):925-943. [Abstract]
- Nat Commun. 2025 Nov 17;16(1):10060. [Abstract]
- Nat Commun. 2025 Jul 30;16(1):6996. [Abstract]
- Nat Commun. 2022 Nov 11;13(1):6862. [Abstract]
- Nat Commun. 2022 Jan 10;13(1):166. [Abstract]
- Acta Pharm Sin B. 2025 Sep;15(9):4789-4806. [Abstract]
- Autophagy. 2025 Jul;21(7):1473-1491. [Abstract]
- Adv Sci (Weinh). 2025 Jun 24:e07172. [Abstract]
- Adv Sci (Weinh). 2025 Feb 20:e2408106. [Abstract]
- Adv Sci (Weinh). 2024 Jun 10:e2401396. [Abstract]
- Adv Sci (Weinh). 2024 Jul;11(26):e2308786. [Abstract]
- Chem Eng J. 2023 Mar 15.
- Sci Adv. 2026 Mar 20;12(12):eadz5906. [Abstract]
- Small. 2025 Mar;21(12):e2408139. [Abstract]
- Redox Biol. 2025 Sep 30:87:103881. [Abstract]
- Redox Biol. 2024 Nov 8:78:103418. [Abstract]
- Redox Biol. 2024 Nov:77:103388. [Abstract]
- Redox Biol. 2024 Jun 8:74:103225. [Abstract]
- J Hazard Mater. 2023 Jul 15:454:131562. [Abstract]
- MedComm (2020). 2025 Jan 28;6(2):e70077. [Abstract]
- Cell Rep Med. 2024 May 21;5(5):101523. [Abstract]
- J Exp Med. 2019 Nov 4;216(11):2562-2581. [Abstract]
- Environ Int. 2024 Feb:184:108480. [Abstract]
- Environ Int. 2019 Jun;127:694-703. [Abstract]
- Adv Healthc Mater. 2025 Oct 15:e03594. [Abstract]
- Cell Death Dis. 2025 Jan 26;16(1):44. [Abstract]
- Cell Death Dis. 2024 Oct 2;15(10):725. [Abstract]
- Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2025 Dec 9;122(49):e2515641122. [Abstract]
- Cell Commun Signal. 2026 Jan 31;24(1):144. [Abstract]
- Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2025 Apr 8. [Abstract]
- Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2025 Mar 27. [Abstract]
- Phytomedicine. 2025 Jun 2:144:156932. [Abstract]
- Phytomedicine. 2023 Jul 25:116:154909. [Abstract]
- EMBO J. 2023 Jan 16;42(2):e111268. [Abstract]
- Free Radic Biol Med. 2026 Mar 16:246:35-50. [Abstract]
- Free Radic Biol Med. 2025 Dec 18:S0891-5849(25)01443-1. [Abstract]
- ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2024 Nov 6;16(44):59921-59933. [Abstract]
- Am J Transplant. 2022 May;22(5):1362-1371. [Abstract]
- ACS Environ Au. 2025 Aug 5;5(6):573-582. [Abstract]
- Brain Behav Immun. 2024 Jun 2:120:167-180. [Abstract]
- Biomed Pharmacother. 2023 Sep:165:115237. [Abstract]
- Oncogene. 2025 Dec 16. [Abstract]
- Cell Death Discov. 2026 Feb 23;12(1):105. [Abstract]
- Cell Rep. 2025 Dec 10;44(12):116671. [Abstract]
- Anal Chem. 2025 Jun 3;97(21):11099-11109. [Abstract]
- Mol Med. 2024 Aug 12;30(1):121. [Abstract]
- EMBO Rep. 2024 May 23. [Abstract]
- J Agric Food Chem. 2023 Jan 25;71(3):1477-1487. [Abstract]
- Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2025 Aug 8:303:118800. [Abstract]
- Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2023 Mar 15:253:114708. [Abstract]
- Biomater Adv. 2022 Aug:139:213038. [Abstract]
- Chin Med. 2022 Sep 29;17(1):115. [Abstract]
- Biochem Pharmacol. 2025 Sep 19;242(Pt 3):117356. [Abstract]
- Biochem Pharmacol. 2025 Jul 16:241:117178. [Abstract]
- Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2025 Feb 3:250:114548. [Abstract]
- Pharmaceutics. 2024 Dec 19;16(12):1614. [Abstract]
- J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem. 2025 Dec;40(1):2501743. [Abstract]
- J Ethnopharmacol. 2025 Apr 30:119912. [Abstract]
- Cells. 2023 Apr 6;12(7):1100. [Abstract]
- Life Sci. 2023 Nov 1:332:122123. [Abstract]
- CNS Neurosci Ther. 2025 Jul;31(7):e70508. [Abstract]
- Inflammation. 2024 Dec 27. [Abstract]
- J Nutr Biochem. 2026 Jul:153:110326. [Abstract]
- PLoS Pathog. 2025 May 13;21(5):e1013167. [Abstract]
- PLoS Pathog. 2025 Mar 4;21(3):e1012957. [Abstract]
- Int J Oncol. 2025 Mar;66(3):21. [Abstract]
- Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Feb 8;24(4):3418. [Abstract]
- Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Jan 14;24(2):1667. [Abstract]
- Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Jan 25;24(3):2371. [Abstract]
- PLoS Pathog. 2020 Sep 22;16(9):e1008952. [Abstract]
- Int Immunopharmacol. 2026 Jan 1;168(Pt 1):115768. [Abstract]
- Int Immunopharmacol. 2025 May 20:159:114887. [Abstract]
- Eur J Pharmacol. 2025 Feb 6:177314. [Abstract]
- Int Immunopharmacol. 2025 Jan 8:147:114001. [Abstract]
- Int Immunopharmacol. 2025 Jan 20:148:114088. [Abstract]
- Int Immunopharmacol. 2025 Jan 29:148:114123. [Abstract]
- Cell Regen. 2024 Aug 2;13(1):14. [Abstract]
- Int Immunopharmacol. 2024 Jun 15:134:112159. [Abstract]
- Int Immunopharmacol. 2024 Mar 30:130:111680. [Abstract]
- Eur J Pharmacol. 2023 Dec 5:960:176110. [Abstract]
- Hepatol Commun. 2022 Sep;6(9):2340-2353. [Abstract]
- Cell Rep Methods. 2023 Oct 23;3(10):100599. [Abstract]
- J Infect Dis. 2024 Aug 16;230(2):298-308. [Abstract]
- Mol Oncol. 2023 Dec;17(12):2584-2602. [Abstract]
- Cancers (Basel). 2021 Aug 6;13(16):3978. [Abstract]
- FASEB J. 2026 Mar 31;40(6):e71636. [Abstract]
- Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis. 2024 Dec 30:167645. [Abstract]
- iScience. 2025 Oct 3;28(11):113675. [Abstract]
- J Inflamm Res. 2023 Feb 27:16:861-877. [Abstract]
- J Inflamm Res. 2021 Jul 5:14:2955-2962. [Abstract]
- Sci Rep. 2026 Mar 20;16(1):14300. [Abstract]
- Sci Rep. 2026 Mar 9;16(1):12779. [Abstract]
- J Biotechnol. 2025 Nov 12:410:1-9. [Abstract]
- ACS Chem Neurosci. 2025 Apr 16;16(8):1550-1564. [Abstract]
- Lung. 2024 Nov 27;203(1):4. [Abstract]
- Biomedicines. 2024 Aug 21;12(8):1917. [Abstract]
- Aesthet Surg J. 2024 Jun 14;44(7):NP501-NP518. [Abstract]
- J Biol Chem. 2024 May;300(5):107233. [Abstract]
- Aging (Albany NY). 2019 Oct 8;11(19):8103-8119. [Abstract]
- Exp Cell Res. 2026 Jan 6;456(1):114886. [Abstract]
- Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2025 Dec 8:507:117682. [Abstract]
- Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai). 2022 Jan 25;54(1):64-76. [Abstract]
- Pathogens. 2026 Jan 22;15(1):122. [Abstract]
- J Inorg Biochem. 2025 Nov:272:113006. [Abstract]
- Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2025 Dec 12. [Abstract]
- Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2023 Dec;37(6):1-14. [Abstract]
- Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2026 Jan 27;48(2):138. [Abstract]
- Mol Immunol. 2024 May:169:86-98. [Abstract]
- Oral Dis. 2021 Jul;27(5):1148-1160. [Abstract]
- J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2025 Dec;39(12):e70639. [Abstract]
- Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2025 Jun 9:186:106820. [Abstract]
- SLAS Discov. 2020 Sep;25(8):895-905. [Abstract]
- Cancer Manag Res. 2019 May 1:11:3887-3898. [Abstract]
