miR-107-5p ameliorates neurological damage, oxidative stress, and immune responses in mice with Alzheimer's disease by suppressing the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor-kappaB(NF-κB) pathway

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressively debilitating neurodegenerative condition primarily affecting the elderly. Emerging research suggests that MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a role in the development of AD. This study investigates the impact of miR-107-5p on neurological damage, oxidative stress, and immune responses in AD. We utilized APP/PS1 mice as AD mouse models and C57BL/6 J mice as controls. AD mice received treatment with agomir miR-107-5p (to overexpress miR-107-5p) or BAY11-7082 (an NF-κB pathway inhibitor). We evaluated learning and memory abilities through the Morris water maze test. Histopathological changes, hippocampal neuron distribution, and Apoptosis were assessed using hematoxylin-eosin, Nissl, and TUNEL staining. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) levels, amyloid-Aβ (Aβ1-40/42) contents, and inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) in hippocampal tissues were measured using ROS kits and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Microglial activation in hippocampal tissues was observed under a fluorescence microscope. miR-107-5p's binding to TLR4 was predicted via the TargetScan database and confirmed through a dual-luciferase assay. miR-107-5p expression, along with TLR4, apoE, and TREM2 in hippocampal tissue homogenate, and NF-κB p65 protein expression in the nucleus and cytoplasm were assessed via RT-qPCR and Western blot. Overexpression of miR-107-5p ameliorated hippocampal neurological damage, oxidative stress, and immune responses. This was evidenced by improved enhanced learning/memory abilities, reduced Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 levels, diminished neuronal injuries, decreased ROS and TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β levels, increased apoE and TREM2 levels, and suppressed microglial activation. miR-107-5p directly targeted and inhibited TLR4 expression, leading to reduced nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 in the NF-κB pathway. Inhibition of the NF-κB pathway similarly improved neurological damage, oxidative stress, and immune response in AD mice. miR-107-5p exerts its beneficial effects by suppressing the TLR4/NF-κB pathway, ultimately ameliorating neurological damage, oxidative stress, and immune responses in AD mice.