2. Apoptosis
  3. PANoptosis
  4. Photosensitizer-9

Photosensitizer-9 is an iridium (III)-based photosensitizer with anti-melanoma activity. Photosensitizer-9 exhibits significant phototoxicity (IC50=0.98 μM) and an ideal phototoxicity index (PI=3.05). Under light irradiation, Photosensitizer-9 generates large amounts of intracellular •OH in an oxygen-independent manner. Photosensitizer-9 mediates photodynamic therapy under hypoxic conditions and synergistically activates PANoptosis (by upregulating cleaved Caspase-3, GSDMD-N, p-MLKL), ferroptosis (by disrupting the GSH-GPX4-LPO axis), apoptosis, pyroptosis and necroptosis in melanoma cells. Photosensitizer-9 induces immunogenic cell death by promoting the release of damage-associated molecular patterns under hypoxic conditions and increases the maturation rate of dendritic cells. Photosensitizer-9 reduces tumor volume in melanoma-bearing mice. Photosensitizer-9 is applicable to relevant studies on melanoma.

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Photosensitizer-9

Photosensitizer-9 Chemical Structure

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Photosensitizer-9 Related Antibodies

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Description

Photosensitizer-9 is an iridium (III)-based photosensitizer with anti-melanoma activity. Photosensitizer-9 exhibits significant phototoxicity (IC50=0.98 μM) and an ideal phototoxicity index (PI=3.05). Under light irradiation, Photosensitizer-9 generates large amounts of intracellular •OH in an oxygen-independent manner. Photosensitizer-9 mediates photodynamic therapy under hypoxic conditions and synergistically activates PANoptosis (by upregulating cleaved Caspase-3, GSDMD-N, p-MLKL), ferroptosis (by disrupting the GSH-GPX4-LPO axis), apoptosis, pyroptosis and necroptosis in melanoma cells. Photosensitizer-9 induces immunogenic cell death by promoting the release of damage-associated molecular patterns under hypoxic conditions and increases the maturation rate of dendritic cells. Photosensitizer-9 reduces tumor volume in melanoma-bearing mice. Photosensitizer-9 is applicable to relevant studies on melanoma[1].

In Vitro

Photosensitizer-9 (Ir1) (500 nM; 24 h cell treatment, 3 min light exposure) generates abundant oxygen-independent intracellular •OH in B16-F10 cells upon illumination, and •OH serves as the major ROS subtype driving its photodynamic effect under hypoxic conditions[1].
Photosensitizer-9 (0.125-10 μM; 24 h post-light/dark incubation) exhibits potent, oxygen-independent phototoxicity with low dark toxicity against B16-F10 cells, and its anti-hypoxic activity is primarily driven by the generation of •OH[1].
Photosensitizer-9 (2 μM; 24 h cell treatment, 3 min light exposure) mediates photodynamic therapy under hypoxic conditions, and synergistically activates PANoptosis (by upregulating cleaved Caspase-3, GSDMD-N, p-MLKL), ferroptosis (by disrupting the GSH-GPX4-LPO axis), apoptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis in B16-F10 cells[1].
Photosensitizer-9 (500 nM-2 μM; 24 h cell treatment/DC co-culture, 3 min light exposure) mediates photodynamic therapy, induces immunogenic cell death (ICD) characterized by ATP release, CRT exposure, and HSP70/HMGB1 secretion in B16-F10 cells under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions, and thereby promotes the maturation of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCs) in vitro[1].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Photosensitizer-9 Related Antibodies

Cell Viability Assay[1]

Cell Line: B16-F10 cells
Concentration: 0.125-10 μM (normoxia/hypoxia viability assay); 700 nM (normoxia scavenger assay); 2 μM (hypoxia scavenger assay)
Incubation Time: 24 h (post-light/dark incubation); 3 min (light exposure)
Result: Exhibited an IC50 of 0.54 μM and a phototoxic index (PI) of 13.48 under normoxia (light).
Reduced cell viability to 3% at 5 μM under normoxia (light) vs.
92% in dark.
Showed an IC50 of 0.98 μM and a phototoxic index (PI) of 3.06 under hypoxia (light).
Enabled restoration of cell viability from 8% to 43% under hypoxia when cells were treated with D-mannitol.

Immunofluorescence[1]

Cell Line: B16-F10 cells
Concentration: 500 nM
Incubation Time: 24 h cell treatment, 3 min light exposure
Result: Produced a strong green dichlorofluorescein (DCF) fluorescence signal, but did not elicit a noticeable fluorescence signal in dark environments.
In Vivo

Photosensitizer-9 (25 μM, 50 μL; intratumoral injection; administered twice on day 0 and day 4) reduces the volume of melanoma in mice by 89%, converts tumors to a thermo-immunogenic phenotype, activates systemic anti-tumor immunity, and causes no observed side effects[1].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Animal Model: C57BL/6 J (female, 6-8 weeks old, 18-23 g, subcutaneous injection of 5×105 B16-F10 melanoma cells)[1]
Dosage: 25 μM，50 μL
Administration: intratumoral injection; 2 doses (day 0, day 4); followed by broad-spectrum white LED light irradiation at 50 mW/cm2 for 12 minutes with 1-minute pause every 3 minutes post-injection
Result: Achieved an 89% reduction in tumor volume.
Induced significant tumor cell destruction, reduced tumor cell density, and decreased proliferative capacity.
Increased splenic CD8+ T cells to ~18% and splenic CD4+ T cells to ~21% relative to control groups.
Increased tumor-infiltrating CD8+ and CD4+ T cells.
Elevated serum TNF-α to ~650 pg/mL and IFN-γ to ~28 pg/mL relative to control groups.
Converted immunosuppressed "cold" tumors to inflamed "hot" phenotypes.
Caused no significant body weight loss or histopathological lesions in vital organs.
Molecular Weight

1184.29

Formula

C50H34F6IrN6PS42+
SMILES

[F-][P+5]([F-])([F-])([F-])([F-])[F-].C1(C=CC=C2)=[N]2[Ir+3]34([N]5=C(C6=C3C=CS6)C(C7=CC=CS7)=NC8C5C=C(C=CC=C9)C9=C8)([N]%10=C(C%11=C4C=CS%11)C(C%12=CC=CS%12)=NC%13C%10C=C%14C(C=CC=C%14)=C%13)[N]%15=CC=CC=C1%15
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Photosensitizer-9 Related Classifications

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  • Do most proteins show cross-species activity?

    Species cross-reactivity must be investigated individually for each product. Many human cytokines will produce a nice response in mouse cell lines, and many mouse proteins will show activity on human cells. Other proteins may have a lower specific activity when used in the opposite species.

Keywords:

Photosensitizer-9Photosensitizer9Photosensitizer 9PANoptosisAnti-melanoma agentphotosensitizermelanomaB16-F10 cellsC57BL/6 J miceapoptosispyroptosisferroptosisInhibitorinhibitorinhibit

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