- Exp Ther Med. 2024 Aug 7;28(4):394. [Abstract]
- Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2025 May 28:775:152110. [Abstract]
- J Coord Chem. 2025 Nov 12.
- Int Heart J. 2026;67(1):65-76. [Abstract]
- bioRxiv. 2026 May 26.
- bioRxiv. 2026 Feb 2.
- University of Wolverhampton. 2025.
- SSRN. 2024 Jun 18.
- SSRN. 2023 Nov 8.
- SSRN. 2023 Sep 22.
- Research Square Preprint. 2023 Aug 5.
- Phytomedicine Plus. 11 October 2022, 100364.
- Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2022 Aug 31;2022:9004738. [Abstract]
- bioRxiv. May 10, 2022.
- Research Square Preprint. 2022 May.
- bioRxiv. 2020 Jun.
- Patent. US20180263995A1.
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Biological Activity
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IL-1β |
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Cell Line
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Type | Value | Description | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4T1 | IC50 |
0.25 μM
Compound: 29; DSF
|
Anticancer activity against mouse 4T1 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition by MTS assay
Anticancer activity against mouse 4T1 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition by MTS assay
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[PMID: 33650861] |
| CEM-SS | IC50 |
>100 μM
Compound: disulfiram
|
Antiviral activity against HIV-1ADA in CEM-SS cells using monocyte/macrophage cultures
Antiviral activity against HIV-1ADA in CEM-SS cells using monocyte/macrophage cultures
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[PMID: 9207937] |
| CEM-SS | IC50 |
3.9 μM
Compound: disulfiram
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Antiviral activity against HIV-1 in CEM-SS cells using XXT assay
Antiviral activity against HIV-1 in CEM-SS cells using XXT assay
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[PMID: 9207937] |
| CHO | EC50 |
3 μM
Compound: 12
|
Agonist activity at human TRPA1 channel expressed in CHO cells assessed as increase in intracellular calcium levels
Agonist activity at human TRPA1 channel expressed in CHO cells assessed as increase in intracellular calcium levels
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[PMID: 20356305] |
| HepG2 | IC50 |
38 μM
Compound: Disulfiram
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Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 72 hrs by MTT assay
Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 72 hrs by MTT assay
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[PMID: 29571571] |
| MCF-10A | IC50 |
10 μM
Compound: 1, DSF
|
Antiproliferative activity against human MCF10A cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay
Antiproliferative activity against human MCF10A cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay
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[PMID: 20222671] |
| MCF7 | IC50 |
0.1 μM
Compound: 1, DSF
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Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells expressing BCA2 and estrogen receptor after 72 hrs by MTT assay
Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells expressing BCA2 and estrogen receptor after 72 hrs by MTT assay
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[PMID: 20222671] |
| MDA-MB-231 | IC50 |
>10 μM
Compound: 1, DSF
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Antiproliferative activity against BCA2 and ER deficient human MDA-MB-231 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay
Antiproliferative activity against BCA2 and ER deficient human MDA-MB-231 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay
|
[PMID: 20222671] |
| MDA-MB-231 | IC50 |
0.32 μM
Compound: 1, DSF
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Antiproliferative activity against human MDA-MB-231 cells expressing BCA2 and ERalpha after 72 hrs by MTT assay
Antiproliferative activity against human MDA-MB-231 cells expressing BCA2 and ERalpha after 72 hrs by MTT assay
|
[PMID: 20222671] |
| T47D | IC50 |
0.17 μM
Compound: 1, DSF
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Antiproliferative activity against human T47D cells expressing BCA2 and estrogen receptor after 72 hrs by MTT assay
Antiproliferative activity against human T47D cells expressing BCA2 and estrogen receptor after 72 hrs by MTT assay
|
[PMID: 20222671] |
| THP-1 | IC50 |
0.41 μM
Compound: 1
|
Induction of pyroptosis in human THP-1 cells assessed as cell death by measuring LDH release at 10 uM pretreated for 1 hrs followed by compound addition and measured after 2 hrs
Induction of pyroptosis in human THP-1 cells assessed as cell death by measuring LDH release at 10 uM pretreated for 1 hrs followed by compound addition and measured after 2 hrs
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[PMID: 38116411] |
| THP-1 | IC50 |
7 μM
Compound: 1
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Cytotoxicity against human THP-1 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability measured after 24 hrs by Celltiter-Glo assay
Cytotoxicity against human THP-1 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability measured after 24 hrs by Celltiter-Glo assay
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[PMID: 38116411] |
Disulfiram-copper complex potently inhibits the proteasomal activity in cultured breast cancer MDA-MB-231 and MCF10DCIS.com cells, but not normal, immortalized MCF-10A cells, before induction of apoptotic cancer cell death[1]. Disulfiram (DS), a clinically used anti-alcoholism drug, strongly inhibits constitutive and 5-FU-induced NF-kappaB activity in a dose-dependent manner. Disulfiram inhibits both NF-kappaB nuclear translocation and DNA binding activity but has no effect on 5-FU-induced IkappaBalpha degradation. Disulfiram significantly enhances the apoptotic effect of 5-FU on DLD-1 and RKO(WT) cell lines and synergistically potentiated the cytotoxicity of 5-FU to both cell lines. Disulfiram also effectively abolishes 5-FU chemoresistance in a 5-FU resistant cell line H630(5-FU) in vitro[2]. Oseltamivir decreases the number of viable cells, and the addition of CuCl2 significantly enhances the DSF-induced cell death to less than 10% of control[3]. Disulfiram given to melanoma cells in combination with Cu2+ or Zn2+ decreases expression of cyclin A and reduces proliferation in vitro at lower concentrations than disulfiram alone[4].
