I-TAC/CXCL11
CXCL11, also known as IFN-inducible T-cell α-chemoattractant (I-TAC), belongs to the ELR-negative CXC chemokine family. CXCL11 is produced by a variety of cells including leukocytes, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells upon stimulation with interferons (IFNs). CXCL11 signals through CXCR3. CXCL11 is associated with pleiotropic functions including chemotactic migration, regulation of cell proliferation and self-renewal, increasing cell adhesion, and modulation of angiostatic effects. CXCL11 is mainly expressed in the lung, pancreas, thymus, peripheral blood leukocytes, spleen, and liver and is expressed at lesser levels in the intestine, placenta, and prostate. CXCL11 is located on human chromosome 4 and is mainly secreted by cancer cells, leukocytes, monocytes, dendritic cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. CXCL11 attracts activated lymphocytes and NK cells to inflamed tissue and to tumors and inhibits the generation of novel blood vessels essential for tumor growth and tissue repair[1][2].
CXCL11 which can bind to two different chemokine receptors, CXCR3 and CXCR7. CXCL11 is characterized by the presence of 1 amino acid in between the 2 NH2-terminal cysteines. CXCL11 is usually expressed at low levels in homeostatic conditions, but is upregulated during cancer or infectious disease processes. CXCL11 is mainly induced by IFN-γ and IFN-β and is weakly induced by IFN-α. CXCL11 has potent chemoattractant activity for IL-2 activated T cells and transfected cell lines expressing CXCR3, but not freshly isolated T cells, neutrophils or monocytes. Simultaneous stimulation of fibroblasts or endothelial cells with IFN-γ and interleukin-1β or the TLR3 ligand double-stranded RNA resulted in a synergistic increase of CXCL11 production. In leukocytes, bacterial LPS and PGN even inhibited interferon-induced CXCL11 production. CXCL11 attracts activated T-helper 1 (Th1) lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells. Furthermore, CXCL11 can bind to CXCR7, which is associated with invasiveness and reduces apoptosis of tumor cells[1][2].
- [1]. Proost P, et al. Proteolytic processing of CXCL11 by CD13/aminopeptidase N impairs CXCR3 and CXCR7 binding and signaling and reduces lymphocyte and endothelial cell migration. Blood. 2007 Jul 1;110(1):37-44. [Content Brief]
- [2]. Qun Gao, et al. CXCL11 Signaling in the Tumor Microenvironment. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2021;1302:41-50. [Content Brief]
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I-TAC/CXCL11 Recombinant Proteins (6)
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Recombinant Protein Expression Service
- Codon Optimization
- Gene Synthesis
- Construction of Expression Vector
- Strain Screening
- Protein Expression
- Purification & QC
- Protein Delivery
- Formula: Human
- Molecular Weight: Sf9 insect cells
The EpCAM/TROP1 protein serves as an important homogeneous interacting molecule that promotes direct contact between intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) and intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) in the mucosal epithelium. This feature helps establish an immune barrier against mucosal infections. EpCAM/TROP1 Protein, Human (His-SUMO) is the recombinant human-derived EpCAM/TROP1 protein, expressed by E. coli , with N-6*His, N-SUMO labeled tag.