Disulfiram (0.1 nM-10 μM; 72 h) + Cu2+ combination enhances the cytotoxicity on ovarian cancer cell lines[1].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
Proteasome inhibition is measured by decreased levels of tumor tissue proteasome activity and accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins and natural proteasome substrates p27 and Bax[1].
Apoptosis is shown by caspase activation and apoptotic nuclei formation[1].
Disulfiram blocks the P-glycoprotein extrusion pump, inhibits the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB, sensitizes tumors to chemotherapy, reduces angiogenesis, and inhibits tumor growth in mice[4].
Disulfiram inhibits growth and angiogenesis in melanomas transplanted in severe combined immunodeficient mice, and these effects are potentiated by Zn2+ supplementation[4].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
| NCT Number | Sponsor | Condition | Start Date |
Phase
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NCT01329991 | Plexxikon| | 2011-05 | PHASE1 |
Chemical Information
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CAS No. 97-77-8
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Appearance Solid
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Molecular Weight 296.54
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Formula C10H20N2S4
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Color White to yellow
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SMILES
S=C(SSC(N(CC)CC)=S)N(CC)CC
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Synonyms
Tetraethylthiuram disulfide; TETD
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Shipping
Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
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Storage
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 1 year -20°C 6 months
Publications (143)
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Journal Impact Factor
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Most Recent
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Signal Transduct Target Ther
2025 Apr 25;10(1):154. PMID: 40280946 -
Nature
2024 Oct;634(8036):1168-1177. PMID: 39260418 -
Science
2025 Mar 7;387(6738):eadq2509. PMID: 40048515 -
Cancer Cell
Radiotherapy promotes cuproptosis and synergizes with cuproptosis inducers to overcome tumor radioresistance. [Abstract]2025 Apr 7:S1535-6108(25)00132-1. PMID: 40215978 -
Cancer Cell
2025 May 12;43(5):937-954.e9. PMID: 40054467 -
Cell
2025 May 29;188(11):3013-3029.e19. PMID: 40252640 -
Cell
Type III interferons induce pyroptosis in gut epithelial cells and impair mucosal repair. [Abstract]2024 Dec 26;187(26):7533-7550.e23. PMID: 39500322 -
Nat Cancer
Discovering the anti-cancer potential of non-oncology drugs by systematic viability profiling. [Abstract]2020 Feb;1(2):235-248. PMID: 32613204 -
Nat Immunol
2026 May;27(5):1026-1038. PMID: 41974963 -
Nat Immunol
Delaying pyroptosis with an AI-screened gasdermin D pore blocker mitigates inflammatory response. [Abstract]2025 Oct;26(10):1660-1672. PMID: 40954252
Disulfiram purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Nat Immunol. 2025 Oct;26(10):1660-1672. [Abstract]
Wild-type (WT) and Gsdmd−/− mice were intraperitoneally injected with 15 mg/kg (body weight) LPS and treated with normal saline, SK56 (1 mg/kg (body weight) i.v.) or 50 mg/kg (body weight) DSF, 50 mg/kg (body weight) DMF or 20 mg/kg (body weight) Necrosulfonamide (NSA) i.p. at 16 h after LPS injection. Blood AST, BUN, ALT and CK levels in wild-type and Gsdmd−/− mice treated as in a at day 2 after LPS injection; n = 6 mice.
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Immunity
Gasdermin-D-mediated epithelial-immune circuit synchronizes nutrient absorption and host defense in the small intestine. [Abstract]2025 Jul 22:S1074-7613(25)00309-7. PMID: 40712560 -
Bioact Mater
Combination of disulfiram and Copper-Cysteamine nanoparticles induces mitochondria damage and promotes apoptosis in endometrial cancer. [Abstract]2024 Mar 1:36:96-111. PMID: 38440322
Disulfiram purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Bioact Mater. 2024 Mar 1:36:96-111. [Abstract]
(b) Cytotoxic effects of different concentrations CuCl2, CuCy, and Disulfiram (DSF) (12.5-200 μM) and (c) Combination therapy with different concentrations of CuCy (0.5 μM; 24 h) and DSF (0.5 μM; 24 h) on Ishikawa cells.
Disulfiram purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Bioact Mater. 2024 Mar 1:36:96-111. [Abstract]
Disulfiram (DSF) (0.5 μM; 3-5 h). Vessel formation assay of HUVEC cells after drug treatment.
Disulfiram purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Bioact Mater. 2024 Mar 1:36:96-111. [Abstract]
Disulfiram (DSF) (0.5 μM; 12-24 h). Protein levels of Caspase-9, Caspase-3, Cleaved Caspase-9, and Cleaved Caspase-3 were evaluated by Western blotting after 12 and 24 h of drug treatment.
Disulfiram purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Bioact Mater. 2024 Mar 1:36:96-111. [Abstract]
Disulfiram (DSF) (0.5 μM; 12 h); CuCy (0.5 μM; 12 h). Mitochondrial membrane potential assay and DAPI staining.
Disulfiram purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Bioact Mater. 2024 Mar 1:36:96-111. [Abstract]
Disulfiram (DSF) (0.5 μM; local injection; once every 3 days, 5 times in total); CuCy (0.5 μM; local injection; once every 3 days, 5 times in total). Results of H&E staining for subcutaneously transplanted tumors and organs (heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney) in mice. Additionally, TUNEL staining results for the transplanted tumors.
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Cell Mol Immunol
The TET3 inflammasome senses unique long HSV-1 proteins for virus particle budding from the nucleus. [Abstract]2024 Nov;21(11):1322-1334. PMID: 39379602 -
Cell Mol Immunol
Dextran sodium sulfate potentiates NLRP3 inflammasome activation by modulating the KCa3.1 potassium channel in a mouse model of colitis. [Abstract]2022 Aug;19(8):925-943. PMID: 35799057 -
Nat Commun
RIOK2 kinase regulates the translocation of the FADD-RIPK1-Caspase-8 complex to the ER and the cleavage of Gasdermin D to drive pyroptosis. [Abstract]2025 Nov 17;16(1):10060. PMID: 41249793 -
Nat Commun
DHRS13 suppresses differentiation and mitophagy in glioma via retinoic acid and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. [Abstract]2025 Jul 30;16(1):6996. PMID: 40739132 -
Nat Commun
Disulfiram ameliorates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis by modulating the gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism. [Abstract]2022 Nov 11;13(1):6862. PMID: 36369291 -
Nat Commun
2022 Jan 10;13(1):166. PMID: 35013338 -
Acta Pharm Sin B
Palmitoylated SARM1 targeting P4HA1 promotes collagen deposition and myocardial fibrosis: A new target for anti-myocardial fibrosis. [Abstract]2025 Sep;15(9):4789-4806. PMID: 41049740 -
Autophagy
Histone lactylation stimulated upregulation of PSMD14 alleviates neuron PANoptosis through deubiquitinating PKM2 to activate PINK1-mediated mitophagy after traumatic brain injury. [Abstract]2025 Jul;21(7):1473-1491. PMID: 40000916 -
Adv Sci (Weinh)
2025 Jun 24:e07172. PMID: 40552401 -
Adv Sci (Weinh)
AKT1 Phosphorylates FDX1 to Promote Cuproptosis Resistance in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. [Abstract]2025 Feb 20:e2408106. PMID: 39976173 -
Adv Sci (Weinh)
Enzalutamide Sensitizes Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer to Copper-Mediated Cell Death. [Abstract]2024 Jun 10:e2401396. PMID: 38859590 -
Adv Sci (Weinh)
Inhibition of METTL3 Alleviates NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation via Increasing Ubiquitination of NEK7. [Abstract]2024 Jul;11(26):e2308786. PMID: 38696610 -
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Sci Adv
Caspase-3/7 deficiency results in enhanced intestinal inflammation and reduced tumorigenesis. [Abstract]2026 Mar 20;12(12):eadz5906. PMID: 41861024 -
Small
2025 Mar;21(12):e2408139. PMID: 40012250 -
Redox Biol
Neutrophil extracellular traps exacerbate inflammatory arthritis by inhibiting γδ Treg cell differentiation via the AIM2 inflammasome. [Abstract]2025 Sep 30:87:103881. PMID: 41046783 -
Redox Biol
Deficiency of muscle-generated brain-derived neurotrophic factor causes inflammatory myopathy through reactive oxygen species-mediated necroptosis and pyroptosis. [Abstract]2024 Nov 8:78:103418. PMID: 39531828 -
Redox Biol
Lipid peroxidation triggered by the degradation of xCT contributes to gasdermin D-mediated pyroptosis in COPD. [Abstract]2024 Nov:77:103388. PMID: 39374556 -
Redox Biol
FAM3A plays a key role in protecting against tubular cell pyroptosis and acute kidney injury. [Abstract]2024 Jun 8:74:103225. PMID: 38875957 -
J Hazard Mater
Crystalline silica-induced macrophage pyroptosis interacting with mitophagy contributes to pulmonary fibrosis via modulating mitochondria homeostasis. [Abstract]2023 Jul 15:454:131562. PMID: 37148789 -
MedComm (2020)
Dimethyl fumarate alleviate hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury through suppressing cGAS-STING signaling. [Abstract]2025 Jan 28;6(2):e70077. PMID: 39877286 -
Cell Rep Med
Exploiting a subtype-specific mitochondrial vulnerability for successful treatment of colorectal peritoneal metastases. [Abstract]2024 May 21;5(5):101523. PMID: 38670098 -
J Exp Med
Gasdermin D in peripheral myeloid cells drives neuroinflammation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. [Abstract]2019 Nov 4;216(11):2562-2581. PMID: 31467036 -
Environ Int
1,2-Dichloroethane induces testicular pyroptosis by activating piR-mmu-1019957/IRF7 pathway and the protective effects of melatonin. [Abstract]2024 Feb:184:108480. PMID: 38341879 -
Environ Int
2019 Jun;127:694-703. PMID: 30991225 -
Adv Healthc Mater
Microenvironment-Responsive Cu-MOF Nanoplatform Activates Disulfiram for Synergistic Bacterial Killing and Enhanced Infected Wound Healing. [Abstract]2025 Oct 15:e03594. PMID: 41097868 -
Cell Death Dis
ZBP1-mediated PANoptosis is a crucial lethal form in diverse keratinocyte death modalities in UVB-induced skin injury. [Abstract]2025 Jan 26;16(1):44. PMID: 39863598 -
Cell Death Dis
Dronedarone hydrochloride (DH) induces pancreatic cancer cell death by triggering mtDNA-mediated pyroptosis. [Abstract]2024 Oct 2;15(10):725. PMID: 39358349 -
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
Ace2 safeguards embryonic hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell production by restraining Nlrp3-mediated pyroptosis. [Abstract]2025 Dec 9;122(49):e2515641122. PMID: 41348733 -
Cell Commun Signal
NLRP3-mediated epithelial pyroptosis involved in airway hyperresponsiveness in combined eosinophilic and neutrophilic asthma. [Abstract]2026 Jan 31;24(1):144. PMID: 41620621 -
Acta Pharmacol Sin
Microglial STING activation promotes neuroinflammation and pathological changes in experimental mice with intracerebral haemorrhage. [Abstract]2025 Apr 8. PMID: 40200123 -
Acta Pharmacol Sin
KLX ameliorates liver cancer progression by mediating ZBP1 transcription and ubiquitination and increasing ZBP1-induced PANoptosis. [Abstract]2025 Mar 27. PMID: 40148674 -
Phytomedicine
2025 Jun 2:144:156932. PMID: 40482618 -
Phytomedicine
Sophflarine A, a novel matrine-derived alkaloid from Sophora flavescens with therapeutic potential for non-small cell lung cancer through ROS-mediated pyroptosis and autophagy. [Abstract]2023 Jul 25:116:154909. PMID: 37269775 -
EMBO J
2023 Jan 16;42(2):e111268. PMID: 36408830 -
Free Radic Biol Med
Dihydroartemisinin targets GPX4 to induce autophagy-dependent ferroptosis and reduce radioresistance in triple-negative breast cancer. [Abstract]2026 Mar 16:246:35-50. PMID: 41520847 -
Free Radic Biol Med
PM2.5 exacerbate nonalcoholic fatty liver disease through activating hepatocytes TXNIP/NLRP3/FoxO1 signaling pathway in ob/ob mice. [Abstract]2025 Dec 18:S0891-5849(25)01443-1. PMID: 41421414 -
ACS Appl Mater Interfaces
Prolonged Retention of Albumin Nanoparticles Alleviates Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury through Targeted Pyroptosis. [Abstract]2024 Nov 6;16(44):59921-59933. PMID: 39437799 -
Am J Transplant
Enhanced autophagy alleviated corneal allograft rejection via inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activity. [Abstract]2022 May;22(5):1362-1371. PMID: 35092164 -
ACS Environ Au
Machine Learning-Assisted Recognition of Environmental Sulfur-Containing Chemicals in Nontargeted Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Inadequate Mass Resolution. [Abstract]2025 Aug 5;5(6):573-582. PMID: 41277996 -
Brain Behav Immun
Inhibition of GSDMD-dependent pyroptosis decreased methamphetamine self-administration in rats. [Abstract]2024 Jun 2:120:167-180. PMID: 38834156 -
Biomed Pharmacother
Systemic cytokines inhibition with Imp7 siRNA nanoparticle ameliorates gut injury in a mouse model of ventilator-induced lung injury. [Abstract]2023 Sep:165:115237. PMID: 37516020 -
Oncogene
2025 Dec 16. PMID: 41402633 -
Cell Death Discov
PDHA1 enhances resistance to ferroptosis in anoikis-resistant prostate cancer by upregulating AIFM2. [Abstract]2026 Feb 23;12(1):105. PMID: 41724793 -
Cell Rep
Microglial macrophage-derived ds-HMGB1 in DRG orchestrates neuropathic pain through immune-neural signaling. [Abstract]2025 Dec 10;44(12):116671. PMID: 41385369 -
Anal Chem
Exposome-Scale Investigation of Cl-/Br-Containing Chemicals Using High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry, Multistage Machine Learning, and Cloud Computing. [Abstract]2025 Jun 3;97(21):11099-11109. PMID: 40401576 -
Mol Med
Multi-regulatory potency of USP1 on inflammasome components promotes pyroptosis in thyroid follicular cells and contributes to the progression of Hashimoto's thyroiditis. [Abstract]2024 Aug 12;30(1):121. PMID: 39134949 -
EMBO Rep
naRNA-LL37 composite DAMPs define sterile NETs as self-propagating drivers of inflammation. [Abstract]2024 May 23. PMID: 38783164 -
J Agric Food Chem
Eugenol Alleviates TGEV-Induced Intestinal Injury via Suppressing ROS/NLRP3/GSDMD-Dependent Pyroptosis. [Abstract]2023 Jan 25;71(3):1477-1487. PMID: 36642968 -
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf
Polystyrene nanoplastics-induced methuosis in brain microvascular endothelial cells: Rescue via ESCRT membrane repair system. [Abstract]2025 Aug 8:303:118800. PMID: 40782538 -
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf
YAP1 protects against PM2.5-induced lung toxicity by suppressing pyroptosis and ferroptosis. [Abstract]2023 Mar 15:253:114708. PMID: 36863160 -
Biomater Adv
Folic acid-modified disulfiram/Zn-IRMOF3 nanoparticles for oral cancer therapy by inhibiting ALDH1A1+ cancer stem cells. [Abstract]2022 Aug:139:213038. PMID: 35908474 -
Chin Med
Nitidine chloride induces caspase 3/GSDME-dependent pyroptosis by inhibting PI3K/Akt pathway in lung cancer. [Abstract]2022 Sep 29;17(1):115. PMID: 36175965 -
Biochem Pharmacol
Tanshinone IIA suppresses endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated IRE1α/TXNIP/NLRP3 pathway to mitigate pyroptosis in type 2 diabetic osteoporosis. [Abstract]2025 Sep 19;242(Pt 3):117356. PMID: 40976430 -
Biochem Pharmacol
2025 Jul 16:241:117178. PMID: 40680865 -
Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces
Mannose-modified multifunctional iron-based nanozyme for hepatocellular carcinoma treatment by remodeling the tumor microenvironment. [Abstract]2025 Feb 3:250:114548. PMID: 39923382 -
Pharmaceutics
Building of CuO2@Cu-TA@DSF/DHA Nanoparticle Targets MAPK Pathway to Achieve Synergetic Chemotherapy and Chemodynamic for Pancreatic Cancer Cells. [Abstract]2024 Dec 19;16(12):1614. PMID: 39771592 -
J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem
Natural product sennoside B disrupts liquid-liquid phase separation of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein by inhibiting its RNA-binding activity. [Abstract]2025 Dec;40(1):2501743. PMID: 40371698 -
J Ethnopharmacol
Astragali radix - Curcumae rhizoma herb pair suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma through EGFR/AKT/mTOR pathway and induces lipid peroxidation-related ferroptosis via HIF-1α/HO-1/GPX4 axis. [Abstract]2025 Apr 30:119912. PMID: 40316156 -
Cells
DPP8 Selective Inhibitor Tominostat as a Novel and Broad-Spectrum Anticancer Agent against Hematological Malignancies. [Abstract]2023 Apr 6;12(7):1100. PMID: 37048172 -
Life Sci
Phosphate burden induces vascular calcification through a NLRP3-caspase-1-mediated pyroptotic pathway. [Abstract]2023 Nov 1:332:122123. PMID: 37742736 -
CNS Neurosci Ther
Downregulation of Mfn2 Contributes to Chronic Postsurgical Pain via Inducing the Pyroptosis of GABAergic Neurons in the Spinal Cord. [Abstract]2025 Jul;31(7):e70508. PMID: 40631358 -
Inflammation
Rhaponticin Alleviates Collagen-induced Arthritis by Inhibiting NLRP3/GSDMD-mediated Neutrophil Extracellular Traps. [Abstract]2024 Dec 27. PMID: 39725843 -
J Nutr Biochem
Selenium accumulated exposure aggravates the progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus via activating the IRF2/Caspase-4/GSDMD pyroptosis pathway. [Abstract]2026 Jul:153:110326. PMID: 41734821 -
PLoS Pathog
Caspase-1-licensed pyroptosis drives dsRNA-mediated necroptosis and dampens host defense against bacterial pneumonia. [Abstract]2025 May 13;21(5):e1013167. PMID: 40359428 -
PLoS Pathog
Repurposing alcohol-abuse drug disulfiram for the treatment of KSHV-infected primary effusion lymphoma by activating antiviral innate immunity. [Abstract]2025 Mar 4;21(3):e1012957. PMID: 40036222 -
Int J Oncol
Curcumin inhibits the activity of ubiquitin ligase Smurf2 to promote NLRP3‑dependent pyroptosis in non‑small cell lung cancer cells. [Abstract]2025 Mar;66(3):21. PMID: 39950328 -
Int J Mol Sci
Disulfiram/Cu Kills and Sensitizes BRAF-Mutant Thyroid Cancer Cells to BRAF Kinase Inhibitor by ROS-Dependently Relieving Feedback Activation of MAPK/ERK and PI3K/AKT Pathways. [Abstract]2023 Feb 8;24(4):3418. PMID: 36834830 -
Int J Mol Sci
ATF3/SPI1/SLC31A1 Signaling Promotes Cuproptosis Induced by Advanced Glycosylation End Products in Diabetic Myocardial Injury. [Abstract]2023 Jan 14;24(2):1667. PMID: 36675183 -
Int J Mol Sci
2023 Jan 25;24(3):2371. PMID: 36768698 -
PLoS Pathog
COP9 signalosome is an essential and druggable parasite target that regulates protein degradation. [Abstract]2020 Sep 22;16(9):e1008952. PMID: 32960936 -
Int Immunopharmacol
Colistin-induced acute kidney injury via zinc Dyshomeostasis-triggered GSDMD-executed Pyroptosis. [Abstract]2026 Jan 1;168(Pt 1):115768. PMID: 41176907 -
Int Immunopharmacol
Disulfiram alleviates epithelial barrier disruption in ozone-induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease mouse models via inhibiting Gasdermin D-mediated pyroptosis. [Abstract]2025 May 20:159:114887. PMID: 40403507 -
Eur J Pharmacol
Octreotide attenuates experimental severe acute pancreatitis through inhibiting pyroptosis and modulating intestinal homeostasis. [Abstract]2025 Feb 6:177314. PMID: 39922420 -
Int Immunopharmacol
Brucella abortus transcriptional regulator ArsR6 inhibits host pyroptosis via BAB_RS28760 by triggering the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway. [Abstract]2025 Jan 8:147:114001. PMID: 39787758 -
Int Immunopharmacol
Dapagliflozin attenuates skeletal muscle atrophy in diabetic nephropathy mice through suppressing Gasdermin D-mediated pyroptosis. [Abstract]2025 Jan 20:148:114088. PMID: 39837016 -
Int Immunopharmacol
Hesperetin alleviates PM2.5-induced lung injury by inhibiting ferroptosis in an Nrf2-dependent manner. [Abstract]2025 Jan 29:148:114123. PMID: 39884081 -
Cell Regen
METTL3 restricts RIPK1-dependent cell death via the ATF3-cFLIP axis in the intestinal epithelium. [Abstract]2024 Aug 2;13(1):14. PMID: 39093347 -
Int Immunopharmacol
Disulfiram mediated anti-tumour effect in pituitary neuroendocrine tumours by inducing cuproptosis. [Abstract]2024 Jun 15:134:112159. PMID: 38692018 -
Int Immunopharmacol
Extracellular ATP contributes to the reactive oxygen species burst and exaggerated mitochondrial damage in D-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide-induced fulminant hepatitis. [Abstract]2024 Mar 30:130:111680. PMID: 38368772 -
Eur J Pharmacol
Overcoming the compensatory increase in NRF2 induced by NPL4 inhibition enhances disulfiram/copper-induced oxidative stress and ferroptosis in renal cell carcinoma. [Abstract]2023 Dec 5:960:176110. PMID: 37838104 -
Hepatol Commun
Gasdermin D-mediated pyroptosis suppresses liver regeneration after 70% partial hepatectomy. [Abstract]2022 Sep;6(9):2340-2353. PMID: 35509206 -
Cell Rep Methods
RECOVER identifies synergistic drug combinations in vitro through sequential model optimization. [Abstract]2023 Oct 23;3(10):100599. PMID: 37797618 -
J Infect Dis
Role of Histiocyte-Derived frHMGB1 as a Facilitator in Non-Canonical Pyroptosis of Monocytes/Macrophages in Lethal Sepsis. [Abstract]2024 Aug 16;230(2):298-308. PMID: 38243905 -
Mol Oncol
2023 Dec;17(12):2584-2602. PMID: 37746742 -
Cancers (Basel)
Drug Repurposing to Identify a Synergistic High-Order Drug Combination to Treat Sunitinib-Resistant Renal Cell Carcinoma. [Abstract]2021 Aug 6;13(16):3978. PMID: 34439134 -
FASEB J
Penicillide Triggers Immunogenic Pyroptosis in Tumor Cells via Oxidative Stress/NF-κB/GSDMD Signaling Axis. [Abstract]2026 Mar 31;40(6):e71636. PMID: 41842655 -
Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis
PDIA4 targets IRE1α/sXBP1 to alleviate NLRP3 inflammasome activation and renal tubular injury in diabetic kidney disease. [Abstract]2024 Dec 30:167645. PMID: 39743023 -
iScience
Development of retinoid nuclear receptor pathway antagonists through targeting aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A3. [Abstract]2025 Oct 3;28(11):113675. PMID: 41210994 -
J Inflamm Res
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Induce Alveolar Macrophage Pyroptosis by Regulating NLRP3 Deubiquitination, Aggravating the Development of Septic Lung Injury. [Abstract]2023 Feb 27:16:861-877. PMID: 36876152 -
J Inflamm Res
Calcitriol Alleviates Hyperosmotic Stress-Induced Corneal Epithelial Cell Damage via Inhibiting the NLRP3-ASC-Caspase-1-GSDMD Pyroptosis Pathway in Dry Eye Disease. [Abstract]2021 Jul 5:14:2955-2962. PMID: 34262321 -
Sci Rep
2026 Mar 20;16(1):14300. PMID: 41862552 -
Sci Rep
Disulfiram attenuates immobilization-induced knee joint contracture by suppressing Caspase-1/GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis. [Abstract]2026 Mar 9;16(1):12779. PMID: 41803228 -
J Biotechnol
2025 Nov 12:410:1-9. PMID: 41238124 -
ACS Chem Neurosci
Calycosin Inhibit PANoptosis and Alleviate Brain Damage: A Bioinformatics and Experimental Verification Approach. [Abstract]2025 Apr 16;16(8):1550-1564. PMID: 40156525 -
Lung
Disulfiram Alleviates MTX-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis by Inhibiting EMT in Type 2 Alveolar Epithelial Cells. [Abstract]2024 Nov 27;203(1):4. PMID: 39601871 -
Biomedicines
Icaritin Exerts Anti-Cancer Effects through Modulating Pyroptosis and Immune Activities in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. [Abstract]2024 Aug 21;12(8):1917. PMID: 39200381 -
Aesthet Surg J
Disulfiram Improves Fat Graft Retention by Modulating Macrophage Polarization With Inhibition of NLRP3 Inflammasome-Mediated Pyroptosis. [Abstract]2024 Jun 14;44(7):NP501-NP518. PMID: 38567442 -
J Biol Chem
SLC25A3 negatively regulates NLRP3 inflammasome activation by restricting the function of NLRP3. [Abstract]2024 May;300(5):107233. PMID: 38552738 -
Aging (Albany NY)
Disulfiram suppressed ethanol promoted RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis in vitro and ethanol-induced osteoporosis in vivo via ALDH1A1-NFATc1 axis. [Abstract]2019 Oct 8;11(19):8103-8119. PMID: 31596733 -
Exp Cell Res
Fetuin B drives metabolism-associated steatohepatitis by promoting hepatocyte pyroptosis via NLRP3/GSDMD pathway. [Abstract]2026 Jan 6;456(1):114886. PMID: 41506566 -
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol
2025 Dec 8:507:117682. PMID: 41371369 -
Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai)
Induction of multiple subroutines of regulated necrosis in murine macrophages by natural BH3-mimetic gossypol. [Abstract]2022 Jan 25;54(1):64-76. PMID: 35130622 -
Pathogens
Extracellular Lipopolysaccharide Triggers the Release of Unconjugated Interferon-Stimulated Gene 15 (ISG15) Protein from Macrophages via Type-I Interferon/Caspase-4/Gasdermin-D Pathway. [Abstract]2026 Jan 22;15(1):122. PMID: 41599106 -
J Inorg Biochem
Iridium(III) complexes as type I photosensitizers for hypoxic two-photon photodynamic therapy. [Abstract]2025 Nov:272:113006. PMID: 40682924 -
Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol
Integration of network pharmacology and transcriptomics to reveal the ROS/NLRP3/Caspase-1/GSDMD-mediated mechanism of baicalin in alleviating contrast-induced acute kidney injury. [Abstract]2025 Dec 12. PMID: 41384955 -
Cardiovasc Drugs Ther
Disulfiram protects against abdominal aortic aneurysm by ameliorating vascular smooth muscle cells pyroptosis. [Abstract]2023 Dec;37(6):1-14. PMID: 35723784 -
Curr Issues Mol Biol
Cucurbitacin B Inhibits Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Inducing Ferroptosis and Activating the cGAS-STING Pathway. [Abstract]2026 Jan 27;48(2):138. PMID: 41751402 -
Mol Immunol
Hyperactivation of succinate dehydrogenase promotes pyroptosis of macrophage via ROS-induced GSDMD oligomerization in acute liver failure. [Abstract]2024 May:169:86-98. PMID: 38552285 -
Oral Dis
Repurposing disulfiram to induce OSCC cell death by cristae dysfunction promoted autophagy. [Abstract]2021 Jul;27(5):1148-1160. PMID: 32989819 -
J Biochem Mol Toxicol
Caspase-1 Dependent Neutrophil Pyroptosis Contributes to Fine Particulate Matter-Induced Lung Inflammation. [Abstract]2025 Dec;39(12):e70639. PMID: 41416635 -
Int J Biochem Cell Biol
Cofilin is a key regulator of oxidative stress-induced intercellular tunneling nanotubes formation. [Abstract]2025 Jun 9:186:106820. PMID: 40499810 -
SLAS Discov
2020 Sep;25(8):895-905. PMID: 32567455 -
Cancer Manag Res
Disulfiram inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition through TGFβ-ERK-Snail pathway independently of Smad4 to decrease oral squamous cell carcinoma metastasis. [Abstract]2019 May 1:11:3887-3898. PMID: 31118804 -
Exp Ther Med
Pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell pyroptosis promotes the proliferation of PASMCs by paracrine IL‑1β and IL‑18 in monocrotaline‑induced pulmonary arterial hypertensive rats. [Abstract]2024 Aug 7;28(4):394. PMID: 39171148 -
Biochem Biophys Res Commun
2025 May 28:775:152110. PMID: 40450990 -
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Int Heart J
Exploring the Role and Mechanism of DSF in HFpEF Based on IL-1β/IL-1βR/TAK1/RIPK1 Axis-Mediated PANoptosis. [Abstract]2026;67(1):65-76. PMID: 41621910 -
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Oxid Med Cell Longev
lncRNA ZFAS1 Positively Facilitates Endothelial Ferroptosis via miR-7-5p/ACSL4 Axis in Diabetic Retinopathy. [Abstract]2022 Aug 31;2022:9004738. PMID: 36092160 -
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Solvent & Solubility
DMSO : 75 mg/mL (252.92 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 1 year; -20°C, 6 months. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 1 year. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 6 months.
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 1 year; -20°C, 6 months. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 1 year. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 6 months.
Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)
Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.
- For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
- To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for In Vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
- The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.
Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 45% Saline
Solubility: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (7.01 mM); Clear solution
This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (20.8 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of Saline: Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution.
Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)
Solubility: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (7.01 mM); Clear solution
This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (20.8 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C, storage for one week): 2 g SBE-β-CD powder is dissolved in 10 mL Saline, completely dissolve until clear.
For the following dissolution methods, please prepare the working solution directly:
It is recommended to prepare fresh solutions and use them promptly within a short period of time.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.
Add each solvent one by one: Corn Oil
Solubility: 30 mg/mL (101.17 mM); Clear solution; Need ultrasonic
Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:
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Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.
Please enter your animal formula composition:
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%DMSO +
Recommended: Keep the proportion of DMSO in working solution below 2% if your animal is weak.
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%+
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+%Tween-80 + +
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%Saline +
The co-solvents required include: DMSO, . All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE). , Tween 80. All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE).
Working solution concentration: 0.22 mg/mL
Method for preparing stock solution: mg drug dissolved in μL DMSO. Stock solution concentration: mg/mL.
1. Take μL DMSO stock solution;
2. Add μL .
μL , mix evenly;
3. Then add μL Tween 80, mix evenly;
4. Then add μL
Please ensure that the stock solution in the first step is dissolved to a clear state, and add co-solvents in sequence. You can use ultrasonic heating (ultrasonic cleaner, recommended frequency 20-40 kHz), vortexing, etc. to assist dissolution.
Protocol
The effect of disulfiram (0.15-5.0 μM) or sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (1.0 μM) on proliferation of malignant cell lines is studied in cultures stimulated with 10% FBS. Cell numbers are quantitated 24 to 72 hours later, as outlined below. In some experiments, disulfiram is added immediately after cells are plated. In other experiments, cells are plated and allowed to grow for 24 to 72 hours before fresh medium with disulfiram is added and cell numbers are assayed 24 to 72 hours later. Synergy is studied between disulfiram and N,N′-bis(2-chloroethyl-N-nitrosourea (carmustine, 1.0-1,000 μM) or cisplatin (0.1-100 μg/mL) added to medium. The effect of metal ions on disulfiram is studied with 0.2 to 10 μM Cu2+ (provided as CuSO4), Zn2+ (as ZnCl2), Ag+ (as silver lactate), or Au3+ (as HAuCl4·3H2O) ions added to growth medium, buffered to physiologic pH. To provide a biologically relevant source of copper, medium is supplemented with human ceruloplasmin at doses replicating low and high normal adult serum concentrations (250 and 500 mg/mL).
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
Adult female CB17-SCID mice are housed in a protected laminar flow facility with access to water and either a standard diet containing 87 ppm zinc or a zinc-supplemented diet containing 1,000 ppm Zn2+ as zinc acetate. Mice are injected s.c. in the right groin with 5×106 cells from a highly aggressive malignant melanoma obtained from a Carolinas Medical Center patient. The frozen tumor is passaged twice in SCID mice to adapt it to in vivo growth before use in these experiments. On the day of tumor injection, all mice began daily administration of drug. Drug is given in a total volume of 0.2 mL by gastric gavage via smooth Teflon-tipped needles inserted transorally into the stomach. Four groups are studied: tumor control (n=10; 0.2 mL olive oil daily; zinc diet of 87 ppm); zinc-supplemented control (n=10; 0.2 mL olive oil daily; zinc diet of 1,000 ppm); disulfiram (n=10; 200 mg/kg/d disulfiram in 0.2 mL olive oil; zinc diet of 87 ppm); and zinc-supplemented diet + disulfiram (n=10; 200 mg/kg/d disulfiram in 0.2 mL olive oil; zinc diet of 1,000 ppm). Mice are examined daily, the tumor is measured in two dimensions, and the tumor volume is estimated using the formula for an elipse. When estimated tumor volume approached 500 mm3 within any animal, all mice are euthanized. Tumors are excised, weighed, fixed in formalin, sectioned, and stained or immunostained for factor VIII. Slides are coded and examined by a blinded observer who identified vessels as deposits of red cells. For each slide, the number of vessels is counted in four different fields representative of the tumor. The average number of vessels per field is averaged per biopsy specimen and used to evaluate tumor vascularity.
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
Purity & Documentation
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Data Sheet (280 KB)
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SDS (764 KB)
- English - EN (764 KB)
- Français - FR (764 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (764 KB)
- Norwegian - NO (764 KB)
- Español - ES (764 KB)
- Swedish - SV (764 KB)
- Italian - IT (764 KB)
- Portuguese - PT (764 KB)
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Handling Instructions (2659 KB)
References
[1]. Chen D, ert al. Disulfiram, a clinically used anti-alcoholism drug and copper-binding agent, induces apoptotic cell death in breast cancer cultures and?xenografts?via?inhibition?of the proteasome?activity. Cancer Res. 2006 Nov 1;66(21):10425-33. [Content Brief]
[2]. Wang W, et al. Disulfiram-mediated inhibition of NF-kappaB activity enhances cytotoxicity of 5-fluorouracil in human colorectal cancer cell lines. Int J Cancer. 2003 Apr 20;104(4):504-11. [Content Brief]
[3]. Cen D, et al. Disulfiram facilitates intracellular Cu uptake and induces apoptosis in human melanoma cells. J Med Chem. 2004 Dec 30;47(27):6914-20. [Content Brief]
[4]. Brar SS, et al. Disulfiram inhibits activating transcription factor/cyclic AMP-responsive element binding protein and human melanoma growth in a metal-dependent manner in vitro, in mice and in a patient with metastatic disease. Mol Cancer Ther. 2004 Sep;3 [Content Brief]
[6]. Guo F, et, al. Inhibitory effect on ovarian cancer ALDH+ stem-like cells by Disulfiram and Copper treatment through ALDH and ROS modulation. Biomed Pharmacother. 2019 Oct;118:109371. [Content Brief]
Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 1 year; -20°C, 6 months. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 1 year. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 6 months.
| Optional Solvent | Concentration Solvent Mass | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | 25 mg |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DMSO | 1 mM | 3.3722 mL | 16.8611 mL | 33.7223 mL | 84.3057 mL |
| 5 mM | 0.6744 mL | 3.3722 mL | 6.7445 mL | 16.8611 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3372 mL | 1.6861 mL | 3.3722 mL | 8.4306 mL | |
| 15 mM | 0.2248 mL | 1.1241 mL | 2.2482 mL | 5.6204 mL | |
| 20 mM | 0.1686 mL | 0.8431 mL | 1.6861 mL | 4.2153 mL | |
| 25 mM | 0.1349 mL | 0.6744 mL | 1.3489 mL | 3.3722 mL | |
| 30 mM | 0.1124 mL | 0.5620 mL | 1.1241 mL | 2.8102 mL | |
| 40 mM | 0.0843 mL | 0.4215 mL | 0.8431 mL | 2.1076 mL | |
| 50 mM | 0.0674 mL | 0.3372 mL | 0.6744 mL | 1.6861 mL | |
| 60 mM | 0.0562 mL | 0.2810 mL | 0.5620 mL | 1.4051 mL | |
| 80 mM | 0.0422 mL | 0.2108 mL | 0.4215 mL | 1.0538 mL | |
| 100 mM | 0.0337 mL | 0.1686 mL | 0.3372 mL | 0.8431 mL |
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